... within the repeats represent the spacer The lowercase letters on the flank ofthe repeats represent the flanking sequences around the p53RE (B) Regulationof gene expression was measured by real-time ... whether a p53 response could accelerate removal ofthe EGFR from the plasma membrane In H460 cells, the localization ofthe EGFR was determined by fluorescent immunostaining In the absence of ... and each experiment was repeated The relative induction ⁄ repression level was calculated bythe ratio ofthe value ofthe gene to that of b-actin and then to the controls ChIP assay ChIP assays...
... schematic representation ofthe three branches leading to the synthesis ofthe three anthocyanin classes and the genes encoding the enzymes relevant to the present study Alternativesplicing is a common ... function ofthe wild type host-gene counterparts leading to secondary phenotypes Whether any ofthe novel exon combinations derived from alternativesplicingofthe mobile exons ofthe Tgm-Express1 ... aa ofthe UP intron plus the UP and CDC2 Exons E (105 aa) with 34 aa ofthe FPK/MDH Intron plus 71 aa ofthe FPK Exon; F (105 aa) had 19 aa of FPK Intron, 77 aa of FPK Exon and aa of MDH Exon The...
... efficiently inhibited by HIC and is not the result of a general block of nuclear import pathways or obstruction ofthe NPC To further dissect the mechanisms underlying HIC inhibition of Rev nuclear ... unaffected by HIC The molecular recognition of NLSs by import receptors in the cytoplasm determines their nuclear import rate Page of 13 [33,34] Based on the evidence herein, we propose that the HIC ... cellular cofactor for the HIV-1 regulatory protein Rev We propose that the intermolecular masking of Rev NLS by HIC by which HIC control of Rev nuclear import can contribute to the spatial control of...
... and dimerization ofthe receptor Indeed, dimerization is essential for the activity of PPARs, as it is for most ofthe other members ofthe nuclear hormone receptor superfamily They heterodimerize ... [32,33] A number of studies point to the importance ofthe sequences flanking the PPREs for maintaining the optimal conformation ofthe PPAR-RXR heterodimers on the PPREs [34,35] These flanking ... hepatocytes In support ofthe role of TNFα as a key mediator in the stimulation of hepatocellular proliferation, recent findings suggest that down -regulation ofthe iron-binding protein lactoferrin (LF)...
... sufficient to inspect thealternative exons in the context ofthe splice form that includes these exons The functional difference ofthe examples shown here can only be found if the complete shorter ... on the protein sequence The disruption ofthe unit results in a loss of function The shorter splice form encodes a protein that puts together both parts ofthe unit which results in a gain of ... aberrant splicing [25,26] Furthermore, a splice form that is only represented by a single EST may be a rare error bythe spliceosome Therefore, we determined the number and tissue source ofthe ESTs...
... RNAi-based screen they developed to explore the role of all human kinases (also called the kinome) in theregulationof clathrin-dependent and caveolae-dependent endocytic pathways The authors developed ... ofthe metabolic state ofthe cell on trafficking, the fact that most ofthe metabolic kinases showed specificity for only one endocytic pathway or the other suggests otherwise In addition, several ... infection, indicating the high sensitivity ofthe assay used for the screen Nearly a quarter of all ofthe kinases found to be regulators of endocytosis in the screen are currently poorly characterized...
... on its rate of production relative to its rate of degradation The quantity of a protein produced in the cell is affected bythe expression level of its mRNA transcript The levels of gene expression ... in the proteome The stability index versus the percentage bins of disordered residues are shown (d) The proportion of protein coding transcripts targeted by miRNA (y-axis) as the percentage of ... suggests that one ofthe ways in which the cell keeps the level of highly disordered proteins under control is to keep the expression levels of transcripts encoding them low A recent study by Paliy and...
... to the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways This group consists mainly ofthe Toll-like receptors (TLRs) The second group of PRRs forms the mechanical arm of innate immunity is made up bythe ... linked The activation of innate immunity will then provide adaptive immunity with information regarding the nature of pathogenic challenge encountered bythe host This cannot be done bythe T ... presentation Figure 1.6 DC Maturation The left side ofthe diagram shows the factors regulating DC maturation while the right side ofthe diagrams summarizes the properties of each maturation stage (Banchereau...
... promoters, mutation ofthe CHR leads to a more pronounced deregulation than the alteration ofthe CDE [40] Another gene tested for its cell cycle regulation is the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein ... Moreover, orientation ofthe CDE ⁄ CHR in the general context of a promoter appears to be relevant because inversion ofthe site in the human Cdc25C promoter resulted in a deregulation of cell cycle-dependent ... turns ofthe DNA double helix yields binding ofthe two or three NF-Y complexes on the same side ofthe DNA Conservation of spacing is required for optimal promoter activity because changing the...
... genetic diseases [47] Most analyses oftheregulationof AP-2 and the interactions ofthe transcription factor with binding partners, as well as oftheregulationof target gene expression, have ... treatment ofthe chick face with RA, and this is accompanied by an increase in apoptosis [73] The authors of this study ascribe theregulationof outgrowth of limb buds and patterning ofthe digits ... growth and the development of face and limbs [17–19] Donner et al tried to link the expression of AP-2a in these tissues to upstream signaling pathways They assessed the organization of a cis-regulatory...
... into the potential biologically relevant role of miR-27 in theregulationof adipose tissue functions in vivo, we examined the expression of miR-27 in the genetically obese ob ⁄ ob mice The 2352 ... differentiation Taken together, these results illustrate a critical and specific role of miR-27 in theregulationof adipogenic differentiation miR-27 prevents the induction of PPARc and C ⁄ EBPa ... delineate the mechanisms by which miR-27 inhibits adipogenic differentiation, we investigated the 2350 effect of miR-27 on the expression ofthe well-defined key transcription factors of adipogenic...
... signals released by different apoptotic stimuli Thus, the apoptotic volume decrease may further disarrange the balance between survival and death signals, thereby promoting execution ofthe apoptotic ... inside the hepatocyte to the plasma membrane [39], which depends on a ROS-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation ofthe epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor, the association of CD95 with the EGF-receptor, ... insulin-induced hepatocyte swelling is registrated bythe integrin system, leading to a Src-dependent activation ofthe p38-type MAPK and thereby inhibition of 5800 autophagic proteolysis [14] Thus, integrin-dependent...
... auto-phosphorylation by modulating the kinase activity ofthe enzyme To determine the roles ofthe SH3 and ⁄ or SH2 domains in Src regulationof NMDAR phosphoryla- tion, the protein fragment ... process of NR2A C-tail proteins by active n-Src and reduced the n-Src activity on NMDARs, with the greater effect produced bythe dysfunction ofthe SH2 domain (Fig 4) To determine whether the reduced ... well known that the activity of SFKs is tightly regulated bythe reversible phosphorylation of Y527 in chicken c-Src in vivo The phosphorylation of Y527 may decrease the activity of SFKs, with...
... polymerases, and the solution ofthe crystal structure of Pol II shows that these two subunits are located close to each other at the surface ofthe polymerase [29,124] and participate in the transcription ... fibers The interaction of STARS with ABLIM-2 and -3 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and further supported bythe colocalization of STARS and ABLIM-2, as detected by immunofluorescence [58] The ... [86,91] There is evidence that interaction between the FXXLF (X = any amino acid) motif ofthe TAD and the LBD reduces coactivator recruitment and binding ofthe LXXLL motif of TIF2 [92] Alternatively,...
... establish the importance of GSK3 in the acute regulationof glucose transport in terms of its regulatory control of GS in muscle and fat cells we have investigated the effects of Li and the anilinomaleimide, ... 1B shows that whilst preadipocytes express both GSK3 isoforms, the abundance ofthe b isoform declines by 85%, whereas that ofthe a isoform is virtually undetectable in differentiated adipocytes ... control by allosteric regulators the activation status of GSK3 is likely to be a key determinant of GS activity Whilst there is considerable evidence implicating GSK3 in theregulationof glycogen...
... to the development of multiple diseases Fibrosis is characterized bythe excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, which is the end result of an imbalance of metabolism ofthe ... and the development of diabetic nephropathy through the down -regulation of PTEN and the subsequent activation of Akt (Fig 1) [43] Increased expression of miR-377 is also thought to regulate the ... failure of a number 2016 of organs Although current treatments typically target the inflammatory response, the mechanism of fibrosis is poorly understood and there are few effective therapies For these...
... Reversibility ofthe effects of calcium-induced contraction of cardiomyocytes on the kinetics ofregulationof mitochondrial respiration by exogenous ADP The kinetics of respiratory regulation was ... alteration ofthe regular arrangement of mitochondria in the cells, in the changes in the kinetics ofregulationof mitochondrial respiration by exogenous ADP and ATP, and in the direct channelling of ... in theregulationof respiration of permeabilized bers with intact sarcomeres is related to the changes induced by their contraction These results show also that the direct effects of changes of...
... (right) images ofthe liver of a control mouse acquired using the FLASH sequence (TR ¼ 10 ms, TE ¼ ms) The rectangles indicate the location ofthe volume of interest, % 400 lL (8.5 · · mm3) The 13Clabeled ... net synthesis of glycogen or the combination of both The rates of total glycogen synthesis and 13C label incorporation into glycogen (Fig 5) suggest that the overall rate of glycogen synthesis ... incorporation was observed not only into the C1 of glycogen but also the C6, which can only occur by label scrambling at the level ofthe trioses In addition, the signals of glycogen C2–C5 were detected,...
... shown that the enzymatic activity of TGase was inhibited bythe presence of GTP or ATP, as in the case of PpTGase [51] These results suggest that the mechanism by which nucleotides inhibit the enzymatic ... to the plasma membrane, thereby being involved in the formation ofthe corneum [47] Additional amino-terminal residues of TGase include the sequences that are post-translationally Fig Effects of ... Although the overall identity with the mammalian TGase primary sequence is low in the deduced sequence ofthe Physarum TGase, the middle region ofthe sequence is significantly conserved The sequences...
... WIDESPREAD SCHOLARLY neglect ofthe phenomenon ofthe use of standards in modern market regulation seems all the more striking in the light ofthe preoccupation of modern theorising in sociology, ... participation of officials in the elaboration and approval ofthe standard, or because ofthe threat of public intervention in case the standards were judged to be insufficient for the protection of health ... 3.5 The State ofthe Art Defence: the European Community 3.6 The State ofthe Art Defence: the United States 3.6.1 Between Custom and the Frontiers of Science 3.6.2 Standards Bodies and the Constitution...