... cloned into pGEX-4T-2 The KIND domains of Spir-2 and PTPN13 were generated by RT-PCR and inserted into pEGFP-C1 and pGEX-4T-2 The N- and C-terminal regions ofthe v-KIND KIND2 andthe MAP2 CD were ... structural and functional importance ofthe v-KIND and MAP2 interaction core modules in the regulation of dendrite growth and branching in hippocampal neurons and cerebellar granule cells Further studies ... proteins of these subregions (Fig S1C) and 1654 Fig Of all members ofthe KIND family of proteins, only KIND2 binds to MAP2 Pull-down assay (PD) ofthe endogenous MAP2 from cerebellar lysates of P21...
... markers are indicated on the left of Spatzle-C108 (Fig 8A) Analysis of tryptic peptides ¨ from these bands by MS ⁄ MS and mascot software identified them as attacin-1, lysozyme, and cecropinA ⁄ B (Table ... yet in other insect species Although it is clear that Drosophila Spatzle acts as ¨ the ligand ofthe Toll receptor in two important physiological pathways [16,36], the functions of other homologs, ... comparison ofthe genomic and cDNA sequences Analysis ofthe amino acid sequences deduced 158 from the cDNA, including prediction of signal peptide and glycosylation sites, was carried out in the expasy...
... on one side ofthe b-sheet and two on the other side The rmsd ofthe heavy atoms (Ca, C, and N) ofthe protein core, when the NMR structures of both conformers are superimposed on the crystal ... between the HN of Thr358 andthe Ha of His356 could be seen in both conformers (Fig 4; Fig S3) At the same time, the intensity ofthe NOE between the HN of Phe357 andthe Ha of Lys354 in the open conformer ... conformer ofthe C-domain (red and blue) on the crystal structure [20] ofthe complex of human eRF1 (green) andthe truncated eRF3 (purple) The superposition was made using the Ca, C¢ and N atoms of the...
... in the mutant First, there is an increase in the negative charge in the active site and, second, breaking the salt bridge would alter the quaternary structure ofthe protein and therefore the ... [14]) The sequences ofthe CMLE1s from members ofthe Rhizobiales, such as ArCMLE1 and AtCMLE1, are significantly shorter than the isofunctional enzymes from other bacteria (Fig 2) Expression of ... Lys282 and Arg315 are involved in catalysis The alignment ofthe small CMLEs from different members ofthe Rhizobiales with these sequences demonstrated that in A radiobacter S2 (and the other...
... very indicative, in our opinion, ofthe adequacy andthe basis of this orientation, on the one hand, andthe destiny of linguistics, on the other hand Of course, these implications might be too ... constructions The frequency of WA, FA-, LA-, and Ø in front of QAD Frequency ofthe compound perfect The distribution and frequency of sawfa/saThe frequency of QAD, laʕalla, and rubbamaa The contextual ... STRUCTURE ANDFUNCTIONOFTHE ARABIC VERB Structure andFunctionofthe Arabic Verb is a corpus-based study that unveils the morpho-syntax andthe semantics ofthe Arabic verb Approaches...
... understanding oftheanatomyandfunctionofthe ear andthe auditory nervous system, and it discusses the cause and treatment of hearing disorders Most books on hearing focus either on theanatomy ... accumulated about thefunctionofthe cochlea than of any other sensory organ C H A P T E R Anatomyofthe Ear ABSTRACT 10 The ear consists ofthe outer ear, the middle ear andthe inner ear The outer ... to find original work on the different subjects Understanding oftheanatomyandthefunctionofthe auditory system together with knowledge about the pathophysiology ofthe auditory system are...
... at the entrance ofthe ear canal compared with the sound pressure that is measured in the place ofthe head The effect ofthe head on the sound at the entrance ofthe ear canal is related to the ... ratio between the effective area ofthe tympanic membrane andthe area ofthe stapes footplate, but the lever ratio ofthe middle ear bones also contributes The ratio of areas ofthe BOX 2.2 SOUND ... remarkable in the light ofthe FIGURE 2.12 (A) Average displacements ofthe umbo, the head ofthe stapes andthe lenticular process ofthe incus (B) The lever ratio at 124 dB SPL at the tympanic...
... in the ventral parts ofthe MGB ofthe thalamus, the nonclassical sensory pathways use the dorsal and medial division ofthe MGB as relay (Fig 5.10) [122] These divisions ofthe MGB receive their ... is the difference in the arrival time andthe difference in the intensity of sounds at the two ears, both factors being a functionofthe azimuth The time between the arrival of sounds at the ... near the frequency of a formant will show a periodic pattern with the frequency ofthe formant The spectra of these histograms show harmonics ofthe fundamental frequency ofthe vowel and the...
... The caudal portion ofthe floor ofthe lateral recess is the (dorsal) surface ofthe dorsal cochlear nucleus andthe rostral portion ofthe floor ofthe lateral recess is the dorsal surface of ... difference between the latency ofthe N1 ofthe AP and that ofthe response from the intracranial portion ofthe auditory nerve is the travel time in the auditory nerve from the ear to the recording ... the latency ofthe first peak in the dipole andthe length is the relative strength ofthe dipoles Note the short distance between the two first dipoles (peak I and II ofthe ABR) andthe third...
... elevation ofthe reflex threshold of an average of dB The individual variation is large 4.2 Functional Importance ofthe Acoustic Middle-ear Reflex Many hypotheses about the functional importance ofthe ... components of broad band sounds will elicit contractions ofthe stapedius muscle when the intensities of these components are above the threshold ofthe reflex and that will cause attenuation of low ... stapedius muscle contraction decreases the input to the cochlea and thereby decreases the contraction ofthe stapedius muscle, and that in turn causes the input to the cochlea to again increase, and...
... increase the sensitivity and frequency selectivity ofthe ear (cf Chapter 3) The widening ofthe tuning ofthe basilar membrane broadens the “slices” ofthe spectrum of broad band sounds from which the ... noninvasively The outcome ofthe test depends on fine details oftheanatomyofthe stapes and its suspension in the oval window, the incudo-stapedial joint andthe orientation of its plane surface ... supported this view of flexibility ofthefunctionofthe auditory system That injury and loss of cochlear hair cells can cause profound changes in the structure andfunctionofthe central auditory...
... of recruitment of loudness is the ear, most often the cochlea, but absence offunctionofthe acoustic middle-ear reflex can also cause an abnormal growth ofthe sensation of loudness above the ... corresponding to the F1 frequency andthe other corresponding to the frequency of F2 The rate ofthe impulses is that of F0 for voiced sounds, and a quasi-random rate (average of 100 pps) for ... determined on the basis ofthe output of 16 band-pass filters The output ofthe six band-pass filters with the largest amplitudes is coded in the impulses that are applied to the electrodes in the cochlea...
... expressed ones [5-7] We have studied the relationship between the phyletic age of a protein and its expression profile, and related this to thefunctionofthe protein The term 'phyletic age' used here ... proteinsthe inanalysis analysis tionalhere assignments of analysis in the analysis analysis FuncFunctional File usedof of thethe proteins analysis analysis Phyletic Additionalforof ofthe proteins ... table andthe test statistics of these were used to form an estimate of their distribution under the null hypothesis, to which the observed test statistic can be compared Additional data files The...
... transcription factor functionThe combined results of these studies have expanded our current understanding ofthe expression andfunctionofthe PRL family of enzymes as well as ofthe role these important ... characterization ofthe tissues and cell types that express PRL-1 and -2 is important to elucidating the physiological functionofthe normal genes and to understanding their roles in the pathogenesis of disease ... 2G) Equivalent levels of expression were noted in the villous epithelium, crypt epithelium, and muscularis mucosae ofthe duodenum and jejunum and in the Brunner’s glands ofthe duodenum PRL-2 was...
... associated with the deletion of multiple chromosomal regions including chromosomes 5q, 17p, and 18q Such chromosome loss is often suggestive ofthe deletion or loss offunctionof TSGs The candidate ... either have a repressive effect on the regulation ofthe cell cycle or promote apoptosis, and sometimes both The functions of tumor suppressor genes fall into several categories including the ... followed by the activation of kinases ofthe Raf family, which in turn phosphorylates MEK 11 INTRODUCTION Phosphorylation of MEK leads to the activation of ERK1/2, which then triggers the downstream...
... size and temperature The metabolic theory of ecology uses these scaling relations to make and test THE METABOLIC THEORY OF ECOLOGY predictions about the effects of energy and materials on the ... empirical and theoretical work in biological oceanography and limnology that relates the structure, functionand biotic composition of these systems to the body sizes ofthe organisms present andthe ... survival The effects of changes in the magnitude of each of these traits on the others (e.g increased offspring size may be traded off against a reduction in offspring number), and their relationship...
... J(0)] The dashed curve (theoretical curve) was calculated for J(0) and J(xN) as a functionof s, using a simple Lorentzian functionThe left-hand inset shows an overview ofthe theoretical curve and ... Fig The localization ofthe experimental points in Fig along the correlation line is directly related to the distribution ofthe energy between the overall tumbling andthe internal mobility, and ... residues and hence does not conflict with the global interpretation ofthe data With the exclusion ofthe N-terminal octapeptidyl and C-terminal nonapeptidyl fragments of Glu17, Leu34 and Lys46, the...
... and kidney To compare the amounts ofthe two variants expressed in the testis, we performed the PCR using the primers ‘d’ and ‘c’, where the cDNAs for both Noxo1b and Noxo1c are amplified as the ... between the pair of primers (Fig 2A) The lengths ofthe PCR products of Noxo1b and Noxo1c were 225 and 240 bp, respectively To delineate the difference in the two products, we subjected the PCR ... show the expression of alternatively spliced transcripts ofthe NOXO1 gene, by PCR using variant-specific primers, andthe roles ofthe protein products in activation of Nox oxidases Results and...
... domain of each subunit contributes to the formation ofthe hydrophilic pore ACh binding protein has structural and functional homology to the extracellular ligand binding domain ofthe nAChR, and ... determination of their precise subunit composition and physiological function( s) Compared to themuscle nAChR, relatively little is known about thefunctionand composition ofthe neuronal nAChRs ... because ofthe impossibility of direct electrophysiological recordings and their incomplete pharmacological characterization Furthermore, the distance ofthe projection areas from the cell bodies and...
... Further examination ofthe structure and sequence of sbwAFP and TmAFP reveal other similarities (Fig 8C) The panel shows the similarity ofthe TXT face again, and also reveals the presence of ... changes in the structure ofthe insect AFPs and to further characterize the TXT face of these proteins, the backbone dynamics of TmAFP and sbwAFP were measured at 30 °C and °C [38,40] Overall, the results ... Role ofthe TXT motif and water in activity Examination ofthe crystal structures ofthe insect AFPs also revealed the presence of an array of water molecules Ó FEBS 2004 3290 S P Graether and...