Thông tin tài liệu
Ajunk‐freechildhood:
Responsiblestandardsformarketing
foodsandbeveragestochildren
AbriefingpaperfromTheStanMarkProjectofthe
InternationalAssociationfortheStudyofObesity
PreparedbyTimLobstein,TriinParnandAngeAikenhead
StanMark
Standards for Marketing to children
Themarketingoffoodsandnon‐alcoholicbeverageswithahighcontentoffat,
sugarorsaltreacheschildrenthroughouttheworld.Effortsmustbemadeto
ensurethatchildreneverywhereareprotectedagainsttheimpactofsuch
marketingandgiventheopportunitytogrowanddevelopinanenablingfood
environment—onethatfostersandencourageshealthydietarychoicesand
promotesthemaintenanceofhealthyweight.
DrAlaAlwan,AssistantDirectorGeneral,
WorldHealthOrganization
StanMark
Standards for marketing to children
TheStanMarkprojectbringstogetherresearchersandpolicy‐makerstodevelopasetofstandards
formarketingfoodsandbeveragesconsistentwiththeresolutionoftheWorldHealthAssembly.
Objectives
ConveneaseriesofmeetingsinEuropeandtheUSAtobringtogetherkeymembersofthescientific
researchcommunityandpolicy‐makingcommunitytoconsiderhowmarketingfoodandbeverages
mayaffectchildren’shealth.
Identifycurrent‘bestpractice’approachestothecontrolofmarketing,includingmeasuresnot
specificallyaddressingfood
andbeveragemarketing,ornotspecificallydirectedtotheprotectionof
children.
Exploretheuseofstandardsandmarketingcodestoinfluencecommercialactivity,including
standardsfromotherindustrialsectors.
Proposeasetofstandardstoformthebasisforacross‐bordercodeofmarketingoffoodsand
beverages.
Developweb‐basedresourcesforpolicydevelopmentconcerningfoodandbeveragemarketingto
childrenandrelatedmaterialstosupportpolicydevelopment.
Projectpartners
InternationalAssociationfortheStudyofObesity,London,UK
RuddCentreforFoodPolicyandObesity,YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connectic ut,USA
PublicHealthNutrition,MetropolitanUniversityCollege,Copenhagen,Denmark
©IASOJune2011
www.iaso.org
ThisreporthasbeenproducedwiththeassistanceoftheEuropeanUnionwithinthe
frameworkofthePilotProjectonTransatlanticMethodsforHandlingGlobalChallenges.
ThecontentsofthisreportarethesoleresponsibilityofIASOandcaninnowaybetaken
toreflecttheviewsoftheEuropean
Union.
Contents
Summary1
1.Background3
Policydevelopment3
Nextsteps4
2.Company‐ledself‐regulation6
Problemsofdefinitions6
Whatageisachild?6
Whichproductscanbepromoted?7
Whichmedia?8
Furthergapsincompany‐ledself‐regulation9
Company‐ownedwebsites9
Socialnetworkingsites10
Generalisedbranding11
Schoolsandotherchildren’ssettings12
Characterlicensingandbrandequitycharacters 13
Productdesignandpackaging15
Shopdisplays15
Child‐to‐childmarketing15
Newtechnology16
3.Proposedstandards18
Standard1:Specifyingthe
foodsandbeverages 18
Standard2:Agegroups18
Standard3:Mediausedformarketingmessages 19
Standard4:Marketingmethods19
Standard5:Useofbrands20
Standard6:Settingsandlocations20
Standard7:Accountability21
Appendix
WorldHealthOrganizationSetofRecommendationsonthe
MarketingofFoodsandNon‐alcoholicBeveragestoChildren 22
1
Summary
Duringthelastdecadeconsumergroups,parentsandteachers’bodies,andpublichealth
advocacyorganisationshavecalledforgreatercontrolonthemarketingoffoodsand
beveragestochildren.Anumberofauthoritativereportshavehighlightedtheneedto
restrictsuchmarketingtoensurethatchildrenarenotundulyinfluencedtoconsumefoods
highinfats,sugarandsalt.A2009reviewofregulations(thePolMarkstudy
1
)suggestedthat
successfulregulationrequiredgovernmentleadershipwithspecifiedtimelinesandclear,
measurableobjectives.In2010theWorldHealthAssemblypassedaResolutionwhichurged
memberstatestointroducecontrolsonthemarketingoffoodsandbeveragestochildren,
andissuedasetofRecommendationsidentifyingtheapproachesthatcouldbetaken
2
.
Theseincreasingcallsforactionhaveledtoaseriesofpolicyresponses,including
government‐ledvoluntaryagreementswithindustryandstatutoryregulation.Ofparticular
importanceistheresponseofleadingfoodandbeveragecompanies,whohaveproposed
theproposedaseriesofcompany‐ledpledgestoreducetheirmarketingactivitiesdirected
atchildren.Thesepledgescovertypesofmarketingpracticewhichmaylieoutsidethe
traditionalindustry‐widecodesofconductandnationalregulationsonadvertising.
However,comparisonofdifferentcompanypledgesandstatementsshowsadegreeof
inconsistency,asshowninthisreport,whichmakesevaluationoftheimpactofthepledges
hardtoassess.Furthermorethereappeartobelapsesintheadherencetothesepledges
withinEurope,andevidencethattheyarenotappliedinotherregions(givingriseto‘off‐
shore’marketingtoEuropeanchildrenviatheinternet)socallingintoquestionthe
companies’strengthofcommitment.
Inordertoassistgovernmentsandguideindustry,theStanMarkprojectundertookaseries
ofpolicyandresearchmeetingsinvolvingexpertsandofficialsfromcountriesinEuropeand
NorthAmerica,fundedunderthePilotProjectsprogrammeoftheEuropeanUnion’s
ExternalAffairsService
3
.
Fromthesemeetingsaseriesofproposalsweregeneratedandarepresentedhereforuse
byWHOmemberstategovernments.Forcross‐bordermarketingitisintendedthatthe
foodandadvertisingindustrieswillrecognisetheadvantagesofacommon,universalsetof
standardsapplicabletoallcompaniesandwhich
canprotectchildrenacrosstheglobe.
ThestandardsproposedarebasedontheWHOrecommendations,whichidentifyboth
‘exposure’and‘power’asindependentfactorsdeterminingtheeffectivenessofmarketing
messages.TheStanMarkprojectproposesthefollowing:
• Arisk‐basedapproach,allowingthepromotionoffruit,vegetablesetctochildren,
but
prohibitingthemarketingoffoodsandbeverageshighinsaturatedfat,transfat,sugars
andsalt.
1
Seehttp://www.iaso.org/policy/euprojects/polmarkproject/
2
Seehttp://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/marketing‐food‐to‐children/en/index.html
3
Seehttp://www.eeas.europa.eu/us/grants/pilot_projects/index_en.htm
2
• Riskreduction:byreducingtheexposureandpoweroffoodmarketingmessagesseen
bychildren.
• Childrenarepersonswhohavenotyetreachedanagewhentheyarelegallyconsidered
tobecompetenttoprotecttheirownwelfare.
• Foodstobepromotedarethoseproductswhichconformtonationalandinternational
dietaryguidelinessupportingWHO’sGlobalStrategytopreventobesityandchronic
disease.
• Marketingmediaarethosewhichcarrymarketingmessages,including:packaging,
productformulationandpresentation,andsportsevents.
• Marketingtechniquesincludealltechniqueswithspecialappealtochildrenand
adolescents.
• Non‐specificbrandpromotionshouldbeassumedtobeprohibitedunlessthepromotion
isspecificallyandonlyforpermittedproducts.
• Marketinglocationsincluderetailandcateringplacesandsettingswherechildrenmay
beundulyexposed–i.e.wherechildrengather.
• Accountablebodiesarethosewitha‘dutyofcare’inthemarketingprocess,including
mediadistributors,webhostsandinternetserviceproviders.
3
1Background
Forachild,excessbodyweightisariskfactorforlateradultdisease,includingdiabetes,
heartdisease,severalmajorcancersandotherchronicdiseases.Childhoodoverweightis
associatedwithimpairedhealthduringchildhooditself,includingpsycho‐socialdistress,
increasedriskofhighbloodpressure,insulinresistanceandfattyliverdiseasewhichmay
continueuntreatedformanyyears.Onceestablished,obesityinchildren(asinadults)is
hardtoreverse.Primarypreventionisessential.
Marketingofpotentiallyunhealthyfoodproductsisrecognisedasapossiblefactorinchild
obesityandwasidentifiedasariskinanexpertreportfortheWorldHealthOrganizationin
2002
4
.SystematicreviewsconductedintheUKin2003,
5
intheUSAin2005
6
andforthe
EuropeanParliament,
7
allconcludedthat,despitesubstantialgapsintheevidence,
advertisinghadasufficienteffectonchildobesitytomeritaction.
Policydevelopment
TheissueoffoodmarketingtochildrenisnowhighonthepolicyagendainEurope.This
followsthecallforthefoodindustrytoregulateitself,issuedin2005bythenHealth
CommissionerMarkosKyprianou,andthepan‐EuropeanMinisterialCharteronObesity
agreedinIstanbul,September2006,
8
whichcalledfor“theregulationstosubstantially
reducetheextentandimpactofcommercialpromotionofenergy‐densefoodsand
beverages,particularlytochildren,withthedevelopmentofinternationalapproaches,such
asacodeonmarketingtochildreninthisarea”.
TheEuropeanCommission’s2007WhitePaperonobesitynotedtheneedforactioninthis
areaand,whilesupportingvoluntaryinitiatives,promisedareviewin2010todetermine
whetherotherapproachesarerequired.
9
TheCommission’shealthandconsumer
directorate,DGSanco,hashostedaseriesofmeetingsbetweencivilsocietyandindustry
representativesintheEuropeanPlatformonDiet,PhysicalActivityandHealthdiscussing
industryself‐regulation.In2007theWorldHealthAssemblycalledforrecommendationson
marketingtochildren,includingcross‐border
issues
10
whichwerepresentedtotheWorld
HealthAssemblyin2010.In2009,theWHOEuropeanRegionalNetworkontheProtection
ofChildrenfromMarketingPressureproposedasetofstandardsforadvertisingfoodto
children.
11
4
WHO(2002)Diet,NutritionandthePreventionofChronicDiseases.TechnicalReportSeries916.See
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_916.pdf
5
DoesFoodPromotionInfluenceChildren?ASystematicReviewoftheEvidenceFoodStandardsAgency,London2003.See
http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2003/sep/promote
6
FoodMarketingtoChildrenandYouth:ThreatorOpportunity?Institute ofMedicine,WashingtonDC2005.
7
AdvertisingandmarketingpracticesonchildobesityDGInternalPolicies,EuropeanParliament,Brussels,2008.
IP/A/ENVI/NT/2007‐20&21.(PE400.989)
8
EuropeanCharteroncounteractingobesity,paragraph2.4.6,EUR/06/5062700/8,61995.WorldHealthOrganisation,
RegionalOfficeforEurope,2006.Seehttp://www.euro.who.int/Document/E89567.pdf.
9
AStrategyforEuropeonNutrition,OverweightandObesityrelatedhealthissues.COM(2007)279Page6.Brussels.
10
ResolutionWHA60.23.WorldHealthAssemblyGeneva,2007.See
http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA60/A60_R23‐en.pdf
11
CodeonMarketingofFoodandNon‐AlcoholicBeveragestoChildren,EuropeanNetworkonreducing
marketingpressureonchildren,2009.Seehttp://www.helsedirektoratet.no/marketing
4
AEuropeanParliamentaryreportintotheissuerecommendedthat,whiletheevidence
remainedcontestable,actionshouldbetakentoprotectchildrenonaprecautionarybasis,
12
andtheEuropeanParliamentin2008resolvedthatstrongermeasuresshouldbeconsidered
ifa2010‐11reviewoftheself‐regulatoryapproachshowedinadequateprogress
13
.
IntheUSAthereisrisinginterestovertheroleofindustryinpromotingpoordietsto
children,withareviewoftheissuebytheInstituteofMedicinein2004‐5
14
.Thisfollowed
actionatlocalleveltoreducethepromotionofpoordietsinschools,andareportbytheUS
GeneralAccountingOfficeonthelargenumberofmethodsusedbyfoodandbeverage
marketerstoaccesschildrenatschool.
15
Furthermovestorestrictmarketingfollowedameetingofresearchersandpolicyadvisors
heldinlateJuly2009intheWhiteHousebyMichelleObama,focussingonchildobesityand
opportunitiesforinterventions.TheUSFederalTradeCommissionpublishedawidely‐cited
reportonmarketingfoodtochildrenin2008
16
,andhasheldaseriesofconsultationson
proposedcriteriaforrestringmarketing,developedbythefederalgovernment’s
InteragencyWorkingGroup(theFTC,theUSDA,theCDCandtheFDA).
17
InMay2010the
GroceryManufacturersofAmericapledgedtocut1.5trillioncaloriesfromtheUSdietby
2015.
18
OfspecificconcernintheUSA,asitisinEurope,isthequestionofself‐regulationby
theindustryversusstatutoryregulation,withindustrypromisesbeingwatchedbytheWhite
Houseandmonitoredbyindependentagencies
19
.
Nextsteps
Recentresearchhasstrengthenedtheevidencebaseforaction,butcrucialworkonthe
impactonparticularpopulationsubgroups,suchaschildreninlowerincomefamilies,
childreninspecificculturalandethnicgroups,ornewimmigrantfamilies,needstobe
extended.Atthesametimethetechnologyforadvertisinghaschanged,withnewformsof
media(i.e.internet,cellphones)becomingavailabletolargernumbersofchildrenand
offeringlow‐cost,effectivemeansofreachingchildrendirectlyformarketingpurposes.
Furthermore,cross‐bordermarketing–e.g.usinginternet,satellite,andproductplacement
inimportedprogrammes–isnotamenabletocontrolbyasinglejurisdiction.
12
TheEffectofAdvertisingandMarketingPracticesonChildObesity.EconomicandScientificPolicy,DGInternalPolicies,
EuropeanParliament,Brussels,2008.IP/A/ENVI/ST/2007‐16.(PE393.525)
13
Item40,EuropeanParliamentresolutionof25September2008ontheWhitePaperonnutrition,overweight
andobesity‐relatedhealthissues.P6_TA(2008)0461.
14
FoodMarketingtoChildrenandYouth:ThreatorOpportunity?InstituteofMedicine,WashingtonDC2005.
15
CommercialActivitiesinSchools.USGeneralAccountingOfficeGAO/HEHS‐00‐156,2001(alsoGAO‐04‐810,
2004).
16
MarketingFoodToChildrenandAdolescents:AReviewofIndustryExpenditures,Activities,andSelf‐
Regulation:AFederalTradeCommissionReportToCongress.FederalTradeCommission,WashingtonDC,July
2008.Seehttp://www.ftc.gov/opa/2008/07/foodmkting.shtm
17
FederalTradesCommission(2011)InteragencyWorkingGroupSeeksInputonProposedVoluntaryPrinciples
forMarketingFoodtoChildren.Seehttp://www.ftc.gov/opa/2011/04/foodmarket.shtm
18
Seehttp://www.gmaonline.org/news‐events/newsroom/gma‐statement‐regarding‐hwcf‐pledge‐to‐reduce‐
15‐trillion‐calories‐by‐2015/
19
BlackJ,(18/05/2010)MichelleObamaapplaudsfoodindustrygroup'spledgetotrimcalories.Washington
Post.Seehttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp‐dyn/content/article/2010/05/17/AR2010051703895.html
5
bordermarketing,usinginternet,satellite,andproductplacementinimportedprogrammes,
isnotamenabletocontrolbyasinglejurisdiction.
Inresponsetopublicconcern,civilsocietyorganisationshaveproposedstandardswhich
wouldapplytocommercialoperatorsinallcountriesandtherebyprotectchildrenwhether
ornotthelocalregulatoryenvironmentwasabletodoso.Suchstandardswouldhave
considerablemoralauthorityandwouldactasa‘soft’regulatoryprocessakintotheforms
ofgovernanceknowninEuropeastheOpenMethodofCoordination,i.e.theyrelyon
identificationofgoodandbadpracticesandpublicitytoencouragehighstandards.
InMay2010the63
rd
WorldHealthAssemblyof193governmentsendorsedasetof
recommendationsonmarketingoffoodsandnon‐alcoholicbeveragestochildrenandcalled
forinternationalactiontoreducetheimpactonchildrenofthemarketingoffoodsor
beverageshighinsaturatedortransfats,freesugarsorsalt(HSTFSS).
20
The
recommendationsformedpartoftheWorldHealthOrganization’sglobalstrategyforthe
preventionandcontrolofnon‐communicablediseases.TheAssemblyurgedmember
nationstotakeactiontoreduceboththeexposureofchildrento,andthepowerof,
marketingforsuchfoods.
However,nationalgovernmentsmaynotbeabletocontrolallthemarketingpracticesthat
influenceachild’sdiet.MarketingopportunitiesarisewhenTVchannelsarereceivedfrom
sourcesoutsidenationalboundaries,whenInternetaccessislargelyunmediated,when
sponsoredsportingeventsaretransmittedglobally,andwhenfilmsandvideogamesare
tradedacrossnationalborders.Itfollowsthatasetofuniversalstandardscanhelpto
ensurethatthemarketingofHSTFSSproductscanfullycomplywiththeWorldHealth
Assembly’srecommendations.
Universalmarketingstandardshavefurtherbenefits.Restrictedmarketingcanserveto
equalisethecompetitiveenvironmentforcompaniesofdifferentsizes.Froman
enforcementviewpoint,aset
ofuniversalstandardscansupportnationalauthorities,the
privatesectorandcivilsocietytoensurecomplianceandtorespondtoinfringements.
Further,wherenationalauthoritiesdonothavethecapacitytoensurechildrenand
adolescentsareprotectedfromlocalorcross‐bordermarketingoffoodsandbeverages,a
setofinternationally‐agreedstandardscanensureacommon,minimumlevelofprotection
foryoungpeopleinallnations.
20
WHO,2010.63
rd
WorldHealthAssembly.http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA63/A63_R14‐
en.pdf.Seealsohttp://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/recsmarketing/en/index.html
6
2.Company‐ledself‐regulation
Inthissectionwefocusoncompany‐ledvoluntaryinitiativeswhichseektoextendbeyond
theindustry‐widemarketingcodesandadvertisingco‐regulatorymechanisms.Weconsider
someofthemoreprominentproblemsthathavebeenencounteredwithindustry‐ledself‐
regulatoryapproaches.Theexamplesaredrawnprimarilyfromcompanyactivitiesin
Europe,althoughitshouldbenotedthatthesamecompanies’websitesinotherregionsare
easilyaccessedbyEuropeanchildren.Inthiswaycompaniescan‘off‐shore’someoftheir
marketingactivitiesdirectedtochildreninEurope.
Severalconcernsaroundself‐regulationarise.Self‐imposedrulesmaybe:
• poorlyorinconsistentlydefined
• erraticallyorinsufficientlymonitored
• weaklyorinconsistentlyenforced
Thisreportwillnotexploretheissuesofmonitoringandenforcement,althoughtheseare
seriousconcernsthatneedtobeaddressedbypolicy‐makers.Atpresent,monitoringand
complaint‐handlingbodiesdonotenforcecompany‐ledinitiatives.Alackofanindependent
complaintmechanismcanleaveconsumersfrustrated,andalackofenforcementallows
company‐ledinitiativestoberolledbackatanytime.Ifamonitoringandcomplaint‐
handlingbodywereestablisheditwouldneedtogainconsumerconfidence,forwhichit
wouldneed(a)tobetransparentinoperationwithroutineregularpublicationsoftheir
activities;(b)tobeindependentandfreefromindustryinfluence,andseentobeso;and(c)
toensurethattheirservicesareeasilyandinexpensivelyaccessedbyconsumers.Penalties
mustbecommensuratewiththesizeofthemarketingbudgetsinvolvedandwiththe
estimatedexposureofchildrentotheoffendingcommercialmessages.
Afurtherconcernistheneedtoensurethat,whateverthedifferencesindefinitionsor
approaches,allcompaniesshouldmakesomecommitmenttoofferself‐restraint.Inthe
Europeanregiononly11companieshavejoinedthescheme,alongwiththeEuropean
SnacksAssociation.Severalmajorcompanies,includingMcDonald’s,KFCandHaribo,and
manysmalleronesarenotincluded.
Problemsofdefinitions
Companieschoosetherulestoimposeuponthemselves.Asaresulttherearelikelytobe
discrepanciesandinconsistencies.Hereweshalllookatsuchproblemsencounteredwithin
thepledgesandpromisesandactivitiesundertakenbycompaniesintheEuropeanUnion.
Whatageisachild?
Thetablebelowprovidesexamplesofdefinitionsoftheage‐rangefor‘child’bycompanies
participatingintheEUpledgescheme.Pleasenotethattheinterpretationofacompany
policycanbecomplex,andreadersareadvisedtocheckthecompanystatementsfor
themselves(hyperlinksareprovided).
7
Table1AgedefinitionsincompanyEUpledges(clickhyperlinkfordetails)
Organization Agefornomarketing Ageformarketingofspecifiedproducts
Coca‐Cola <12*
Ferrero <12*
Mars <12****
GeneralMills/CPW 0‐6 6‐12
Nestlé 0‐6~ 6‐12~~
Unilever 0‐6 6‐12**
Kellogg 0‐6* 6‐12
+
Kraft 0‐6** 6‐11/12
++
**
Danone 0‐3 3‐12*
BurgerKing 0‐12***
PepsiCo 0‐12*
*≥50%ofaudiencemustbechildren;**≥35%ofaudiencemustbechildren;***≥30%ofaudiencemustbe
children.****≥25%ofaudiencemustbechildren.~unlessanadultispresent.~~unlessadults
predominate.
+
≥35%forsomeshowsand≥50%forothers.
++
11forprintmedia,otherwise12.
Whichproductscanbepromoted?
IntheUSAalargenumberofcompany‐promotedmodelshavebeenproposedfordefining
thenutritionalcriteriaforfoodstobemarketedtochildren
21
andasimilarproblemhas
ariseninEurope.Thenexttablegivesexamplesofnutrientmethodsfordefiningfoodsas
suitableformarketingtochildren,asproposedbysomeofthecompaniesintheEUpledge:
Table2Company‐setcriteriaforfoodstheycanmarkettochildren
Company Energy
(kcal)
Total
fat
Saturated
fat
Trans
fat
Added
sodium
Added
sugar
Notes
BurgerKing
perchild’s
meal
≤560 <30%
energy
<10%energy 0g≤660mg≤10%
energy
Noartificial
colourings,
flavourings
Kelloggper
serving
≤200‐ ≤2g 0g≤230mg≤12g Exceptionsfor
waffles.
GeneralMills
perserving
withoutmilk
<175‐ ≤1.7g‐≤200mg≤12g Wholegrain≥8g;
vitamins&minerals
≥15%RDAper100g
PepsiCoper
specified
amount
≤150
(snacks)
≤35%
energy
≤10%energy <0.5g≤150mg≤10%
energy
Cholesterol≤30mg;
exceptionsforsome
products
Unilever‐‐≤13%energy
and
≤33%of
totalfat
≤2%
energy
≤1,6
mg/kcal
≤7g/100g Totalsugars≤25%
energy;exceptions
forsomeproducts
Kraft Specificcriteriafordifferentfoodgroups.
Nestlé Specificcriteriafordifferentfoodgroups.
21
BetterBusinessBureauCouncil(2008)TheChildren’sFood&BeverageAdvertisingInitiativeInAction.See
http://www.bbb.org/us/storage/16/documents/CFBAI/ChildrenF&BInit_Sept21.pdf
[...]... Proposal: Risk reduction means excluding techniques with special appeal to children and adolescents. This includes the use of cartoon characters, animation, celebrities, sports personalities, and the colouring, shaping and design of products and packaging likely to have a particular appeal to children and adolescents. A high standard: A comprehensive approach acknowledges that children and adolescents ... Issue: The promotion of some foods and beverages can undermine children s dietary health. Proposal: Risk reduction means promoting only those food and beverage products which conform to national dietary guidelines and international standards supporting the WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health29. A high standard: Food and beverages should be categorised according to a validated nutrient profiling system. Examples may include the UK Ofcom model used to regulate ... Convention on Tobacco Control provides a comprehensive definition: ‘all forms of commercial communication, recommendation or action and any form of contribution to an event, activity or individual’.35 Standard 4: Marketing methods Issue: Most marketing works below conscious awareness, and children in particular may be vulnerable to marketing messages of special appeal to them. Many marketing methods fall outside current advertising regulations. ... presentation are included, as are sponsored sports events and product placements. A high standard: A comprehensive approach assumes all media unless specifically exempted. Media broadcast across several time zones should be assumed to reach children and adolescents. Examples from other sectors include Facebook, which prohibits tobacco and gambling marketing and restricts alcohol marketing. 34 For tobacco, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control provides a comprehensive definition: ‘all forms of ... target age groups should be significantly above the minimum legal age: an example is the ban on targeting alcoholic beverages to people under age 25 required by Facebook in India and Sweden.33 For food and beverages, the UK Ofcom regulations apply during television programmes which appeal to children under age 16. Standard 3: Media used for marketing messages Issue: Children have access to a wide range of media. In addition, cross‐border media services are not easily controlled by the jurisdiction in the territory where the message is ... In this section we propose standards based on a responsible approach to marketing on the understanding that children should not be subjected to inducements to consume products which, if consumed routinely, are likely to be detrimental to their health. Where available we show examples of the use of similar standards in other sectors. Standard 1: Specifying the foods and beverages Issue: The promotion of some foods and beverages can undermine children s dietary health. ... apply to ‘product promotion, distribution, selling, advertising, product public relations, and information services’. These phrases can be adapted with the addition of ‘able to influence a child’. Standard 5: Use of brands Issue: Products and media may carry a brand identity for a company linked to food or beverage products without specifying a food or beverage or giving an explicit marketing message. Proposal: Risk reduction means brands with recognisable links to food and beverage ... indicators Research 12 Member States are encouraged to identify existing information on the extent, nature and effects of food marketing to children in their country They are also encouraged to support further research in this area, especially research focused on implementation and evaluation of policies to reduce the impact on children of marketing of foods high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids,... Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non‐alcoholic Beverages to Children4 2 Rationale 1 The policy aim should be to reduce the impact on children of marketing of foods high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, free sugars, or salt 2 Given that the effectiveness of marketing is a function of exposure and power, the overall policy objective should be to reduce both the exposure of children to, and power of, marketing. .. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/business/media/21xbox.html?_r=2&ref=media 17 Proposed standards As noted earlier, the objective of universal standards is to institute rules which achieve maximum protection while remaining practical and economical in application. Although it could be proposed that children should not be exposed to any marketing, the present document takes a ‘risk‐based’ approach to reducing exposure to the marketing of food and . A junk‐free childhood:
Responsible standards for marketing
foods and beverages to children
A briefingpaperfromTheStanMarkProjectofthe
InternationalAssociation for theStudyofObesity
PreparedbyTimLobstein,TriinParn and AngeAikenhead
StanMark
Standards for Marketing to children.
The marketing of foods and non‐alcoholic beverages with a highcontentoffat,
sugarorsaltreaches children throughouttheworld.Effortsmustbemade to
ensurethat children everywhereareprotectedagainsttheimpactofsuch
marketing and giventheopportunity to grow and developinanenablingfood
environment—onethatfosters and encourageshealthydietarychoices and
promotesthemaintenanceofhealthyweight.
DrAlaAlwan,AssistantDirectorGeneral,
WorldHealthOrganization
StanMark
Standards for marketing to children
TheStanMarkprojectbringstogetherresearchers and policy‐makers to develop a setof standards
for marketing foods and beverages consistentwiththeresolutionoftheWorldHealthAssembly.
Objectives
Convene a seriesofmeetingsinEurope and theUSA to bringtogetherkeymembersofthescientific
researchcommunity and policy‐makingcommunity to considerhow marketing food and beverages
mayaffect children shealth.
Identifycurrent‘bestpractice’approaches to thecontrolof marketing, includingmeasuresnot
specificallyaddressingfood
and beverage marketing, ornotspecificallydirected to theprotectionof
children.
Exploretheuseof standards and marketing codes to influencecommercialactivity,including
standards fromotherindustrialsectors.
Propose a setof standards to formthebasis for a cross‐bordercodeof marketing of foods and
beverages.
Developweb‐basedresources for policydevelopmentconcerningfood and beverage marketing to
children and relatedmaterials to supportpolicydevelopment.
Projectpartners
Ngày đăng: 18/02/2014, 02:20
Xem thêm: Tài liệu A junk‐free childhood: Responsible standards for marketing foods and beverages to children doc, Tài liệu A junk‐free childhood: Responsible standards for marketing foods and beverages to children doc