... vaccinated/unvaccinated consumers for low realizations of production quantity On the other hand, for high realization of production quantity, it taxes/subsidizes unvaccinated/vaccinated consumers ... priority groups, the manufacturer decides the production quantity and incurs the related production cost A random fraction of this production quantity is realized and brought to the market The supply ... where a social planner decides the demand and the production quantity to maximize the total social welfare We find that the production quantity in the centralized setting is always greater than...
... ratio variables, both differences and ratios are meaningful (*, /) temperature in Kelvin, monetary quantities, counts, age, mass, length, electrical current geometric mean, harmonic mean, percent...
... (unremunerated reserve requirements or taxes) or quantity-based (administrative restrictions on certain forms of borrowing) Aside from price- and quantity-based interventions in capital markets, ... price- or quantitybased, or both 98 Wo r l d E c o n o m i c a n d S o c i a l S u r v e y 0 Unremunerated reserve requirements were an important innovation and were broadly successful Simple quantitative ... recovery of economic activity Although quantity-based restrictions can be effective if authorities wish to limit capital outflows during crises, crisis-driven quantitative controls generate serious...
... improve aid quality which were to be monitored by 12 indicators Participants agreed to preliminary quantitative targets for only five of them, and the Declaration is particularly weak on commitments ... for the other indicators by the Summit meeting of the General Assembly in September 2005 The five quantitative targets for 2010 are: (a) at least 75 per cent of partner countries should have operational...
... policy-dependent thresholds and a forward-looking analysis of debt dynamics The basic novelty was to quantify debt sustainability thresholds on the basis of the quality of policies and institutions,...