... EmotionPersuasion based on reason alone may be more ethical Reasoning alone may be insufficient to convince or persuade othersUse of emotion in persuasion may be unethical if the negotiators intent is selfserving and may harm the other party ... TacticsRely on persuasion rather than manipulation and coercionIdentify tactics to avoid (e.g. anything dishonest, disrespectful, irresponsible, manipulative)Agree to common guidelines (e.g. treat others with respect, avoid misrepresentations) OutlineEthics Defined Ethical NegotiationNegotiation TacticsEthics and EmotionResponding to Unethical NegotiatorsChapter 5 Ethical Considerations Societal Ethics“Ethics refers to our beliefs about what comprises a happy life, what makes for a worthwhile society; ethics also includes our beliefs about what behavior contributes to or frustrates the achievement of a worthwhile society. Finally, ethics wonders about what features of character are worth cultivating.” Delores Dooley Philosophyer ... NegotiationImportance of contextLocus of control•Internal locus of control – see yourself as a causal agent of what happens to you•External locus of control – view outside factors as the predominant cause of negative outcomes in your life•Those with internal locus of control are less likely to make excuses for their actions if found to be engaged in questionable tacticsRight to defend or protect self from unethical opponents EthicsBehaving in moral waysMost societies have guidelines for behaviorWhat one society views as unethical may be considered acceptable in another societyEthics is evolving rather than a set of standards that must never changeDevelop code of ethics...
... Cách dùng assuch và such as Hai cụm từ, assuch và such as, trông thì có vẻ giống nhau nhưng trên thực tế hai cụm từ này khác nhau về nghĩa. As such có hai nghĩa. ... nói:She's an athlete, and assuch she has to train very hard.The film was a romance, and assuch it had the usual happy ending.Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng assuch để diễn tả ý một ... sell books as such, but it does sell magazines and newspapers.Tạp chí và báo cũng là mặt hàng tương tự như sách, nhưng chúng không phải là sách.He isn't American as such, but...
... The GRUB boot loader will be install on /dev/sda. Chọn check box Use a boot loader password chọn Change password. Nhập vào mật khẩu chọn OK chọn Next. - Thiết lập cấu hình mạng ... Trí Thức – Lưu Hành Nội Bộ 12 Chương trình cài đặt yêu cầu password root phải có chiều dài ít nhất 6 ký tự. Nhập password cho accont root chọn Next. - Chọn các chương trình và packages ... tên usera: - Kiểm tra usera trong /etc/passwd : - Kiểm tra usera trong /etc/shadow: usera đang bị tạm khoá. Do chưa được tạo passwd. TRUNG TÂM ĐÀO TẠO QUẢN TRỊ VÀ AN NINH...
... interaction-oriented personalities with the remainder task oriented. The final assessment thatshe arrived at was:Alice Š self-orientedBrian Š task-orientedBob Š task-orientedCarol Š interaction-orientedDorothy ... facilities suchas variable font sizes, etc.3. Ideally, someone who has experience of designing assistive technology systems.Otherwise, someone with experience of interfacing to hardware units as allsystems ... growing market of assistive technology tohelp elderly and disabled people live independently. Alice has been asked to lead ateam of 6 d evelopers than can develop new products based around the...
... DOES THE WEB APPLICATION REQUIRE AUTHENTICATION OF THE USER?Many Web applications require another server authenticate usersExamine how information is passed between the two serversEncrypted channelsVerify that logon and password information is stored on secure placesAuthentication servers introduce a second target443734APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURES (CONTINUED)Top10 Web application vulnerabilities (continued)Remote administration flawsAttacker can gain access to the Web server through the remote administration interfaceWeb and application server misconfigurationAny Web server software out of the box is usually vulnerable to attackDefault accounts and passwordsOverly informative error messages3216WEB FORMSUse the <form> element or tag in an HTML documentAllows customer to submit information to the Web serverWeb servers process information from a Web form by using a Web applicationEasy way for attackers to intercept data that users submit to a Web server7APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURESOpen Web Application Security Project (OWASP)Open, notforprofit organization dedicated to finding and fighting vulnerabilities in Web applicationsPublishes the Ten Most Critical Web Application Security VulnerabilitiesTop10 Web application vulnerabilitiesUnvalidated parametersHTTP requests are not validated by the Web serverBroken access controlDevelopers implement access controls but fail to test them properly29USING SCRIPTING LANGUAGESDynamic Web pages can be developed using scripting languagesVBScriptJavaScriptPHP18OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC) (CONTINUED)ODBC definesStandardized representation of data typesA library of ODBC functionsStandard methods of connecting to and logging on to a DBMS24WEB APPLICATION COMPONENTSStatic Web pagesCreated using HTMLDynamic Web pagesNeed special components<form> tagsCommon Gateway Interface (CGI)Active Server Pages (ASP)PHPColdFusionScripting languagesDatabase connectors6APACHE WEB SERVERTomcat Apache is another Web Server programTomcat Apache hosts anywhere from 50% to 60% of all Web sitesAdvantagesWorks on just about any *NIX and Windows platformIt is freeRequires Java 2 Standard Runtime Environment (J2SE, version 5.0)15ON WHAT PLATFORM WAS THE WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPED?Several different platforms and technologies can be used to develop Web applicationsAttacks differ depending on the platform and technology used to develop the applicationFootprinting is used to find out as much information as possible about a target systemThe more you know about a system the easier it is to gather information about its vulnerabilities45OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC)Standard database access method developed by the SQL Access GroupODBC interface allows an application to accessData stored in a database management systemAny system that understands and can issue ODBC commandsInteroperability among backend DBMS is a key feature of the ODBC interface2348UNDERSTANDING WEB APPLICATIONSIt is nearly impossible to write a program without bugsSome bugs create security vulnerabilitiesWeb applications also have bugsWeb applications have a larger user base than standalone applicationsBugs are a bigger problem for Web applications5DOES THE WEB APPLICATION CONNECT TO A BACKEND DATABASE SERVER? (CONTINUED)Basic testing should look forWhether you can enter text with punctuation marksWhether you can enter a single quotation mark followed by any SQL keywordsWhether you can get any sort of database error when attempting to inject SQL43DOES THE WEB APPLICATION USE DYNAMIC WEB PAGES?Static Web pages do not create a security environmentIIS attack exampleSubmitting a specially formatted URL to the attacked Web serverIIS does not correctly parse the URL informationAttackers could launch a Unicode exploithttp://www.nopatchiss.com/scripts/ ... DOES THE WEB APPLICATION REQUIRE AUTHENTICATION OF THE USER?Many Web applications require another server authenticate usersExamine how information is passed between the two serversEncrypted channelsVerify that logon and password information is stored on secure placesAuthentication servers introduce a second target443734APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURES (CONTINUED)Top10 Web application vulnerabilities (continued)Remote administration flawsAttacker can gain access to the Web server through the remote administration interfaceWeb and application server misconfigurationAny Web server software out of the box is usually vulnerable to attackDefault accounts and passwordsOverly informative error messages3216WEB FORMSUse the <form> element or tag in an HTML documentAllows customer to submit information to the Web serverWeb servers process information from a Web form by using a Web applicationEasy way for attackers to intercept data that users submit to a Web server7APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURESOpen Web Application Security Project (OWASP)Open, notforprofit organization dedicated to finding and fighting vulnerabilities in Web applicationsPublishes the Ten Most Critical Web Application Security VulnerabilitiesTop10 Web application vulnerabilitiesUnvalidated parametersHTTP requests are not validated by the Web serverBroken access controlDevelopers implement access controls but fail to test them properly29USING SCRIPTING LANGUAGESDynamic Web pages can be developed using scripting languagesVBScriptJavaScriptPHP18OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC) (CONTINUED)ODBC definesStandardized representation of data typesA library of ODBC functionsStandard methods of connecting to and logging on to a DBMS24WEB APPLICATION COMPONENTSStatic Web pagesCreated using HTMLDynamic Web pagesNeed special components<form> tagsCommon Gateway Interface (CGI)Active Server Pages (ASP)PHPColdFusionScripting languagesDatabase connectors6APACHE WEB SERVERTomcat Apache is another Web Server programTomcat Apache hosts anywhere from 50% to 60% of all Web sitesAdvantagesWorks on just about any *NIX and Windows platformIt is freeRequires Java 2 Standard Runtime Environment (J2SE, version 5.0)15ON WHAT PLATFORM WAS THE WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPED?Several different platforms and technologies can be used to develop Web applicationsAttacks differ depending on the platform and technology used to develop the applicationFootprinting is used to find out as much information as possible about a target systemThe more you know about a system the easier it is to gather information about its vulnerabilities45OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC)Standard database access method developed by the SQL Access GroupODBC interface allows an application to accessData stored in a database management systemAny system that understands and can issue ODBC commandsInteroperability among backend DBMS is a key feature of the ODBC interface2348UNDERSTANDING WEB APPLICATIONSIt is nearly impossible to write a program without bugsSome bugs create security vulnerabilitiesWeb applications also have bugsWeb applications have a larger user base than standalone applicationsBugs are a bigger problem for Web applications5DOES THE WEB APPLICATION CONNECT TO A BACKEND DATABASE SERVER? (CONTINUED)Basic testing should look forWhether you can enter text with punctuation marksWhether you can enter a single quotation mark followed by any SQL keywordsWhether you can get any sort of database error when attempting to inject SQL43DOES THE WEB APPLICATION USE DYNAMIC WEB PAGES?Static Web pages do not create a security environmentIIS attack exampleSubmitting a specially formatted URL to the attacked Web serverIIS does not correctly parse the URL informationAttackers could launch a Unicode exploithttp://www.nopatchiss.com/scripts/ ... DOES THE WEB APPLICATION REQUIRE AUTHENTICATION OF THE USER?Many Web applications require another server authenticate usersExamine how information is passed between the two serversEncrypted channelsVerify that logon and password information is stored on secure placesAuthentication servers introduce a second target443734APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURES (CONTINUED)Top10 Web application vulnerabilities (continued)Remote administration flawsAttacker can gain access to the Web server through the remote administration interfaceWeb and application server misconfigurationAny Web server software out of the box is usually vulnerable to attackDefault accounts and passwordsOverly informative error messages3216WEB FORMSUse the <form> element or tag in an HTML documentAllows customer to submit information to the Web serverWeb servers process information from a Web form by using a Web applicationEasy way for attackers to intercept data that users submit to a Web server7APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURESOpen Web Application Security Project (OWASP)Open, notforprofit organization dedicated to finding and fighting vulnerabilities in Web applicationsPublishes the Ten Most Critical Web Application Security VulnerabilitiesTop10 Web application vulnerabilitiesUnvalidated parametersHTTP requests are not validated by the Web serverBroken access controlDevelopers implement access controls but fail to test them properly29USING SCRIPTING LANGUAGESDynamic Web pages can be developed using scripting languagesVBScriptJavaScriptPHP18OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC) (CONTINUED)ODBC definesStandardized representation of data typesA library of ODBC functionsStandard methods of connecting to and logging on to a DBMS24WEB APPLICATION COMPONENTSStatic Web pagesCreated using HTMLDynamic Web pagesNeed special components<form> tagsCommon Gateway Interface (CGI)Active Server Pages (ASP)PHPColdFusionScripting languagesDatabase connectors6APACHE WEB SERVERTomcat Apache is another Web Server programTomcat Apache hosts anywhere from 50% to 60% of all Web sitesAdvantagesWorks on just about any *NIX and Windows platformIt is freeRequires Java 2 Standard Runtime Environment (J2SE, version 5.0)15ON WHAT PLATFORM WAS THE WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPED?Several different platforms and technologies can be used to develop Web applicationsAttacks differ depending on the platform and technology used to develop the applicationFootprinting is used to find out as much information as possible about a target systemThe more you know about a system the easier it is to gather information about its vulnerabilities45OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC)Standard database access method developed by the SQL Access GroupODBC interface allows an application to accessData stored in a database management systemAny system that understands and can issue ODBC commandsInteroperability among backend DBMS is a key feature of the ODBC interface2348UNDERSTANDING WEB APPLICATIONSIt is nearly impossible to write a program without bugsSome bugs create security vulnerabilitiesWeb applications also have bugsWeb applications have a larger user base than standalone applicationsBugs are a bigger problem for Web applications5DOES THE WEB APPLICATION CONNECT TO A BACKEND DATABASE SERVER? (CONTINUED)Basic testing should look forWhether you can enter text with punctuation marksWhether you can enter a single quotation mark followed by any SQL keywordsWhether you can get any sort of database error when attempting to inject SQL43DOES THE WEB APPLICATION USE DYNAMIC WEB PAGES?Static Web pages do not create a security environmentIIS attack exampleSubmitting a specially formatted URL to the attacked Web serverIIS does not correctly parse the URL informationAttackers could launch a Unicode exploithttp://www.nopatchiss.com/scripts/...
... of case-by-case decision-making generally, it also acknowl-edges that for some issues there can be broad social considerations thatprovide reasons for adopting a uniform policy across all cases. ... reasoning involved in the third ap-proach, it too is casuistic. It is helpful to have terms to distinguish these twoversions of casuistry. Thus, I refer to the third approach as strict casuistry ... ‘It does seem reasonable to argue that as long as anindividual does not have a life so blighted by suVering that it outweighs anypleasure gained by living, that individual has not been wronged...
... of the problem,given the remaining hazard precipitated by the hugeamount of such gases accumulated in the past. Such anoption is only pure theory.Second, the significance of the natural variability ... constant, thedamage inflicted by disaster agents would increase dra-matically given the proportionate increase of the vulner-ability of communities and industrial assets driven byaccelerated urbanization ... to know whether the improvement was due to chanceor actual forecasting skill. An important recommendationfor decision makers here is to use climatology as a base-line expectation and clearly...
... the increasing intensity and fre-quency of natural disasters and extreme weatherevents (Srinivas and Nakagawa, 2008; Smithet al., 2009). The rate of increase of disasters as well as the numbers ... post-disaster response can actually increasevulnerabilities in the long term (Anderson andWoodrow, 1998; Schipper and Pelling, 2006).Nonetheless, as the emphasis continues to shiftfrom disaster ... Nations International Strategy for Disas-ter Reduction (ISDR) was mandated to focus onthe paradigm shift from disaster mitigation todisaster prevention, also known as DRR. At theinterim of the IDNDR,...
... much optimism to such efforts in any case. For decision makers, the recommendation is to useclimatology as a baseline expectation and to clearly identify hedges away from this baseline, in order ... institutionsand networks suchas government bodies, com-munity organizations and customary laws, as well as informal networks that prove to be veryeffective during a disaster.Special attention ... elsewhere have pre-vented increases in resilience because capacitieshave not increased.7. Developing boundary organizationsThe world has faced huge disasters over the lastfew decades and concerns...