... Mayer, and to some extent even Joule hemmed and hawed and procrastinated over heat and force; they adduced the theorem of logical cause andthe commands ofthe Creator Helmholtz’s work on the other ... space, and all bodies moved through the ether without disturbing its state of rest; so also the earth andthe sun The question arose whether the speed ofthe earth through the ether – the absolute ... obtain the familiar energy balance of classical mechanics: The rate of change ofthe kinetic energy m dx1 2 ( dt ) equals the power ofthe force Special relativity – the theory of frames of reference...
... andthe internal energy is the non-convective part oftheenergyThe power, or working ofthe force dG has no place in the Gibbs equation therefore, or it should not have Also, the heating of ... in itself What happens in a plant is the photosynthesis of glucose from the CO2 ofthe air and from H2O ofthe soil andthe release of oxygen We rewrite the stoichiometric formula from before, ... collisions,20 andthe collision term on the right hand side vanishes for the MaxwellJüttner distribution because of conservation oftheenergyand momentum vector pA in the collision Chernikov uses the...
... we have 15180 of them But then, the calculation ofthe elements ofthe determinant andthe determination of Vmax may be programmed into the computer and Wolf Weiss (1956– ) has the values ready ... intuitive argument and to calculation Therefore they serve as prototypes for the treatment of fluctuation and for the proof of Onsager’s hypothesis, see Insert 9.2 The hypothesis is not restricted ... under the microscope, fluctuations of mass density, and velocity and temperature in air cannot be seen And yet they are there, and they affect the transmission of light Indeed, very tiny and very...
... to the laws of equilibrium – or near-equilibrium – that they achieved no more than confirmation ofthe 19th century formulae, and proof of their consistency with the doctrines ofenergyandentropy ... its position of equilibrium 17 18 G.G Stokes: “On the theories ofthe internal friction of fluids in motion andofthe equilibrium and motion of elastic solids.” Transactions ofthe Cambridge ... and these are based upon the equations of balance of mechanics and thermodynamics, viz the conservation laws of mass and momentum, andthe equation of balance of internal energy, see Chap j xj tij...
... energy than h , the light may kick the electron loose and make it move off with the surplus The higher the frequency, the higher the surplus andthe quicker the electron moves On the other hand, ... represents 1/6 ofthe spectral energy density e ofthe cavity radiation, because the y- and z-components ofthe electric field also contribute to theenergy density, and so the components ofthe magnetic ... application of radiation thermodynamics is the physics ofstarsAnd yet, the physicists ofthe 19th century, who raised their eyes to the stars, as it were, were unaware ofthe decisive role of radiation...
... Law of Thermodynamics is theentropyofthe atoms in the element dxdc, and S Pdxdc ! k ln d xc xc pl ! l is the total entropyofthe gas, where is the product over all elements xc dxdc ofthe ... value was, of course, far below the scope ofthe pioneers in the 19th century who set themselves the task of liquefying the gases available to them and then, perhaps, reach the solid phase The easiest ... have let to the formulation of strategy B Strategy B The hawks adjust the severity ofthe fighting – and thus the gravity ofthe injury – to the prevailing price If the price ofthe resource...
... law – and, of course, by the thermal equation of state p ρ k α T – the numbers N are independent ofthe nature ofthe gases µ Therefore theentropyof mixing is the same, irrespective ofthe gases ... small mass of a substance is added to a homogeneous mass, while entropyand volume are unchanged; then the quotient ofthe increase ofenergyandthe increase of mass is the potential of this substance ... entropy, on the other hand, tends to pull all the water from the reservoir into the tube, because that means maximal entropyof mixing of water and salt Neither energy nor entropy succeed; they compromise...
... for Maxwell – but then it may also contain the three c additive contributions ofthe rotational energyof a molecule andthe contributions ofthe kinetic and elastic energyof a vibrating molecule ... related to the angle of deflection ofthe path of an atom in the collision ranges between and /2 is the cross section for a ( , )-collision and g is the relative speed ofthe colliding atoms The f ... the power oftheentropyof meaning ofthe concept ofentropyand its application in science and technology] Philips’s Technische Bibliothek (1960) Also available in Dutch, English, French, and...
... to the multifarious symbols of decline, and in the growth ofentropy toward the heat death he sees the scientific equivalent ofthe twilight ofthe gods of Germanic mythology: The end ofthe ... use the ancient atomistic idea ofthe randomly flying molecules of a gas He explained the pressure of a gas on the wall ofthe container by the change of momentum ofthe molecules during their ... helped to create the kinetic theory of ideal and real gases and, of course, he was the discoverer ofentropyandthe second law His work on the kinetic theory was largely eclipsed by the progress...
... Mayer, and to some extent even Joule hemmed and hawed and procrastinated over heat and force; they adduced the theorem of logical cause andthe commands ofthe Creator Helmholtz’s work on the other ... space, and all bodies moved through the ether without disturbing its state of rest; so also the earth andthe sun The question arose whether the speed ofthe earth through the ether – the absolute ... obtain the familiar energy balance of classical mechanics: The rate of change ofthe kinetic energy m dx1 2 ( dt ) equals the power ofthe force Special relativity – the theory of frames of reference...
... that the doctrine ofenergyandentropy rules the world; the first ingredient – energy – is deterministic, as it were, andthe second – entropy – favours randomness Both tendencies compete, and they ... would then determine the character, or temperament (sic), of a person Thus body and soul ofthe inhabitants ofthe cold and wet north were wild and savage, while those ofthe people in the hot and ... until the second half ofthe 19th century when it was extrapolated away from mechanics to include the internal energyof thermodynamics andthe electro-magnetic energyThe first law of thermodynamics...
... metallurgy) Energyand Environmental Profile ofthe U.S Pulp and Paper Industry v Energyand Environmental Profile ofthe U.S Pulp and Paper Industry vi Overview 1.1 The U.S Paper Manufacturing Sector The ... Energy and Environmental Profile ofthe U.S Pulp and Paper Industry December 2005 Prepared by Energetics Incorporated Columbia, Maryland for the U.S Department ofEnergy Office ofEnergy ... Integrated Pulp and Paper Making Process Energyand Environmental Profile ofthe U.S Pulp and Paper Industry 16 2.2 Energy Overview Paper and Paperboard Drying Consume the Most EnergyThe pulp and paper...
... SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING ANDTHE FACULTY OFTHE LEONARD N STERN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OFTHE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ... that 1) the lag between insider transactions andthe receipt ofthe Form by the SEC and 2) the lag between the filing date andthe market reaction became shorter once the electronic filing and online ... outstanding Book-to-Market is the ratio of book value to market value of equity, calculated as ofthe beginning ofthe fiscal quarter Size is the natural logarithm of market capitalization as of the...
... where e is the volume fraction of particles in the PCM, ρm is the density ofthe PCM (kg/m3), Hm is the latent heat of fusion of PCM (J/kg), rint is the radial interface location (m) The following ... completely stored in the PCM As a result, the efficiency ofthe system becomes unity all the time Hence, the calculation ofenergy efficiency does not indicate the true performance ofthe system This ... Cumulative energy stored and exergy stored It has already been stated that theenergy stored in the unit is in the form of latent heat as the sensible heating ofthe liquid PCM is neglected for the...
... NY, USA) The ratio ofthe densitometric values ofthe bands containing amplified cDNA between IP and SP samples was determined Acknowledgements We thank Andreia Dallabona, Nilson Fidencio and ˆ Crisciele ... determining the adaptation and differentiation of these parasites throughout their life cycle Trypanosomatids diverge from other eukaryotes in several aspects, including the editing of mitochondrial ... Microarray analyses reveal that the mRNAs associated with TcDHH1 in the epimastigote stage are some of those mainly expressed in the other forms ofthe T cruzi life cycle These data suggest that mRNPs...
... absorption and translocation, and consequently growth (Shear and Faust, 1980; Jadczuk and Lenz, 1994) The addition of Ca and CaMg increases the growth, which shows the deficiency of both elements in the ... treatment at the sampling date Results were expressed as the mean ofthe three values andthe Mann and Whitney U test (1947) was again applied, with a threshold of 5% RESULTS Growth parameters At the ... (table III) The B trees produced an intermediate effect However, no significant effect was seen in terms ofthe number of ramifications From 1994, the area ofthe fourth leaf ofthe D trees was...
... concentration The mineral contentofthe leaves varied according to the gelling agent andthe period of time in culture A significant accumulation of Na was found in the leaves ofthe explants ... at the onset of growth in juvenile shoots andof polyphenols A is therefore considered to be a biochemical marker of walnut juvenility and rejuvenation (Jay-Allemand et al, 1990) The level of ... dysfunctioning The aim of this study was to compare the effects of gelling agents, Difco Bacto Agar® (Difco) and Gelrite® (Kelco) on the growth of in vitro walnut explants, their mineral content and...
... estimated from the average count per field multiplied by the ratio of field area/coverslip area (= number of particles in 20 μl), then by the ratio ofthe volume ofthe injection Page of 13 (page ... tip of a ml syringe (Luer-Lok, sterile, BD Medical, Melbourne, Australia) until it became saturated with the liquid The tip ofthe syringe was gently pressed against the side ofthe filter andthe ... 5-10 μm (Figure 2C and 2D) Treatment with weak acid (0.5% acetic acid) dissolved the crystals This, together with their shape, andthe absence of other likely candidates in the tablet formulation,...
... the amplitudes and rate constants ofthe two other phases The above should be governed by the balance between the rate of reduction and oxidation ofthe acceptor side of PSII by the available ... evaluate the contributions and kinetics ofthe three main components ofthe FI traces Deconvolution ofthe traces with the sum of three exponential rises provided an excellent t between simulated and ... correspond to the end ofthe JI phase [8,28,29] It is likely that the emergence of a peak for I in the FI curves depends on the relative amplitude and rate constant ofthe JI phase compared to the amplitudes...
... Addressing the Impact of Household Energyand Indoor Air Pollution on the Health ofthe Poor Implications for Policy Action and Intervention Measures Table of Contents Preface | Introduction ofthe ... oil equivalent – the amount of oil that would have supplied the same amount ofenergy | 19 Addressing the Impact of Household Energyand Indoor Air Pollution on the Health ofthe Poor Implications ... type, exposure ofthe child to smoke during peak cooking times, reported hours spent near the stove, and whether the child is carried on the |9 Addressing the Impact of Household Energyand Indoor...