... major fine paper machine rebuilding project in Finland is evaluated and, finally, in the fourth study the use of the concept in a paper production unit start-up in China is reviewed. In Chapter ... transformation in the manufacturing industry 1.1.1 Globalization and changes in the business environment As a result of globalization, the business environmentin multinational manufacturing companies ... are verified in industrial case studies. The case studies are two fine paper production unit start-up projects in Finland, and one fine paper production unit start-up project in China. 13...
... StasikCenter for Environmental Policy andCenter for WetlandsEnvironmental Engineering SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesville, FloridaHeavy Metals in the Environment Using Wetlandsfor ... Map showing the industries with lead and zinc wastes that drained into marsh wetlands around theBiala River, near Krakow, Poland. Note location in the Poland inset.Rudy1568Mining Wastes ... ecological engineering .Others call it industrial ecology , making manufacturing and ecosystem processing mutually bene-ficial. This book is especially about the wetlands.Starting in the last...
... lead-based paint, crumbling into dust from old houses, is dan-gerous if ingested, especially by children playing on the ground or on the floors. Lead paintshave been banned from use in houses since ... and processes. How useful are minimodelsof this class in explaining heavy metal distribution in real cases? Ecological microcosms are containers with living, miniaturized ecosystems (examples: ... for a 0.1- µ g/dl (1.0 ppb) drop in blood lead levels, using methods of neoclassicaleconomics. Measuring the social benefit of reducing lead exposure using emergy has not beenundertaken,...
... around mines in Butte, MN. Ruby et al. (1992) found human toxicity to lead affected by solubility of lead ingested into theintestinal tract. Uptake from complexes of lead in mined soil including ... stripping columns), biostim-ulation (example: augmenting indigenous microbe), bioreactors (example: stirring liquids), bio-venting (example: drawing in oxygen), composting (example: adding “bulking”), ... classes included an age inhibition factor. Zinc uptake was proportional to thebiomass and to the zinc concentrations in water, minus zinc secreted.Harrison and Laxen (1981), summarizing lead in environment...
... of lead. Emergy per mass in dilute recycling lead was estimated by evaluating annualemergy flow maintaining the lead-containing wetland ecosystem in Florida reported in Part II. The Figure ... augment in ow. Feedbacks that reinforce their own intakes are called autocatalyticprocesses. An interaction symbol is shown where two different inputs join in a production process. The diagramming ... diagram in Figure4.14, which has the parts of the human arranged according to the energy hierarchy with the brain 66 HEAVY METALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: USING WETLANDS FOR THEIR REMOVAL explained...
... again June 6, 1991. In the interim there were very high water levels because of heavy rains. Since wetland tree seedlingsdie if covered with water, mortality was large (Table 5.1). Surviving ... PLANTS Since cypress and black gum drop their leaves in winter, and water lilies in this area die back in winter, the leaf area at the end of summer is a measure of a year’s leaf production. ... made by testing seedling survival and growth in the field,by measuring the area of green leaves, by estimating plant productivity with two methods, and bysampling enough underwater invertebrates...
... microcosm is a small ecosystem developing in a container. In thisexperiment peaty materials and a seeding of life from the outdoor swamp were placed in eachcontainer and allowed to develop for 2 ... 7.2 Cumulative record of average height increases in growth of seedlings in wetland microcosms 1991to 1992. The change between points is the height increase per month (centimeters per month).MonthsASONDJFMAMJuJy ... in drought periods. The fieldobservations showed many cypress seedlings growing back along the edges of the swamp wheregermination was possible. There was abundant growth of floating plants in...
... in owing light minus that in use.Water flowing out is the in owing water minus evaporation minus plant transpiration. Lead flowing out is the lead flowing in plus the recycle minus that taken up by ... concentration in the water and to the quantity of organic sediments) minus the lead in the organic matter consumed minus the lead in organic matter in water flowing out minus that going into buried ... roundedcorners. Lines represent flows of material and energy. Crossing the boundary into the swampsystems are the flows of sunlight, the wind, and the in ows of water carrying lead. The water in owincludes...
... following reductions in mine water discharges, the soil-forming processes increased as a function of community production. This may explain why thetop soil layer in many stations contains more ... it did 15 years ago with waters flowing within the vegetationmore. Although mining wastewaters may decline in the future, municipal wastes are expectedto increase (Figure 9.17). The wetlands ... containing lead and zinc. In the experimental plot(Figure 9.5) the average plant density was 91 plants per square meter. The effect of the plants in retarding the flow was evaluated by calculating...
... in 1990 (Table 10.1), just after political changes which caused economicrecession. Zinc production decreased more. Zinc and lead mining in Poland is declining. The Boleslaw mine shut down in ... somezinc–lead mines.Zinc in Poland is found mainly in the Silesia-Cracovian dolomite formation with an estimated8.39 E6 tons. Average concentration of zinc in these ores is 3.9%. Decreases in zinc ... Lead and ZincManufacturing, and Environment Wlodzimierz Wójcik CONTENTS Lead and Zinc Ores Processing 116Consumption of Lead and Zinc 117 Environment Pollution from Lead and Zinc in Poland...
... present costs using the Engineering News-Record (ENR) Building Cost Index (BCI) for the yearsconcerned, according to the following formula:Updated Cost = 1978 Construction Cost Operating costs ... discounting/incomecapitalization formula is given in Appendix A11. METHODS The first step in valuing the work of the wetland in retaining lead was to quantify the amountof lead actually held in ... 130 HEAVY METALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: USING WETLANDS FOR THEIR REMOVAL RESULTSLead Retained by the Swamp Lead retained in on-site wetlands was estimated to be about 1000 kg using Watts’ data...
... IN THE ENVIRONMENT: USING WETLANDS FOR THEIR REMOVAL EMERGY EVALUATION OF WETLAND TREATMENT Using information obtained from the Biala River wetland studies (Chapter 9), an ecologicalengineering ... ALTERNATIVES IN POLAND 149 Money Flows for Costs and Investments Investment costs were assumed to be 1.5 billion Polish zlotys (for 1992 year) including: costof the land, designing costs, ... work, 25,000,000 Zl/yearMachine-hours, 12,000,000 Zl/year Flows through Main System Compartments As shown in Figure 12.1, the in owing waters, nutrients, lead, and zinc are used and processedby...
... ANALYSISMining Law of 1972 The statutes that govern lead mining today date back to the General Mining Law of 1972. In passing this law, Congress intended to protect the rights of individuals ... purposes in the economy. But,because the economic drain from waste is small in the beginning and the price of obtaining newresources is low, recycling is slow to develop and the benefits of recycling ... economicbenefits of mining and selling lead and lead products were large, and the cost of damaged ecosystemsseemed minor. The regulations governing the mining and processing of lead were few, as seen in Table...