... characterized the contribution of these assay components by omitting them individually In the absence of ferredoxin the reaction rate decreased to 46.5% ofthe complete reaction while the absence of ascorbate ... account for the failure ofthe PsHO1 probe to detect any HO2-like sequences in Southern blot experiments Whatever thebasisofthe recovery of phytochrome responses in older pcd1 plants, they still ... region of Arabidopsis thaliana HO1 (AtHO1) and was used as thebasis for the design of gene specific primers The 5¢- and 3¢-ends ofthe pea HO1 cDNA were obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA...
... by counting the number of alleles per locus and taking the average of these counts These values then can be compared with the effective number of alleles (ne), which is the number of alleles needed ... etc Another impact ofthe Pleistocene glacials pertained to the connection between the Borneo and Thai-Malay Peninsula (the continent of Asia) The land bridge ofthe Sundaland accelerated the migration ... specific binding site on the exon ofthe target sequence, while the arbitrary primers will bind to most ofthe introns during the PCR amplifications If the distribution of these gene elements allows...
... Tsix The role of DNA methylation Figure Transcription of Xist and Tsix on the X chromosome The coding sequences of Xist and Tsix overlap on opposite strands ofthe X-chromosome DNA effect: the ... initiated A second cause of non-random X-chromosome inactivation is the selective death of cells that inactivate the incorrect number of X chromosomes: because the fates ofthe X chromosomes are ... transcriptional silencing [15] These epigenetic marks also characterize the XI, and their recruitment to the XI requires transcription of Xist [16-18] Together, these results suggest that the increase in Xist...
... posttranslational modification of critical genes has been the subject of intense research The recent completion ofthe first draft ofthe human genome sequence [15] and the availability of high throughput ... [107] One ofthe major limitations ofthe intra-tumoral approach is the inefficient delivery of genes of interest within the tumor mass We have shown that intra-alveolar delivery ofthe gene in ... are seen in the transition from normal to intraepithelial cancer to invasive disease The understanding ofthe timing of instability during progression, the rate of instability and the mechanisms...
... treatment on the heterozygous mutants Analysis ofthe global effects of Cr treatment on the heterozygous mutants The plot shows the distribution ofthe sizes ofthe growth effects caused by Cr for all ... from the Cr-treated cells Therefore, aggregated protein formed in the presence of Cr can exert a toxic effect (In the latter case, there was a decrease in the proportion of labeled protein in the ... selective advantage [22] Armed with these convincing proofs of principle, the present study extends the use of competition analyses, beyond the identification of drug targets, to a natural stressor...
... binding These results indicate the critical importance of Leu121 in the C-terminal region ofthe Siah2 SBD (Fig 5) In subsequent experiments, we studied the involvement of critical residues in the ... discussion) the mutation ofthe dis similar amino acid increased the binding of [S1]NT[S2]CT from to 29 percent The additional mutation ofthe two similar amino acids (N3S/F34Y) resulted in a further ... performed mutation studies with the chimeric forms to investigate themolecularbasisofthe substrate specificity Hence, to identify the critical residues in the Siah2 SBD, pairwise September...
... were then gel purified To fuse the Igκ and FLAG to the N-terminal of εSG, the PCR product containing the Igκ , FLAG and a small portion of ε-SG ECD was mixed together with the PCR products ofthe ... the brain (Shiga K et al 2006) The sarcoglycans are part ofthe dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) They are known to stabilize the DGC (Hack A.A et al 2000) Themolecular architecture ofthe ... expressed in mammalian cells for further analysis ofthe properties ofthe expressed protein Upon 38 examination ofthe amino-acid sequence ofthe cytosolic domain of ε-SG, we discovered that it contains...
... The ChemicPvl BasisofLife That the fundamental life processes must either wholly or partly, to specific chemical structures is generally conceded, "but there is a prevailing opinion that the ... charges The nitrogen atoms at the ends ofthe spiral will probably unite with the ions of inorganic salts, the presence of which is necessary for the nourishment of all living organisms It will ... they are indispensihl to the proper physiological functioning of certain higher organisms dees not prove that they are the real cause ofthe fundamental life processes in the lower organisms If...
... value ofthe mutant TNSALP was less than one-tenth ofthe Kcat ⁄ Km value ofthe soluble form ofthe wild-type enzyme, indicating that the replacement of valine with alanine at position 406 in the ... of TNSALP In support of our hypothesis, the cysteine residue at position 433 in one subunit of TNSALP (R433C) becomes crosslinked to the counterpart ofthe other subunit [29], implying that the ... containing the SV40 early promoter [11] Shortage of a precursor of GPI in the endoplasmic reticulum may be one ofthe reasons why a small but significant fraction ofthe wild-type TNSALP forms the aggregate...
... group at carbon ofthe guanine ring may interact with the side chain of Glu309, whereas the carbonyl group at position ofthe guanine ring may interact with the hydroxyl group ofthe Tyr239 side ... structures ofthe EhPGK obtained using the modeller program (Fig S1), it was found that the only difference in the amino acids that bind the purine ring was the presence of Val instead of Leu at ... to that of Gly312 in the pig enzyme On the other hand, the Leu residue present in the horse and yeast enzymes is conserved in the majority of PGK sequences reported to date; however, in the EhPGK,...
... protein and the T54S mutant structure The side chains ofthe residues H57 and S139 in the wild-type structure extend out ofthe surface ofthe mutant structure One ofthe hydroxyl groups ofthe SCH ... atoms On thebasisof these structures, the conformations ofthe residues in the binding pocket and the pocket surface were analyzed The tool VMD [52] was applied for the visualization of simulated ... decreased volume ofthe cavity using the surface ofthe mutant structures, which covers the surface ofthe wild-type structure in the cyclopropyl binding pocket In summary, themolecular dynamics...
... understanding ofthemolecular mode of action of glyphosate and themolecularbasis for glyphosate resistance Structure and function of EPSPS EPSPS catalyzes the transfer ofthe enolpyruvyl moiety of phosphoenolpyruvate ... (blue) structures shows the different conformations ofthe main chain ofthe a2–a3 loop, see arrows [49] For the sake of clarity, only the FAD and the ligand belonging to the wild-type GO structure ... Mechanisms of glyphosate resistance L Pollegioni et al Fig The shikimate pathway that leads to the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, and the mode of action of glyphosate on the reaction...
... and the phosphorylation state of their proteins, thereby changing the amount and localization of Bcl-2 family members However, each type of cancer has its own way of disrupting the balance ofthe ... inhibition of Akt- and ERK1 ⁄ 2-dependent pathways eventually change the expression level of one or more of these Bcl-2 family members Bad Bad is one ofthe ‘death-promoting’ members ofthe Bcl-2 ... [56] These changes are temporally associated with recruitment of tumor cells in the G1 phase and a marked reduction in the proportion of cells in the S phase The G1 arrest and up-regulation of...
... in the one-cell stage to visualize the localization and to measure the mobility ofthe components in the PGCs The medaka embryo was peeled off the chorion, and the segment containing the part of ... of OlvasGFP reveals the dynamic nature ofthe nuage Schematic diagram ofthe preparation of PGCs of medaka specimen (A) OlvasGFP was expressed in the medaka PGC at stage 24 and localized in the ... outside ofthe nuage in the cytoplasm ofthe migrating PGC FCS analysis revealed that Olvas GFP diffused with a diffusion constant of 7.0 lm2ặs)1 (Fig 3A) During the measurement ofthe PGC, the 10...
... may indicate that the steric limitation ofthe enzyme’s binding pocket takes place in the area between the ortho and para positions ofthe aromatic substrate On thebasisof these results, aniline ... reported which ofthe five genes control the substrate specificity ofthe AtdA enzyme The objective of this study was to identify and probe the residues determining the activity as well as the substrate ... (pTDN1) [14] The lack of characterization ofthe structural determinant ofthe substrate specificity ofthe AtdA enzyme has thus limited its development as a biocatalyst for the bioremediation of a wide...
... wild-type ALP I On the other hand, the Tm of D266N/Y269A-ALP I increased by only °C The denaturation temperature indicates the stability ofthe structure ofthe protein The difference ofthe increments ... surrounding residues ofthe depression, and the side chain ofthe mutated residue might restrain the mobility ofthe N-terminal region on the surface by interaction with the main chain of Lys26 by van ... the substitutions did not influence the activities or specificity ofthe mutant enzymes The N-terminal region of ALP I was also on the surface The side chains of Ile10 and Tyr11 were close to the...
... the importance ofthe integrity ofthe alveolar epithelium in the pathogenesis of parenchymal fibrosis Opportunities to approach lung disease pathogenesis from the vantage point of a primary molecular ... maintaining the same degree of efficacy with the fewest number of subjects exposed to the more toxic therapy There are a number of alternative study designs that can be considered in the context of rare ... The pathology of vascular remodeling is described, including the potential sequence of events, cell types, and processes involved The genetics ofthe disease together with the identification of...
... or required further explanation ofthe need for their samples I often thought ofthe irony ofthe situation At these reunion parties, Dr Garcia would oversee the administration ofthe electrical ... with the arrowheads representing the short, direct repeats formed at the point of insertion The left half of Alu contains the A and B boxes ofthe RNA polymerase III promoter The two halves ofthe ... cell anemia is molecularly distinct, and since Watson and Crick's (3) elucidation ofthe chemical basisof heredity, themolecularbasisof disease has been addressed in the context of how mutations...
... the location of amyloidogenic mutations and position of b-strands (A) The structure ofthe polypeptide backbone ofthe two chains (purple and blue) is shown along with the location ofthe N-terminus ... tissue and that the distribution of TTR deposition reflects the presence of these endogenous factors In the case ofthe Ab protein of Alzheimer’s disease, a number of proteins and factors (pathological ... these diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease, may help to explain some aspects ofthe pathogenesis of FAP The idea is discussed further in the following sections Tissue-specific pattern of...
... itself both at the level ofthe immediate chromatin environment ofthe intergenic region, and also at the level of topological status ofthe DNA as a result of transcription ofthe adjacent genes ... DnaC [14] Rather the role of ATP in the reaction is to serve as a switch that controls the activity ofthe helicase The ATP bound form of DnaC severely inhibits the helicase activity of DnaB and ... by unwinding of this intrinsically less stable region of duplex [6] A further level of complexity arises from the fact that DnaA is a member ofthe AAA+ family of ATPases This class of protein...