... hoc networks have receivedmuch attention due to their potential applications and theproliferation of mobile devices [1], [2]. Specifically, mobilead hoc networks refer to wireless multi-hop networks ... pp. 236–259, 2002.[25] M. Stemm and R. H. Katz, “Vertical handoffs in wireless overlay networks, ” Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 3, no. 4,pp. 335–350, 1998. [Online]. Available: http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/stemm96vertical.html[26] ... that ad hoc networks not only are flexible and robust, but also can havegood performance in terms of throughput, delay and powerefficiency [3].So far, applications of mobile ad hoc networks have...