Geometric Algebra and Applications to Physics doc

... Spinor and Quaternion Algebra 756.1 Spinor Algebra: Quaternion Algebra 756.2 Vector Algebra 776.3 Clifford Algebra: Grand Synthesis of Algebra of Grassmann and Hamilton and the Geometric Algebra ... symbolism and algebraicP1: Binaya DashOctober 24, 2006 14:30 C7729 C7729˙C0018 Geometric Algebra and Applications to Physics technique. Thus, it seemed that numbers might be put into one -to- onecorrespondence ... regardedP1: Binaya DashOctober 24, 2006 14:30 C7729 C7729˙C0016 Geometric Algebra and Applications to Physics to have no solutions at all. The Hindus and Arabs were able to resolve theproblem...

... A. Pek¨oz and S. M. RossAs can be seen our estima tor is far superio r to the raw simulation e sti-mator, and thus to the estimator of.27. A Round Robin TournamentIn a round robin tournament ... finance,telecommunications and hydrology (see, for instance, Mandelbrot and VanNess7 and Sottinen13).A possible definition of the stochastic integra l with respect to the fBmis based on the divergence operator ... Process Observations and OtherFactors: Applications to Bond Price Tick DataXing HuDepartment of EconomicsPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, 08544, USAEmail: xinghu@princeton.eduDavid R. K uipersDepartment...

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... Universal motors These are series motors and are relatively compact and lightweight compared to an a.c. motor. The use of such motors is therefore common for hand tools and home appliances and also ... but high running torques Cl = Run capacitor C, = Start capacitor General arrangement (b2) High start and high running torques Figure 1.25 Capacitor start and capacitor run windings ... for the stator and the rotor and sometimes even for bearings. To define the cooling system of such a machine, each system must be separately described. For more details refer to The following...

... made to and comparisons drawn of a d.c. motor with an ax. motor, to assist a user to make a proper choice of machine. However simple a motor is, it requires careful handling to ensure ... body to touch and step voltages and methods to deal with these are also covered. Grounding and ground fault protection schemes are described in detail with illustrations to help an engineer to ... attained up to 200- 250% and even more of the full-load torque T,, and the pull-out torque Tp up to 200-350% of T, (see also Chapter 2). In slip ring motors, the starting torque (TJ...

... der to avoidappealing to youngerages.Ahighstandard:Theageorlegalmajorityisdeterminedbylocallegislation.Permittedtargetagegroupsshouldbesignificantlyabovetheminimumlegalage:anexampleisthebanontargetingalcoholicbeverages to peopleunderage25requiredbyFacebookinIndia and Sweden.33Forfood and beverages,theUKOfcomregulationsapplyduringtelevisionprogrammeswhichappeal to childrenunderage16.Standard3:MediausedformarketingmessagesIssue:Childrenhaveaccess to awiderangeofmedia.Inaddition,cross‐bordermediaservicesarenoteasilycontrolledbythejurisdictionintheterritorywherethemessageisreceived.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansincludingallmediawhichcarrymarketingmessagesaswellasthosewhichcrossnationalborders(e.g.Internet,satellite and cableTV, and exportedTVprogrammes,films,games,toys and otherproducts).Foodpackaging,formulation and presentationareincluded,asaresponsoredsportsevents and productplacements.Ahighstandard:Acomprehensiveapproachassumesallmediaunlessspecificallyexempted.Mediabroadcastacrossseveraltimezonesshouldbeassumed to reachchildren and adolescents.ExamplesfromothersectorsincludeFacebook,whichprohibitstobacco and gamblingmarketing and restrictsalcoholmarketing.34Fortobacco,theFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlprovidesacomprehensivedefinition:‘allformsofcommercialcommunication,recommendationoraction and anyformofcontribution to anevent,activityorindividual’.35Standard4:MarketingmethodsIssue:Mostmarketingworksbelowconsciousawareness, and childreninparticularmaybevulnerable to marketingmessagesofspecialappeal to them.Manymarketingmethodsfalloutsidecurrentadvertisingregulations.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansexcludingtechniqueswithspecialappeal to children and adolescents.Thisincludestheuseofcartooncharacters,animation,celebrities,sportspersonalities, and thecolouring,shaping and designofproducts and packaginglikely to haveaparticularappeal to children and adolescents.Ahighstandard:Acomprehensiveapproachacknowledgesthatchildren and adolescentsareexposed to manymarketingmessages,includingthosedesigned to attractthem and thosedesigned to targetnon‐childaudiences.Fortobacco,theFrameworkConvention36coversactionswhichhavethe‘aim,effect,orlikelyeffectofpromotingatobaccoproductor33http://www.insidefacebook.com/2010/10/08/alcohol‐advertisement‐guidelines/34http://www.facebook.com/ad_guidelines.php35http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13.pdf36http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13.pdf20tobaccouseeitherdirectlyorindirectly’.Itspecifiesall‘advertising,promotion and sponsorship’.Forbreast‐milksubstitutes,theInternationalCode37specifiesthatcontrolsapply to ‘productpromotion,distribution,selling,advertising,productpublicrelations, and informationservices’.Thesephrasescanbeadaptedwiththeadditionof‘able to influenceachild’.Standard5:UseofbrandsIssue:Products and mediamaycarryabrandidentityforacompanylinked to foodorbeverageproductswithoutspecifyingafoodorbeverageorgivinganexplicitmarketingmessage.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansbrandswithrecognisablelinks to food and beverageproductsneed to betreatedasiftheywerepromotingthefoodorbeverage to whichtheyareassociated.Ahighstandard:Acomprehensiveapproachrestrictstheuseofbrandpromotionlikely to influencechildrenwhenthatbrandhasarecognisableassociationwithfood and drinkproductssubject to marketingrestrictions.Wherebrandslink to multipleproducts,theassumptionshouldbethatthebrandispromotingthemostfamiliarorhighestsellingofitsproducts.ProposalsfromtheAustralianObesityPolicyCoalitionsuggestthatbrandsshouldberestrictedunlesstheyarebeingusedinapromotionforahealthyfoodproductorrange.38‘Brand’meansthenameofafoodorbeverageproductorrangeofproducts,orthemanufacturerordistributorthereof,oranyotherwords,designsorimagesthatarecloselyassociatedwithsuchproducts.Standard6:Settings and locationsIssue:Authoritiesresponsibleforstandardswherechildrenaregathered,suchasschools and childcarefacilities,haveaduty to ensurethatnothingprejudicesachild’swellbeing.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansthatallsettingswherechildrengathershouldbefreefromthepromotionofspecifiedfood and beverages,includingbrands,logos,vouchers and giftsassociatedwithsuchproducts.Ahighstandard:Acomprehensiveapproachavoidstheneed to specifyeverypossiblesetting.TheWHORecommendationsstate“settingsinclude,butarenotlimited to, nurseries,schools,schoolgrounds and pre‐schoolcentres,playgrounds,family and childclinics and paediatricservices, and duringanysporting and culturalactivitiesthatareheldonthesepremises”.39Foralcohol,theCityofSanDiego,California,adoptedanordinanceinOctober2000whichprohibitsadvertisingalcoholonanybillboardwithin1,000feetofany37http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf38http://www.opc.org.au/downloads/positionpapers/Protecting‐children‐email1_FINAL_13.04.11.pdf39http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/marketing‐food to children/en/index.html21school,playground,recreationcentreorfacility,childcarecentre,arcade,orlibrary.40Therearealsomanyexamplesoflocation‐basedtobaccocontrols.41Standard7:AccountabilityIssue:Marketingmessagesareproduced and distributedbydiversestakeholdersincludingfoodproducers,manufacturers,importersorsellers,advertisingagencies,mediacompanies,mediadistributors and retailers,webcontenthosts,webaccessproviders and websearchengines.Proposal:Riskreductionrequiresthatadutyofcare and attention to theprotectionofchildren and adolescentsshouldbeexercisedbyallpartiesinthedisseminationofmarketingmessages.Ahighstandard:Acomprehensiveapproachwouldholdallpartiesinvolvedinconveyingamarketingmessage to beaccountable.Forsponsorshipmediathisincludessportseventhosts.Forpromotionaltechniquesembodiedinafoodproductthisincludesimporters,retailers and caterers.Cross‐bordermarketingstandardsneed to beenforceablethroughinternationalagreementswithsanctions.Examplesofpossiblestandard‐settingmechanismsincludeWHOhealthregulations,ISOstandards and CodexAlimentariusstandards.40http://business.highbeam.com/410209/article‐1G1‐204543912/alcohol‐advertising‐billboards‐transit‐shelters and 41http://tobaccodocuments.org/women/2080811374‐1392.html.22AppendixWorldHealthOrganizationSetofRecommendationsontheMarketingofFoods and Non‐alcoholicBeverages to Children42 ... YesFurthergapsincompany‐ledself‐regulationThissectionprovidessomeexamplesofadditionalconcernsraisedduringthisinvestigation.Theexamplespicturedaretakenfromwebsitesactive and availableduringtheperiodJanuary‐June2011.Company‐ownedwebsitesWhilemostcompaniesacknowledgetheneed to controladvertising to childrenusingpaid‐foradvertisingonthird‐partysites,companiesdonotusuallyincludetheirownweb‐sites,whichtheyseeaseditorialratherthanadvertising.Althoughsomegovernment‐approvedcodes(e.g.theUKCAPCode)includecompany‐ownedsites,mostindustry‐wideadvertisingregulationsinEuropeancountriesdonot, and industry‐ledpledgesgenerallydonotorareambiguousaboutwhattheyconsider‘advertising’ontheirownwebsites.Manycompaniesusetheirownsites to attractchildrenwithgames,puzzles,clubs and downloadablegifts,orofferbrandedproductswhichchildrenmaypestertheirparents to buy.ExamplesbelowshowNesquikchildren’sgamesonacompany‐ownedsite and anexampleofM&Mspromotions(someareasofthesiteaskiftheviewer‘sageisabove12years).10SocialnetworkingsitesThereisalsoa‘grey’areaconcerningtheusebycompaniesofthird‐partysocialnetworkingsitessuchasFacebook to promotechild‐attractiveactivitieswithfood‐relatedbranding.AnexampleoftheuseofFacebookisshownbelow:11GeneralisedbrandingCompaniesdonotusuallyincludeintheirself‐regulationanycontrolsonthebrandingofnon‐foodproductswithfood‐relatedbrandidentities.Althoughcarryingnospecificmarketingmessage,theassociativeeffectcanbeapowerfulmarketingtool.Theexamplebelowshowsaproductlikely to appeal to childrenbrandedwithanimagestronglyassociatedwithsweetenedbreakfastcereal(Kellogg’sFrosties) and licensedbyownerforuseontheproduct.12Schools and otherchildren’ssettingsCompaniesmayallowthemselves to marketinschools and otherplaceswherechildrengather.Thiscantaketheformofbrandedgoods and equipmentortheactivepromotionofsamples and brandedgiftsinschoolsettings.IndirectuseofschoolssettingsmaybefoundwhenTVadvertisementsuseschoolsaslocationsforfilmingtheiradvertising.TheexamplebelowshowsaplayareaforchildrensponsoredbyachocolatecompanyownedbyNestléinGenevaairport(whichthecompanyhassinceacknowledgediscounter to Nestlépolicies) and theuseofclassroomsettingsforTVadvertisinglocations(notinEurope).13Characterlicensing and brandequitycharactersAlthoughsomecompanieshaveagreed to reducetheuseoflicensedcharacters(e.g.filmtie‐inssuchasShrek and ToyStory)otherscontinue to usesuchmarketingdevices.Examplesbelowshowlicensedcharactersfromfilms(Rio,Thor,KungFuPanda)used to promoteproductshighinsugarsorfats.NotethatKungFuPandaisbeingusedbyMcDonald’s,acompanythathasnotjoinedtheEUpledgescheme.14Inaddition,mostcompaniesstillpermitthemselves to usecharacterswhichtheyown and havedevelopedwiththeirbrands(knownasbrand‐equitycharacters),suchasQuikythebunny(Nesquik) and TonytheTiger(Frosties).OthersincludeUnileverWalls‘Maxthelion’(seepicturebelow).15Productdesign and packagingSelf‐regulationgenerallydoesnotincludepackagingorproductdesign and thesecanbepowerfulmarketingtools to attractpurchases.Theexamplebelowshowsaproductshaped,flavoured and textured to appeal to childreninaboxwithatie‐ingamelaunchedbyKellogg’sonFacebook and featuringtheKraveKrusader(whomustovercomechallenges and obstacles to reachchocolate).26ShopdisplaysRetaildisplaysarerarelyincludedincompany‐ledself‐regulation.Aisle‐enddisplays and check‐outdisplaysarepremiumsites and canbeamajorinfluenceonspontaneouspurchases and, especiallyinthecaseofcheck‐outdisplays,thepurchaseofanitemforceduponaparentbychildrentakingtheproductintheirhandswhilewaitinginline.Child to childmarketingPeerrecommendationisastrongmotivatoramongchildren and adolescents.Marketersareusinganumberofmethodsforencouragingchild to childmarketing,includingpayments to youngpeople to makerecommendations and encouragementofchildren to maketheirown26Seehttp://www.marketingweek.co.uk/sectors/food and drink/kellogg%E2%80%99s‐moves‐into‐gaming/3026796.article16promotionalmaterialsfordistribution,e.g.onsocialmedianetworks.Self‐regulationgenerallydoesnotcoverchild to childmarketing.Examplesbelowshowbrand‐owned,child‐attractivewebsitesaskingchildren to sendemailmessages to theirfriendsaboutthewebsite.NotethatHaribohasnotjoinedtheEUpledgescheme.NewtechnologyMethodsformarketing to childrenarerapidlyevolving, and manyaredesigned to by‐passparentsorenhancechild to childmarketing.In2007KFC’sadvertisingagencyengineeredaTVcommercialcontaininghigh‐pitchednoiseswhichonlyyoungpeoplearelikely to hear–Ajunk‐freechildhood:Responsiblestandardsformarketingfoods and beverages to childrenAbriefingpaperfromTheStanMarkProjectoftheInternationalAssociationfortheStudyofObesityPreparedbyTimLobstein,TriinParn and AngeAikenheadStanMark ... YesFurthergapsincompany‐ledself‐regulationThissectionprovidessomeexamplesofadditionalconcernsraisedduringthisinvestigation.Theexamplespicturedaretakenfromwebsitesactive and availableduringtheperiodJanuary‐June2011.Company‐ownedwebsitesWhilemostcompaniesacknowledgetheneed to controladvertising to childrenusingpaid‐foradvertisingonthird‐partysites,companiesdonotusuallyincludetheirownweb‐sites,whichtheyseeaseditorialratherthanadvertising.Althoughsomegovernment‐approvedcodes(e.g.theUKCAPCode)includecompany‐ownedsites,mostindustry‐wideadvertisingregulationsinEuropeancountriesdonot, and industry‐ledpledgesgenerallydonotorareambiguousaboutwhattheyconsider‘advertising’ontheirownwebsites.Manycompaniesusetheirownsites to attractchildrenwithgames,puzzles,clubs and downloadablegifts,orofferbrandedproductswhichchildrenmaypestertheirparents to buy.ExamplesbelowshowNesquikchildren’sgamesonacompany‐ownedsite and anexampleofM&Mspromotions(someareasofthesiteaskiftheviewer‘sageisabove12years).10SocialnetworkingsitesThereisalsoa‘grey’areaconcerningtheusebycompaniesofthird‐partysocialnetworkingsitessuchasFacebook to promotechild‐attractiveactivitieswithfood‐relatedbranding.AnexampleoftheuseofFacebookisshownbelow:11GeneralisedbrandingCompaniesdonotusuallyincludeintheirself‐regulationanycontrolsonthebrandingofnon‐foodproductswithfood‐relatedbrandidentities.Althoughcarryingnospecificmarketingmessage,theassociativeeffectcanbeapowerfulmarketingtool.Theexamplebelowshowsaproductlikely to appeal to childrenbrandedwithanimagestronglyassociatedwithsweetenedbreakfastcereal(Kellogg’sFrosties) and licensedbyownerforuseontheproduct.12Schools and otherchildren’ssettingsCompaniesmayallowthemselves to marketinschools and otherplaceswherechildrengather.Thiscantaketheformofbrandedgoods and equipmentortheactivepromotionofsamples and brandedgiftsinschoolsettings.IndirectuseofschoolssettingsmaybefoundwhenTVadvertisementsuseschoolsaslocationsforfilmingtheiradvertising.TheexamplebelowshowsaplayareaforchildrensponsoredbyachocolatecompanyownedbyNestléinGenevaairport(whichthecompanyhassinceacknowledgediscounter to Nestlépolicies) and theuseofclassroomsettingsforTVadvertisinglocations(notinEurope).13Characterlicensing and brandequitycharactersAlthoughsomecompanieshaveagreed to reducetheuseoflicensedcharacters(e.g.filmtie‐inssuchasShrek and ToyStory)otherscontinue to usesuchmarketingdevices.Examplesbelowshowlicensedcharactersfromfilms(Rio,Thor,KungFuPanda)used to promoteproductshighinsugarsorfats.NotethatKungFuPandaisbeingusedbyMcDonald’s,acompanythathasnotjoinedtheEUpledgescheme.14Inaddition,mostcompaniesstillpermitthemselves to usecharacterswhichtheyown and havedevelopedwiththeirbrands(knownasbrand‐equitycharacters),suchasQuikythebunny(Nesquik) and TonytheTiger(Frosties).OthersincludeUnileverWalls‘Maxthelion’(seepicturebelow).15Productdesign and packagingSelf‐regulationgenerallydoesnotincludepackagingorproductdesign and thesecanbepowerfulmarketingtools to attractpurchases.Theexamplebelowshowsaproductshaped,flavoured and textured to appeal to childreninaboxwithatie‐ingamelaunchedbyKellogg’sonFacebook and featuringtheKraveKrusader(whomustovercomechallenges and obstacles to reachchocolate).26ShopdisplaysRetaildisplaysarerarelyincludedincompany‐ledself‐regulation.Aisle‐enddisplays and check‐outdisplaysarepremiumsites and canbeamajorinfluenceonspontaneouspurchases and, especiallyinthecaseofcheck‐outdisplays,thepurchaseofanitemforceduponaparentbychildrentakingtheproductintheirhandswhilewaitinginline.Child to childmarketingPeerrecommendationisastrongmotivatoramongchildren and adolescents.Marketersareusinganumberofmethodsforencouragingchild to childmarketing,includingpayments to youngpeople to makerecommendations and encouragementofchildren to maketheirown26Seehttp://www.marketingweek.co.uk/sectors/food and drink/kellogg%E2%80%99s‐moves‐into‐gaming/3026796.article16promotionalmaterialsfordistribution,e.g.onsocialmedianetworks.Self‐regulationgenerallydoesnotcoverchild to childmarketing.Examplesbelowshowbrand‐owned,child‐attractivewebsitesaskingchildren to sendemailmessages to theirfriendsaboutthewebsite.NotethatHaribohasnotjoinedtheEUpledgescheme.NewtechnologyMethodsformarketing to childrenarerapidlyevolving, and manyaredesigned to by‐passparentsorenhancechild to childmarketing.In2007KFC’sadvertisingagencyengineeredaTVcommercialcontaininghigh‐pitchednoiseswhichonlyyoungpeoplearelikely to hear–Ajunk‐freechildhood:Responsiblestandardsformarketingfoods and beverages to childrenAbriefingpaperfromTheStanMarkProjectoftheInternationalAssociationfortheStudyofObesityPreparedbyTimLobstein,TriinParn and AngeAikenheadStanMark...

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