... isimportanttonotethatKeyneshimselfwasnotconvinced ofthe effectiveness of easy money inrestoring real growth in the face of a Deep Slump. This is one ofthe principal insights ofthe GeneralTheory.21Incurrentcircumstances,twoquestions ... increasehasbeennotable,72Thisisnottodenysuccessfuleffortsbyanumber of countries,includingChina,toexpandmarketsinotherEME’s. Of coursethisstillleaves the broaderquestion ofthe robustness ofthe totality of thosemarketsin the event of aseriousdownturnin the AME’s.73ThisproblemisanalogoustothatfacedbyJapanesecorporationsin the 1990’s,aftermanyyears of debtfinancedinvestmentwhichprovedunprofitable.Koo(2003)stronglycontendsthat the weakness of investmentspendinginJapanin the 1990’swasduetothis“balancesheeteffect”,andwasnotduetoashortage of loanscausedbyaweakenedbankingsystem.74SeeBIS(2012)p29forafullerdocumentation.AlsoseeMcKinsey(2010)whoidentify the householdsectorinfive ofthe fourteencountriestheyconsiderashavingahighprobability of futuredeleveraging.TheyidentifySpain, the US, the UK,CanadaandKorea.While the householdsectorsinBrazil,Russia,ChinaandIndiawerenotjudgedtobeoverleveraged,notethat the dataconsideredextendedonlyto2009.Thus the reportmissed the recentsharpincreasesinhouseholddebtlevelsinthosecountries.45TettG(2012)“Sizecanbedeadlyinalowrateworld”FinancialTimes17MayTurnerP.(2011)“Is the long‐terminterestrateapolicyvictim,apolicyvariableorapolicylodestar”–BISWorkingPaper367,Basel,DecemberWaldropM.M.(1992)“Complexity”–LemonandSchusterPaperbacks–NewYorkWedelJR.(2009)“ShadowElite”–BasicBooks,NewYorkWhiteW.R(2004)“ArechangesinFinancialStructureExtendingSafetyNets?”–BISWorkingPaper250,BaselWhiteW.R(2006a)“IsPriceStabilityEnough?”–BISWorkingPaper205,AprilWhite ... be58AsEME’sbegintoindustrialize,theyinitiallyhave the benefit of rapidurbanization(asagriculturalproductivityrises)and the internationaltransfer of technology.Overtimeboth of these“catchup“factorssupportinggrowthbecomelessimportant.59Itisimportanttonotethat the debatewaswith the Keynes ofthe “Treatise”andnotyet the Keynes ofthe “GeneralTheory”.In the Treatiseon Money, Keynescalledformonetaryauthoritiestotake“extraordinary”,“unorthodox”monetarypoliciestodealwith the slump.Kregel(2011)p1,contendsthat The unorthodoxpoliciesthatKeynesrecommendsareanearlyperfectdescription” ofthe ultraeasymonetarypoliciesfollowedinJapan,andmorerecentlyinothercountries.Recall,asnotedabove,thatKeynes’enthusiasmforsuchmonetarymeasureshadfadedby the time ofthe GeneralTheory.19“malinvestments”tobuildupinbothphases of successivecreditcycles.65Thesedevelopmentsaredocumentedbelow.1)...
... Sources ofBank Reserves Figure 5 illustrates the link between the size oftheFederalReserve s liquidity facilities and the quantity of reserves in the banking system. The top half of this ... Skeie. The views expressed in this paper are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of theFederalReserveBankof New York or theFederalReserve System.11 Sources of ... and left the proceeds from the sale of these securities on deposit at theFederal Reserve; the net effect of this operation was to remove reserves from the banking system. The size of this program...
... postponed the sale of shares due to the poor performance ofthe domestic stock market. The bank reportedly plans to conduct its IPO in the second half of 2011 and sell up to a 20% stake, 10% of which ... in the Asia Pacific region. The views expressed in this publication are solely that ofthe author and do not necessarily represent the position oftheFederalReserve System. V ietnam’s banking ... Techcombank Sacombank Wholly Foreign-Owned Banks HSBC Standard Chartered Bank ANZ Bank Shinhan Bank Hong Leong Bank Joint Venture Banks (JV Bank Name) (Vietnamese and Foreign JV Bank...
... that the current inflation rate depends on its lagged values, on the fluctuation ofthe exchange rate in the previous period and on the two-period lag ofthe output gap. The verticality ofthe ... Reserva del Perú. The views expressed in this paper are those ofthe authors and do not reflect necessarily the position of the Central ReserveBankof Peru. 15 Terms of trade gap()ttt ... non-significance ofthe real interest rate coefficient in the aggregate supply equation. Another result that is noteworthy concerns the effect ofthe terms of trade gap on the output gap. The evidence...
... credit to AIG, and other Fed assets. Liabilities: Other—Reverse repos, Treasury cash holdings, and deposits with Federal Reserve Banks other than reserve balances and excluding the Supplementary ... Federal Reserve Summary The balance sheet remained little changed, decreasing by $9 billion for the week ended September 15. Bank reserve balances decreased $118 billion, offset ... offset by a $110 billion increase in Treasury deposits with Federal Reserve banks (part of “Other”). Assets: Lending to nonbanks—TALF, CPFF, AMLF, and MMIFF; Short-term lending to financials—discount...
... tobias.adrian@ny.frb.org). The views expressed in this paper are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily reect the position oftheFederalReserveBankof New York or the Federal Reserve System. Abstract The ... that the understanding ofthe plumbing ofthe shadow banking system is an important underpinning of any study of systemic interlinkages within the financial system. The remainder ofthe paper ... non-recipients of official liquidity. These entities failed too early on in the crisis to benefit from the liquidity facilities rolled out in the wake ofthe bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, and their demise...
... those ofthe authors and are not necessar-ily reective of views at theFederalReserveBankof New York or theFederal Reserve System. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility ofthe authors. Federal ... support of FHLB liabilities by the US Government. The secured nature of an advance, as well as the lien theFederal Home Loan Bank has on the other assets ofthe borrower, means that the claims of ... during the crisis is the role of re-hypothecation of collateral by dealers. Singh and Aitken (2009) investigate the role of re-hypothecation in the shadow banking system. Re-hypothecation is the...
... ReserveBankof Boston www.bos.frb.org Federal ReserveBankofChicago www.chicagofed.org Federal ReserveBankof Cleveland www.clevelandfed.org Federal ReserveBankof Dallas www.dallasfed.org Federal ... a Federalreserve system making sense OFTHEFEDERAL RESERVE 1 MAKING SENSE OFTHEFEDERAL RESERVE 171. Who created theFederalReserve System? (page 1)2. Name the three parts oftheFederal ... monetary policy and oversees the activities ofReserve banks.Board oF governors making sense OFTHEFEDERAL RESERVE 3 THE FEDERALRESERVE SYSTEMisit a FederalReserve bank, and you’ll see that...
... is the purpose ofthe Financial Remediation Framework? The Office ofthe Comptroller ofthe Currency (OCC) and the Board of Governors oftheFederal Reserve System (FRB) have developed the ... available since the origination ofthe loan, the estimated value ofthe home at the time of error will be based on the estimated value ofthe home at loan origination adjusted by the Case-Schiller ... modification agreement will determine whether or not the borrower is considered to be in 1 Office ofthe Comptroller ofthe Currency Board of Governors oftheFederalReserve System JUNE 21, 2012...
... among other things, the validity ofthe assumptions, the severity of tests, the robustness ofthe estimates, the performance of any underlying models, and the stability and reasonableness ofthe ... 1 Board of Governors oftheFederalReserve System Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Office ofthe Comptroller ofthe Currency Guidance on Stress Testing for Banking Organizations ... ensure that the scenarios continue to be timely and relevant. SR Letter 12-7 Attachment 2 viability.2 TheFederal Reserve, the Office ofthe Comptroller ofthe Currency, and the Federal...
... irrespective ofthe amount ofthe loan. However, the larger the loan, the larger the amount ofthe repayment installment, and a large installment may strain the repayment capacity ofthe borrower ... 2008. Report ofthe Sub-Committee ofthe Central Board of Directors of ReserveBankof India to Study Issues and Concerns in the MFI Sector RESERVE BANKOF INDIA ... b) There has, therefore, to be a linkage between the amount ofthe loan and the tenure ofthe loan. It is, therefore, suggested that for loans not exceeding Rs. 15,000, the tenure ofthe loan...