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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 4

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 1

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 1

... program and dataUser program and dataOperating System Address0xFFFFFFFFLimitBase0 (a) User-2 dataUser-1 dataUser programOperating System Base-2Limit-2Limit-2Limit-1Base-2Base-1(b)Limit-1Base-1 ... model in a distributed system. Banking system AirlinereservationOperating system WebbrowserCompilers Editors Application programs Hardware System programs CommandinterpreterMachine language ... programs Hardware System programs CommandinterpreterMachine language MicroarchitecturePhysical devicesFig. 1-1. A computer system consists of hardware, system pro-grams, and application programs. Exp. Explicit Prefix Exp. Explicit...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 2

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 2

... of a global vari-able.Thread 1'scodeThread 2'scodeThread 1'sstackThread 2'sstackThread 1'sglobalsThread 2'sglobalsFig. 2-17. Threads can have private ... equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. ... cache(&buf, &page);} if (page not in cache(&page))read page from disk(&buf, &page);return page(&page);} (a) (b)Fig. 2-11. A rough outline of the code for Fig. 2-10. (a) Dispatcherthread....
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 3

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 3

... Demonstration that the state in (a) is safe. A BC3229 4 7Free: 3 (a) A BC 4 229 4 7Free: 2(b) A BC 4 4 4 297Free: 0(c) A BC 4 —297Free: 4 (d)Has Max Has Max Has Max Has MaxFig. ... A BC3229 4 7Free: 3 (a) A BC3 4 29 4 7Free: 1(b) A BC30 ––297Free: 5(c) A BC30797Free: 0(d)– A BC3009–Free: 7(e)Has Max Has Max Has Max Has Max Has MaxFig. ... 3-10. Demonstration that the state in (b) is not safe. A BCD00006Has Max5 4 7Free: 10 A BCD112 4 6Has Max5 4 7Free: 2 A BCD122 4 6Has Max5 4 7Free: 1 (a) (b) (c)Fig....
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 4

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 4

... page fault rate from the distancestring. (a) The C vector. (b) F vector. (a) (b) (c) A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B0B1B2B3B4B5B6C1C2C3 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A6 B0B1B2B3B4B5B6C1C2C3 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B0B1B2 A6 B4B5B6C1C2C3Age1075 4 639 4 625612356Fig. ... function of the number of pageframes assigned.Single addressspace2320DataProgram (a) I space D space2320ProgramUnused pageData(b)Fig. 4- 30. (a) One address space. (b) Separate I and ... virtualpage0Indexedby hash onvirtual pageVirtualpagePageframeFig. 4- 15. Comparison of a traditional page table with an invertedpage table. (a) Page loaded firstMost recentlyloaded page0 A 3B7C8D12E 14 F15G18H(b)A...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 5

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 5

... 16Data2 048 288ECCMode 1sector(2352 bytes)Frames of 588 bits,each containing 24 data bytesSymbols of 14 bits each 42 Symbols make 1 frame98 Frames make 1 sector……Fig. 5-21. Logical data ... 7P0-3Fig. 5-19. RAID levels 0 through 5. Backup and parity drives areshown shaded.Spiral groovePitLand2K block of user dataFig. 5-20. Recording structure of a compact disc or CD-ROM.PreambleBytes ... laser whenwriting1.2 mmDyePolycarbonateFig. 5-22. Cross section of a CD-R disk and laser (not to scale). A silver CD-ROM has a similar structure, except without the dyelayer and with a...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 6

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 6

... 1K 2K 4K 8K 16KDisk space utilization(percent)Data rate (KB/sec)Disk space utilizationData rateBlock size (bytes)Fig. 6-20. The solid curve (left-hand scale) gives the data rate of a disk. ... blockcontainingadditionaldisk addressesFig. 6-15. An example i-node. (a) gamesmailnewsworkattributesattributesattributesattributesData structurecontaining theattributes(b)gamesmailnewsworkFig. ... ways of handling long file names in a directory. (a) In-line. (b) In a heap.Root directoryBB B CC CCABCB? C C C A Shared fileFig. 6-18. File system containing a shared file.6FILE SYSTEMS6.1...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 7

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 7

... processes, each displaying a movie. Theframe rates and processing requirements per frame are differentfor each movie. A1 A1 A1 B1B1 A2 A2 A2 A3 A3 B3 A4 A3 B3 A4 A5 B4 A5 B4 A4 A5 B1 B2B2B2B3 B40 ... video server A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 B0B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C0C1C2C3C4C5C6C7D0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7 (a) A0 A4 B0B4C0C4D0D4 A1 A5 B1B5C1C5D1D5 A2 A6 B2B6C2C6D2D6 A3 A7 B3B7C3C7D3D7(b) A0 A4 B3B7C2C6D1D5 A1 A5 B0B4C3C7D2D6 A2 A6 B1B5C0C4D3D7 A3 A7 B2B6C1C5D0D4(c) A0 A6 B3B4C0C7D1D6 A2 A5 B1B7C2C6D2D5 A1 A4 B2B5C3C4D3D4 A3 A7 B0B6C1C5D0D7(d)12 34 ... server A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 B0B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C0C1C2C3C4C5C6C7D0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7 (a) A0 A4 B0B4C0C4D0D4 A1 A5 B1B5C1C5D1D5 A2 A6 B2B6C2C6D2D6 A3 A7 B3B7C3C7D3D7(b) A0 A4 B3B7C2C6D1D5 A1 A5 B0B4C3C7D2D6 A2 A6 B1B5C0C4D3D7 A3 A7 B2B6C1C5D0D4(c) A0 A6 B3B4C0C7D1D6 A2 A5 B1B7C2C6D2D5 A1 A4 B2B5C3C4D3D4 A3 A7 B0B6C1C5D0D7(d)1234...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 8

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 8

... 2Run-time system Operating system Shared memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application Hardware(b)Machine 1 Machine 2Run-time system Operating system Shared memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application Hardware(c)Machine ... memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application Hardware(c)Machine 1 Machine 2Run-time system Operating system Shared memory Application HardwareRun-time system Operating system Application HardwareFig. ... usingvariable A ABSharedpageCPU 2Code usingvariable B A BNetwork A and B are unrelatedshared variables that justhappen to be on the same pageFig. 8- 24. False sharing of a page containing...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 9

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 9

... A cryptographically-protected capability.Goal ThreatData confidentiality Exposure of dataData integrity Tampering with data System availability Denial of serviceFig. 9-1. Security goals and ... (b)After the procedure A has been called. (c) Buffer overflow shownin gray. (a) First page(in memory)Second page(not in memory)Pageboundary A A A A A A(b)B A A A A A (c)F A A A A A Fig. ... addr(b)SPVirtual address spaceBProgram(c)SPVirtual address spaceB A s localvariablesBuffer BMain’slocalvariablesReturn addr A s localvariablesFig. 9-11. (a) Situation when the main program...
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A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 10

A computer system consists of hardware, system programs, and application programs figs 10

... parentAllocate child's stack and user areaFill child's user area from parentAllocate PID for childSet up child to share parent's textCopy page tables for data and stackSet up sharing ... fd is a file descriptor, and offset is a fileoffset.Page frame3Page frame2Page frame1Page frame0 4. 3 BSDkernelTwo-handedclock scanscore mapMain memory Core map entryCore mapentries, ... share a mapped file. System call Descriptions = brk(addr) Change data segment size a = mmap(addr, len, prot, flags, fd, offset) Map a file ins = unmap(addr, len) Unmap a fileFig. 10-15. Some system...
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