... to the tax on consumption and succeeded in reducing public spending and budgetdeficits. In Australia, the proposals to introduce the VAT were thwartedtwice inthe mid-1980s and again inthe ... between the Canadian andthe Japanese cases and its neighbor, New Zealand. In Australia, the tax rate andthe revenue-raising power of the VAT arehigher than in Canada and Japan and lower than in ... Here, increasing the reliance on regressive taxation does not serve to expand the welfare state, again, unlike the European cases. The consequences of the introduction of the VAT in Japan and Canadaare...
... contingencies and complicated interactions simultaneously caused the development of the welfarestateandthe construction of the tax state. 5 Welfare state development went hand in hand with the ... reducing public spending and budgetdeficits. In Australia, the proposals to introduce the VAT were thwartedtwice inthe mid-1980s and again inthe early 1990s. The introduction of the VAT in 2000 ... Canada, Austria, and Finland8More specifically, the classifications are (1) social democratic welfare states, such asDenmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden, based on the principle ofuniversalism...
... support the quality of life themesrelevant to women’s health and well-being.2. Defining thewelfarestate The welfarestate is “ a capitalist society in which thestate has intervened inthe form ... of the forces that drive the weakening ofsocial infrastructure along the lines seen inthe UK and US and to a lesser extent in Canada.9.1. Decline of thewelfare state Teeple [11] sees increasing ... bases inthe US—actively apply theirincreasing power to oppose reforms associated with the welfarestate to reduce labour costs. The forces that led to the development of the welfare state at the...
... distortion becoming stable. Furthermore, the exchange coupling between Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions depends on the type of eg orbital occupied at the Mn3+ site, leading to the following charge/orbital ... along the a-axis, the same in- plane arrangement of Mn3+ and Mn4+ is stacked andthe neighboured planes are antiferromagnetically coupled via super-exchange interaction. On the other hand, ... positions inthe phase diagram of La1-xCaxMnO3-δ system due to their interesting properties and charge-ordering phase transition. The samples were prepared by a solid -state reaction method. The...
... authoritative inthe Middle Ages called theirauthority into question. When combined with the propaganda poten-tial of the printing press to disseminate such findings, printing becamea major force behind ... ofbooks, including one on the concept of Fatherland inthe Netherlandsfrom early modern times till World War II and one on Dutch lieux-de-m´emoire.Introduction (as developed by Gutenberg inthe ... England and Germany inthe LateEighteenth Century () and Rethinking Leviathan: The Eighteenth-Century Statein Britain and Germany (), with John Brewer. works in Brussels,...
... out their general meanings and meanings in some idioms respectively, the synonyms of each verbs are also discussed. Then the findings are reached with the statements on the similarities and ... in terms of MiCA and MaCA in details. Therefore, within this study, the author focuses on analyzing and contrasting them in terms of MiCA (concerning grammatical and semantic features of the ... morphological features. Furthermore, ‘run’ and ‘chạy’ coincide in their general meanings and meanings in some idioms. Interestingly, ‘run’ is richer in meanings, consequently richer in synonyms than...
... at random. Then the data areanalyzed and systematized to work out a fresh insight into the meanings expressed by can,may, must and their equivalents in Vietnamese.5. Design of the study The ... problems in understanding the texts, and especially in interpreting the writer’s opinion and attitude expressed by such typical modals as can, may, must. Withall these reasons, I made up my mind ... by the subject of the sentence by the speaker (or by some other agents). Inthe epistemic world, the must inthe samesentence could be read as a logical necessity according to the reasoning...
... both inthe mode l andinthe data. Mo reove r, price ratios are disproportionately lo werfor short-term debt when short spreads are high both inthe model andinthe data.17 The distinct dynam ... time-varying differences i n the prices, and inthe liquidity and insurance benefits o f these two assets, which rationalize the mo vements in s pread curv es and maturity composition observed in t ... vc(bS,bL,y) is the value associa ted with not defaulting and sta yin g inthe contra ct and vd(y) is the value associated with default.Since we assume that default costs are incurred w henever the borro...
... for the young, the old and for other dependent, vulnerable adults. Inthe 1980s,New Right governments began to talk about thestate doing less and the family, together with the market andthe ... on the role of thestateand tostress the eventual triumph of collectivism over individualism (p.10). Titles such as The Coming of theWelfareState or The Evolution of the British WelfareState ... recruitment from the outset30 and the advent of high unemployment in coal mining, iron-founding, engineering and shipbuilding all generated financialdifficulties. As the inter-war recession...
... bond, and the BEIR calculated from these two yields. Table 1 shows the sample means and measures of the variability of the nominal and real yields andthe BEIR. The drop inthe mean and variability ... declining, suggests that the inflation-risk premium was rising. Campbell and Shiller (1996) use a capital-asset-pricing model to estimate the inflation-risk premium inthe United States and find ... a nominal bond, we obtain a nominal ytm. Inthe case of the RRB, we use the market price andthe real coupon rate to obtain a real ytm. Inthe absence of distortions, the spread between the...
... supporting investments, creating networks linking public and private actors and devising future strategies for the bio-industries (including cross-sectoral interaction). Thestate was instrumental ... instrumental in expanding a previously relatively weak public research system, in bringing into existence a venture capital sector, and in ‘correcting’ the fragmentation of the business system. The main ... emerging in Finland andin Australia is the lack of resource coordination and discursive harmonisation between the different actors inthe innovation system – due to the lack of acknowledged state- industry...
... official accounting standards, the EU provided a clear and distinct alternative to US GAAP for international firms and investors. It also reinforced the IASB’s role as the focal point for the convergence ... so that they do not have to incur the cost of familiarizing themselves with financial reporting standards used in other countries or of translating financial results from one set of standards ... standards for financial reporting, then they spend less time and money on analyzing and comparing companies’ financial statements. This translates into a lower cost of capital demanded by investors....
... 2003Role of the hinge peptide andthe intersubunit interface in the swapping of N-termini in dimeric bovine seminal RNaseCarmine Ercole1, Francesca Avitabile1, Pompea Del Vecchio1, Orlando Crescenzi1, ... into an apparent molar heat capacity takinginto account the instrument calibration curve and the buffer–buffer scanning curve, and by dividing each datapoint by the scan rate andthe protein ... located in regions different from the hinge loop 16–22. In the search for the region primarily involved in the swapping, we focused our attention on the interface between the subunits. In a previous...