... greatest economic experiments of all time ‐ ultra easy monetary policy. In the aftermath of the economic and financial crisis which began in the summer of 2007, they lowered policy rates effectively to the zero lower bound (ZLB). In addition, they took various actions which not only ... procyclical in its operations. Essentially this is because the value of available collateral reflects three components; the market value of the collateral, the haircut imposed on the borrower and the velocity of turnover (rehypothecation )of the ... This is not to deny successful efforts by a number of countries, including China, to expand markets in other EME’s. Of course this still leaves the broader question of the robustness of the totality of those markets in the event of a serious downturn in the AME’s. ...