... TheOxfordIntroductionto Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World This page intentionally left blank TheOxfordIntroductionto Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European ... intentionally left blank IntroductionTheOxfordIntroductionto Proto-Indo-European and The Proto-Indo-European World Wlls the need for a relatively concise introductiontothe full range of reconstructed ... the blending of the original language with other elements that made them appear less closely related tothe three classical tongues Critical to this entire model is the actual evidence that the...
... TheOxfordIntroductionto Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World This page intentionally left blank TheOxfordIntroductionto Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European ... n n _ n m tothe hard palate; then the retroXexes, a sound made with the tip of the tongue pressed against the palate, rather than the upper surface of the tongue as in the case of the palatal ... horses’ The subject of the sentence, the sheep, is at the head and so the order of elements is the subject (S), then the verb (V) and then the object (O), i.e SVO, i.e ‘sheep saw horses’ Since then,...
... father! (*phater) The accusative denotes the direct object, e.g 8 ´ I saw the father (*phaterm ); the genitive indicates possession, e.g the father’s cow (*phatros) The Wnal four cases are the ... endings, there were changes that could be made tothe beginning of the verb as well These comprise the augment and reduplication The augment was merely the addition of a particle *h1e- tothe beginning ... the endings of the Wrst, second, and third persons singular The other type, which has left only traces in the other IE groups, has the endings -hi, -ti, and -i instead On the other hand, Anatolian...
... *gheluhxs tortoise is found in Slavic (e.g OCS zely) and Grk khelus If we were able securely to reconstruct the tortoise to Proto-Indo-European, we would have another marker for the Proto-Indo-European ... either case, the diVerent semantic speciWcations of the dangerous one or the tearer in Anatolian and the rest of Indo-European may suggest semantic shift as one (the Anatolians) or the other ... natural territory of the camel might one of three things with their original word camel: They might simply abandon the word altogether as they and their linguistic descendants were not likely to encounter...
... *h2en´ ¯ *mehater ‘of the same father’ ‘father; procreator’ ‘father’ ‘father’ ‘father, papa’ ‘son’ ‘son’ ‘son’ ‘grandson; (?) nephew’ ‘descendant’ ‘father’s mother’ ‘mother’ *h4en*n-h4en*h4em*m-h4em*haekkehaˆ ... of ‘grandfather’ and ‘mother’s brother’, but then each group shows a diVerent derivation for ‘mother’s brother’, suggesting the Omaha-like equation of ‘grandfather’ and ‘mother’s brother’ was ... similar tothe one ancestral to Tocharian has been widely borrowed into the Uralic languages, e.g Proto-Balto-Finnic-Lapp´ ´ Mordvin *waske ‘copper, brass’, Proto-Ugric *was ‘metal, iron’, Proto¨...
... due either tothe fact that *tek the verbal root itself is ambiguous or the fact that the craft of the carpenter also included the construction of wattled (woven) walls The herdsman, *westor-, ... anda(n) in) The widespread *haed meant to (e.g Irish ad- to, Lat ad to, at, NE at, Phryg ad- to) as did *do or *de (e.g OIr do, Lat do-nec up to, NE to, Lith da up to, OCS up to, Grk -de toward, ... fall together in many IndoEuropean languages and there does not seem to be a set of diVerent roots to distinguish the two activities in Proto-Indo-European The closest we can come to a Proto-Indo-European...
... words for the names of birds are often onomatopoeic and in addition to these there are a number of other words associated with the speech of animals That the language of animals is speciWc to one’s ... but the Indo-Iranian and Celtic ¯ ¯ evidence is insuYcient to allow us to reconstruct ‘praise-put’ to Proto-IndoEuropean; the phrase may well have been independently created at either end of the ... Hrothgar, and Halga the good’ To go further and reconstruct the actual metrical system of the Proto-Indo-Europeans has been attempted a number of times and there is no doubt that there are striking...
... reasoning, the Proto-Indo-European homeland is placed in Anatolia, requiring all the other Indo-European languages to separate oV from Anatolia (either tothe east or tothe west), or the homeland ... was the closest tothe proto-language, but over the course of the next century two other contenders appeared The archaic nature claimed for Anatolian made it possible to suggest that it was the ... across historical Iran and India varies from the extremely meagre to total absence: both the Anatolian and the Kurgan theory Wnd it extraordinarily diYcult to explain the expansion of the IndoEuropean...
... father of the perpetrator of the hoax As Middleton uncovers the truth of the scandal, so does his professional star rise until, at the end of the novel, he accepts the Chair of the History 22 The Cambridge ... feels obliged to take If to permit the expression of humanity is to tolerate the antisocial expression of youth power, this might also be to allow the rapists into your own home, into the writer’s ... political theme The most obvious of these is the dynamic of the thriller, which leaves Grace’s fate unclear until theThe State and the Novel 35 final page The other is an extended allusion to Virginia...
... Christmas's Thomas's To form the plural possessive, they add an apostrophe tothe s of the plural in the normal way, e.g bosses' the Joneses' dog the octopuses' tentacles the Thomases' dog French ... Gowers, Oxford, 1965) NEB The New English Bible (Oxford and Cambridge, 1970) ODWE OED TLS TheOxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors (Oxford, 1981) TheOxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933) ... calicoes mementoes excuses) cargoes mosquitoes stuccoes dingoes mottoes tomatoes dominoes Negroes tornadoes echoes noes torpedoes embargoes peccadilloes vetoes goes porticoes volcanoes grottoes Words...
... Tess's Father Christmas's Thomas's To form the plural possessive, they add an apostrophe tothe s of the plural in the normal way, e g bosses' the octopuses' tentacles the Joneses' dog the Thomases' ... Supplement tothe OED, Volume 1) 2.5 -arily In a few adverbs that end in the sequence -arily there is a tendency to place the stress on the a rather than the first syllable of the word The reason ... Ernest Gowers, Oxford, 1965) NEB The New English Bible (Oxford and Cambridge, 1970) ODWE TheOxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors (Oxford, 1981) OED TheOxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933)...
... Christmas's Thomas's To form the plural possessive, they add an apostrophe tothe s of the plural in the normal way, e.g bosses' the Joneses' dog the octopuses' tentacles the Thomases' dog French ... Gowers, Oxford, 1965) NEB The New English Bible (Oxford and Cambridge, 1970) ODWE OED TLS TheOxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors (Oxford, 1981) TheOxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933) ... calicoes mementoes excuses) cargoes mosquitoes stuccoes dingoes mottoes tomatoes dominoes Negroes tornadoes echoes noes torpedoes embargoes peccadilloes vetoes goes porticoes volcanoes grottoes Words...
... publication If the tools predate 1998, discard them immediately They predate the standard and therefore, by definition, they cannot conform tothe standard In fact, the quality of C++ tools has improved ... _ The compiler accepts the program, but the linker complains Whether you can see the difference between the compiler and the linker depends on your particular tools Nonetheless, you failed to ... just to name a few The best way to contact Ray is via email to xxi About the Technical Reviewer FRANCIS GLASSBOROW read Mathematics at Merton College, Oxford He spent 25 years teaching mathematics...
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... hearken tothe summons of the shepherd’s horn nearby, / Tothe muted mating call of the black grouses in the distance, / Tothe whistle of the nightingales in the bushes, [like] lambs in the air / To ... rhymes The title simply introduces day and night, but the poem itself contrasts them, devoting the first stanza to day and the second to night The fact that the second stanza begins with the word ... but beyond the rhymes at the end of the line, the placement of the stresses not form a pattern It might be tempting to see this rhythmic confusion as a reflection of the poem’s theme (the poet’s...
... text as The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight (abbreviated toThe Life of King Henry the Eight for the running title: the *Oxford edition, 1986, was the first to restore the title ... direct the reader from the standard title terial in the Companion It allows the reader to see all thetothe entry under the original title The Companion also follows theOxford entries relating to ... All other actors were the employees of the sharers The sharers were not necessarily thefinestactors but they would have to bring a significant contribution tothe company in the form either of capital...