... feasible) broadband speeds, andthe structure of these services further reduces their utility Slow residential Internet access is but the tip ofthe problem, however The broadband problem in fact ... products, and systems are designed with modular architectures and standardized, externally open interfaces Products and systems consist of assemblages of standard subsystems; andthe structure ofthe ... forthcoming The subsequent crash devastated the CLEC sector, thereby reducing the competitive pressure felt by the ILECs To add to the woes ofthe industry andofthe economy in general, local broadband...
... about the room andthe furniture; it’s also about what happens between them and about the people who use them and interact in the common office space How we will communicate in our work in the ... 2011, the commission went to U glyCute and they interpreted the theme ‘Meetings’ on the basis of a number of historic meeting places and their modern equivalents In 2012 Monica Förster took on the ... itself in the installation and along the topics for the 2013 edition ofThe Hello Show As a build up to the fair, the Hello-blog will bring p erspectives on the subject from different angles and...
... ofsurface layers, based on mathematical modeling 2.3.3 Micro and nanometric testing 2.3.4 Rational application ofsurface layers References The solid surface 3.1 The significance ofthesurface ... 3.2 Thesurface - geometrical concept 3.3 Thesurface - mechanical concept 3.4 Thesurface - physico-chemical concept 3.4.1 The phase 3.4.2 Interphase surface - a physical surface 3.4.3 Surface ... broadening the range of activity to other methods of formation ofsurface layers The year 1985 saw the first edition ofthe quarterly Surface Engineering”, published by the Wolfson Institute for Surface...
... magnetic and electric fields and determined the ratio ofthe charge to the mass ofthe electron Proof ofthe constant value of this ratio came later The first direct and fairly accurate measurement of ... technology, which together form surface engineering 2.3.1 Perfection and combination of methods of manufacturing ofsurface layers The development of manufacturing methods ofsurface layers will largely ... particular, of electrical heating The role ofsurface engineering in the process of manufacture ofthe material product is shown in Fig 2.1 Fig 2.1 Role ofsurface engineering in the process of manufacture...
... on thesurface are absorbed by the treated material A portion, proportional to the atomic number ofthe absorbing material and to the deflection ofthe beam from the normal to the treated surface, ... detrimental heating ofthe vacuum chamber [8] Upon falling on thesurfaceofthe heated material, the electron beam causes secondary emission (P e) of electrons from thesurfaceand thermoelectron ... heat created as the result of interaction ofthe electron beam on the material may be, therefore, said to have a normal surface distribution with the maximum in the axis ofthe beam and normal volumetric...
... chapter three The solid surface 3.1 The significance ofthesurfaceThesurfaceof living organisms limits them and protects them from the environment Similarly, in technology, thesurface limits ... electrons ofsurface atoms, therefore ofsurface atoms themselves, is different from that of atoms from within the crystal The described surface is not an inter-phase surface because while the solid ... processing The processed surface - thesurface which constitutes the boundary ofthe processed object in the area where the processing was carried out 3.4 Thesurface - physico-chemical concept 3.4.1 The...
... thesurface energy and other physical properties ofthesurface depend to a large extent on the “history” ofthe given substance For instance, a fresh fracture surface (a cleaved surfaceofthe ... turbulent state The time of dwell of one molecule at thesurface is ofthe order of a microsecond In the said system there also occurs an exchange of molecules between thesurface zone andthe adjoining ... pressure ofthe order of 10-6 Pa It follows that the dwell time of atoms at thesurface is ofthe order of s The general picture ofthe phenomenon is similar when diffusion rate is considered In the...
... increases from thesurface in the direction ofthe core and then drops off to the level of core hardness (Fig 3.30) A lowering of hardness at thesurfaceof 52100 steel is probably due to the big proportion ... displacement ofthe said zones in the direction ofthe material surface With the same radiation parameters, the depth of hardening rises with a rise of thermal conductivity ofthe treated material The ... contaminants and atoms of foreign inclusions not have the time needed to diffuse into thesurface On the other hand, combined action of temperature and vacuum cleans thesurface quickly and effectively...
... before, the atomically pure surfaceof a solid is very active both physically and chemically Besides surface energy andsurface tension, at thesurfaceof solids with metallic bonds there occurs ... new surface is created, with properties different to those ofthe original surface A sudden limitation ofthe atomic lattice at the time of creation ofthe new surface causes the formation of ... physically pure surface may be called the subsurface layer (or layers) Since the situation of this layer (or layers), relative to the core ofthe object, is on the side ofthe real surface, the term...
... - with thermal emission of ions from the surfaces of solids (Fig 4.11) This source operates on the principle of utilization of ionization of atoms colliding with the surfaces of metals The hollow ... deviations are observed at thesurface in the direction of increased concentration, which is the result of ion etching ofthe implanted material, or under thesurfaceofthe material (for x > 2∆Rp), ... layer of lubricant in the process of wear (e.g., Cr) Another possibility is the formation of thin layers of soft oxides of tin or yttrium at the surface, decreasing forces of friction and protecting...
... three-dimensional surface structure and on the type of material ofthe external zone ofthe superficial layer and they characterize a set of geometric-material properties ofthe real surfaceandofthe adherent ... rise ofthe unevenness ofthe surface, the degree of corrosiveness ofthe environment (e.g., a rise of its humidity) andthe degree of corrosion (most often the degree of oxidation) All of these ... exposing them to thesurface Grooves - surface damage formed by the movement of an element ofthe mating surface or an element ofthe cutting tool, forced into the material surface A characteristic of...
... adsorbed, the higher thetensionThe diminishing ofsurfacetension at the interface indicates a rise in the wettability ofthe given solid by the liquid If the solvent is water, adsorbents can be, therefore, ... minimum ofthe sine wave These are the so-called adsorption sites [41] The number of such minima per unit surface may be determined, knowing the geometry ofthe metal lattice The height ofthe potential ... is the process of attraction of substances (gases, vapors, solids in solution, ions and liquids) and their collection at thesurfaceof solids and liquids, at the interface between solid and...
... tangent to the curvature ofthe meniscus ofthe wetting liquid, at the point of contact between the liquid andthe solid (Fig 5.35) A knowledge ofthe value ofthe wetting angle is of significant ... [15, 31] The smoother the surface, the less andthe smaller the geometrical flaws and microflaws on it andthe more difficult the conditions necessary to initiate fatigue microcracks Of equally ... strength ofthe softer material In conditions of sliding wear there may occur additional effects, such as squeezing out ofthe contact surfaceofthe softer material by the protruding asperities of the...
... structure of alloys and raises the value ofsurface energy ofthe superficial layer The said disturbance is by way of a rise in the number of defects in the lattice, and enhancement of carbon and nitrogen ... moving into the layer (flux of vacancies) andthe other out of it (flux of dislocations and atoms) Vacancies are formed as the result ofthe action ofthe lubricant which causes the release of metal ... the role of a shock absorber for contact loads carried over from one surface to the other In the initial period of friction the presence ofthe lubricant inhibits the migration ofthe point of...
... layers ofthe same phase composition and thickness on both surfaces A and B [20] Fig 5.22 shows thicknesses ofthe nitrided layer on surfaces A and B ofthe titanium samples vs time of nitriding The ... chamber, by the power ofthe voltage generator, design of current feed-throughs, method of load fixturing, and by the method of metering of reactive gases, in particular of chlorides and metal-organic ... compounds In the case of furnaces used for PACVD methods, such furnaces may differ by the design ofthe working chamber and by the method of elimination of harmful components ofthe gas atmosphere...
... vision ofthe observer The smoother the surface, the more ordered is this reflection andthe more equal is the angle of incidence to the angle of reflection The more luster the coating has, the ... [68] The degree of luster is described by the ratio ofthe coefficient of oriented reflection ofthe observed surface to the coefficient of total reflection The numerical value of this degree of ... Bulging Bulging is the rise of volume ofthe paint coating due to absorption of liquids, most frequently of water It will depend on thesurfacetensionandthe dielectric constant ofthe bulging liquid...