... available: ❍delay guarantees❍bandwidth guaranteesapplicationtransportnetworkdata linkphysicalapplicationtransportnetworkdata linkphysicalnetworkdata linkphysicalnetworkdata ... channel❍receiver read data from underlying channelWait for call from abovepacket = make_pkt(data)udt_send(packet)rdt_send(data)extract (packet,data)deliver_data(data)Wait for call from belowrdt_rcv(packet)senderreceiver ... reassembles segments into messages, passes to app layer❒more than one transport protocol available to apps❍ Internet: TCP and UDPapplicationtransportnetworkdata linkphysicalapplicationtransportnetworkdata...
... stored audio and video2) Streaming live audio and video3) Real-time interactive audio and videoJitter is the variability of packet delays within the same packet stream 7: Multimedia Networking ... is a positive constant. Remaining packets in talkspurt are played out periodically 7: Multimedia Networking 7-5MM Networking Applications Fundamental characteristics:❒Typically delay sensitive❍end-to-end ... resolutionaudio stream as the redundant information• for example, nominal stream PCM at 64 kbpsand redundant streamGSM at 13 kbps.• Whenever there is non-consecutive loss, the receiver can conceal...
... managementagentdataagentdataagentdataagentdatamanaged devicemanaged devicemanaged devicemanaged devicemanagingentitydatanetworkmanagementprotocoldefinitions:managed devices containmanaged objects whose data ... management?❒ Internet- standard management framework❍Structure of Management Information: SMI❍Management Information Base: MIB❍SNMP Protocol Operations and Transport Mappings❍Security and Administration❒ASN.1 ... data is gathered into a Management InformationBase (MIB) managing entity Network Management9-15SNMP protocolTwo ways to convey MIB info, commands:agentdataManaged devicemanagingentityresponseagentdataManaged...
... to Bob. In a similar manner, theInternet has anAPI that the program sending data must follow to have theInternet deliver the data to the program that will receive the data. The postal service, ... upstream rates are different, the access issaid to be asymmetric. The actual downstream and upstream transmission ratesachieved may be less than the rates noted above, as the DSL provider may purpose-fully ... picture frames that downloadand display digital pictures, washing machines, refrigerators, and even a toasterthat downloads meteorological information and burns an image of the day’s fore-cast (e.g.,...
... SSL and TCP/IP Application TCP IP Normal Application Application SSL TCP IP Application with SSL • SSL provides application programming interface (API) to applications • C and Java ... Java SSL libraries/classes readily available 80 Real SSL: Handshake (1) Purpose 1. Server authentication 2. Negotiation: agree on crypto algorithms 3. Establish keys 4. Client authentication ... A TopDownApproach , 5th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, April 2009. 42 Message Integrity ❒ Allows communicating parties to verify that received messages are authentic....
... (jose.pons@csic.es)Dario Farina (dario.farina@bccn.uni-goettingen.de)Marco Iosa (m.iosa@hsantalucia.it)Marco Molinari (m.molinari@hsantalucia.it)Federica Tamburella (f.tamburella@hsantalucia.it)Ander Ramos ... for gait analysis and rehabilitation [6]. Traditional approaches towards rehabilitation can be qualified as bottom-up approaches: they act on the distal physical level (bottom) aiming at influencing ... accordance to a bottom-up approach similar to the passive mobilizations of Bobath method [38] instead of a top- down approach. In fact, a top- downapproach should be based on some essential elements...
... achieve our goal we must adopt a top- downapproach to the study of the ecology of landscapes. The formation and maintenance of heter-ogeneity and variability of the landscape must be embraced. ... across land-scapes. Our goal will be the restoration of natural ecological processes across the landscape that are perpetuated by living organisms and not to maintain certain landscape patterns. ... Landscapes5. The Ecology in Landscape EcologyJim Sanderson and Larry D. Harris6. Landscape and Edge Effects on Population Dynamics: Approaches and ExamplesLennart HanssonPart III Landscape...
... relatively new theory is that the sun, as opposed to the earth, is at the center of the solar system. Until 400 years ago, humans believed that the earth was the center and that the sun and other ... Trophic–Dynamic Theory.Inductive reasoning allows generalization of a class after reasoning about a particular member of the class. For instance, if we observed that all swans in a particular lake ... Suppose that 90% of the favorable habitat was occupied by a sink population and consequently what appeared to be poorer habitat was actually occupied by the source popula-tion. Saving the largest...
... on earth, constitute an ecosystem or a landscape? How does an elevational gradient cre-ate landscapes? What is the analog of the boreal forest in the Southern Hemisphere?4.5 What is the minimum ... processes. These processes can and do take place on areas as small as the head of a pin. Because most ecosystem studies are concerned with the fluxes of energy and materials and because the defined ... conditions, approximately 100 tropical waves develop in the Atlantic Ocean off the West Coast of Africa annually. Perhaps one third of these develop into tropical depressions and, on average, six of these...