optimizing j τ using discretization in the time domain
Micromechanical properties and domain structures of PZN PT piezoelectric single crystals
... respectively, increasing crystal variants means increasing complexity of polarization switching and domain structures in the crystals These findings result in the refinement of the phase diagram ... shown in Fig 2.6(b) For negative poling (in this case, indentation on downward domains), the current intensity increased with indentation force during loading, and reversed sign during unloading The ... enough, the switching-induced stress can damage the sample by itself If the non-180° switching occurs in the vicinity of a mechanically or electrically loaded crack tip, the switching-induced internal...
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High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 1
... and T Rajah for their help in machining work My appreciation also goes to Microfine staffs Dr Jin Jing, Dr K K Rajan, Paul Lim, Lenson Lim, and Joy Chuah for providing a good support in this ... polishing along the [010]pc direction and (b) after repolishing in the [110]pc direction Arrows indicate the direction of polishing Note the realignment from (a) to (b) (c) The domain patterns in the ... directions of the polar axis in T phase The two polar directions are joined by the {110}-type T* as indicated by the red solid lines The {110}R//{110}T interface are indicated the by blue solid lines...
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High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 2
... saddle point in the mapping except that the said saddle point remains not well-defined in the mapping in Figure 5.3(b) Lastly, should it represent a new phase, then (4) there is a wide spread in its ... elongated domains lying roughly along the [010]pc polishing direction (Figure 5.7a) In contrast, the domains in the bulk of the crystals are relatively faint but may also assume any of the following ... peak in the range of 2θ ≈ 43.0-44.0º The major peak relates to the (002) R phase, and will be represented by (002)R in our further discussion The origin of the minor broad peak lying at the lower...
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High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 3
... 72 The smeared contour lines over an area of the ω-2θ plane at the lower 2θ side of the main (002)R peak in the (002) RSM (Figure 5.10) indicates that the diffraction effects associated with the ... obtained when poling was applied on annealed samples instead As shown in Figure 5.13, the lower 2θ peak persisted in the annealed samples even after poling to high fields (up to 1.5 kV/mm) The ... of R The distorted R phases are microscopic in size, of a wide range of lattice parameters and are stressed in intense compression in the plane of the polished surface (c) Under the PLM, the surface...
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High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 4
... repolishing in the [110]pc direction Arrows indicate the direction of polishing Note the realignment from (a) to (b) (c) The domain patterns in the underlying material revealed by the focusing technique ... submicroscopic domains, the surface layer does not exhibit a clear birefringent domain pattern In contrast, after directional polishing the domains (and thus their optical indicatrix) are aligned into ... surface stresses and domain directions are randomly distributed As the size of domains is very small, they are not visible in the optical microscope In this case, since the surface layer is composed...
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High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 5
... Figures 6.2(d)-(g) Other than the streaking phenomenon shown by the nanodomain, the micro- and nanoscale domains also differ 85 in FWHM because peak broadening increases as the domain thickness decreases ... The {110}-type T twin planes are indicated by white dashed line in (c) The intensity contours are on log scale 91 twin components [43-45] Using these findings, the detailed configuration of the ... the domains (as encircled by the dash lines in Figures 6.10a-b) reveals an extinction at P/A= 45°, while the remaining domains exhibited the optical extinction at P/A= 0° This suggests that the...
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High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 6
... R microtwin domains, a result of the large diffraction width associated with the fine domain structure and the extreme compliant nature of the R phase The diffraction pattern indicating possible ... nanotwin diffractions (b) The resultant nanotwin diffractions for {100}-type R nanotwins (c) The projection of such extra peak joining the two parent nanotwins diffractions on (002) RSM for the ... (b) The resultant nanotwin diffractions for {110}-type R nanotwins (c) The projection of such extra peak joining the two parent nanotwins diffractions on (002) RSM for the {110}-type R nanotwins...
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High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 7
... directions are joined by the {110}-type T* as indicated by the red solid lines The {110}R//{110}T interface are indicated the by blue solid lines Note that the Tσ phase is metastable in this case, ... depicted schematically in Figure 8.5, in which twinning serves to relax the residual stresses in the perovskite structure Note that micro- and/or nanotwin domains exist in both the R and T phases ... when the {110}R//{110}T interface is lying at 45° to the (100)pc diffracting planes and the other when such an interface is lying perpendicular to the (100)pc diffracting planes, as shown in Figures...
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High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 8
... diffraction intensity of other remaining peaks Above 165 ºC, the C phase, at 2θ ≈ 44.67º, remained as the dominant phase (Figure 8.13i) Based on the analysis given in Table 6.1, the various diffraction ... and T* domains formed in the material near the R-T transformation temperature (TR-T) Figure 8.14 shows the domain structures obtained by the PLM as a function of temperature At 25 ºC, the crystal ... segregation in the crystal, leading to a range of R-T transformation temperature Despite the thermal current signals, the anomalies in the ε’ over the temperature range of 90-115 °C remained not...
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High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 9
... remain in the R state but possess a higher residual strain The effect of poling on the domain switching in PZN-9%PT is shown in Figure 9.4 It shows that both the (R+T) phases coexisted prior to the ... E-field application Upon increasing the E-field along the (001)pc crystal direction, the intensity of (001)T domains increased accordingly (Figure 9.4b) Meanwhile, the (100)T domains faded away and ... elongated in certain crystal directions This, with the slight tilting of the R diffraction out of the ω = 0° plane indicates that both crystals existed in a strained state as the result of poling induced...
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High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 10
... certain crystal direction on comparing to the unpoled samples of broad R phase The strained state of the poled crystals is the result of poling induced stresses in the crystals 177 (f) In the ... Table 9.2 The slight difference in the various temperature values can be attributed to the different temperature measurement instruments used in the tests In summary, the R-T transformation in relaxor ... temperature before the crystal transforms completely into the single C phase (c) The expanded (R+T) MPB region can be further divided into two regions In the lower PT region, 0.06 ≤ x ≤ 0.08, the T phase...
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High resolution x ray diffraction study of phase and domain structures and thermally induced phase transformations in PZN (4 5 9)%PT 11
... studies of the engineered monoclinic crystal domains in single crystal relaxor ferroelectric, J Appl Phys., 87, p 8159-8164 2000 70 Yin, J and W Cao Domain configurations in domain engineered 0.955Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.045PbTiO3 ... required to resolve these fine nanotwin diffractions and to decipher the detailed configurations of the R* domains, which are expected to shed light on how the “engineered domain state” would give ... fracturing (b) To investigate the effects of temperature and E-field on the R and T micro- and nanotwin domains in relaxor single crystal and how this may affect the structureproperty-relation of the...
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A comparative study of discourse structures and some major linguistic features of international declarations and international conventions on human rights part 2
... Preamble of the Declaration and their realization 3.3.2 The Beginning 17 The Ending 18 iv 3.3.3.1 The Ending of the Declaration and its realization 18 3.3.3.2 Remarks 19 CHAPTER IV THE DISCOURSE ... STRUCTURE AND SOME MAJOR LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN COMPARISON WITH THOSE OF THE INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION 4.1 Definition of an International Convention ... Human Rights in comparison with those of the International Declaration on Human Rights 21 21 4.3.1.2 Remarks 4.3.2 The Beginning 4.3.1.1 The Title and Preamble of the Convention and their realization...
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A comparative study of discourse structures and some major linguistic features of international declarations and international conventions on human rights part 3
... as the Rheme Thematization is the process of giving prominence to certain elements in a sentence or utterance by placing them at the beginning of the sentence or utterance When moving beyond the ... phrase, subordinate clauses showing the topic and ending-marking predicate In terms of the context, the Beginning possesses the following relevant factors: topic; reasons for making this instrument, ... can be placed at the beginning of the sentence, especially when 28 using the 'If' clause (See the example on Article 18 of Convention against Discrimination in Education in the previous page,...
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A comparative study of discourse structures and some major linguistic features of international declarations and international conventions on human rights part 4
... Bearing in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person, and have determined ... and Internationally; the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules) ; and the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency ... have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child The best interests of the child will be their basic concern For the purpose of guaranteeing and promoting the rights...
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Time-Domain Analysis and z Transform
... and the unit sample response or the unit impulse response h(n) of the system From any one of these models in the z domain, we can derive the other models in the z domain and also the preceding ... solved in the time domain, by the following four methods: The recursive algorithm as explained above The convolution sum, to get the zero state response, as explained in the next section 38 TIME- DOMAIN ... solution in the time domain So it is the z-transform method that is the more powerful method for time- domain analysis To illustrate this method, let us transform the two equations above in the time domain...
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reported speech English 9 ( structures and ẻcises )
... pleasant taking a a walk in the morning when the country is cool , or again on the evening when the sunshine is not so heat , and the moos rises above the horizon.How beauty it is in summer in the countryside ... the horizon How beauty it is in summer in the countryside There high in the sky , there has the moon which sheds it’s silver light together with thousand of little stars twinkling and twinkling ... should finish to work outside before it rains 23.We were told being in the stadium before 8a.m 24.Lan promised coming the meeting on time 25.Although it rains , the children kept to play in the gardent...
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Evaluate and compare different organizational structures and culture
... According to Follett, he showed some influence of this theory: • Suggested workers help in analyzing their jobs • If workers have relevant knowledge of the task, then they should control the task ... openness, innovation, and opportunity are key to the continued health of the Internet.; therefore Mozilla FireFox will concentrate to the success and capacity of working “Engineers in the Browser ... predicting (a long term-view) the changing events and organizing, and directing the business follow what he expected Take, for example, the Xbox 360, introduced to the world in 2001 Who would have...
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