... m.
Because half the deaths have occurred by mid-year, the size e ofthe population at the start ofthe year was
e = m + d / 2
The probability s of surviving to the end ofthe year (conditional ... OF HEALTH. AD-HOC GROUP ON THE ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OFTHE HEALTH
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION: Economic appraisal ofthe health effectsof air pollution. The
Stationery Office, London, United Kingdom, ... ascertain theeffectsof such situations (38,39).
Interpretation ofthe coefficients from the existing cohort studies as reflecting theeffectsof long-
term exposure depends on the assumption...
... Still others focus on
the benefits of affordable housing for particular populations, such as the elderly, the homeless,
and people with HIV/AIDS.
Our review ofthe literature on the impact of ... hypotheses on the societal impacts
of housing and examine the growing body of research supporting these hypotheses. This paper
focuses on the impact of housing on education. Other papers in ... call into question existing evidence ofthe
adverse impacts of crowding, emphasizing the failure of earlier studies to isolate theeffectsof
crowding from other confounding variables such as...
... reduce the warming induced by the capping of SO
x
.
Note that these climate calculations in Figure 6 omit the cooling effectsofthe CO
2
reductions
caused by the lessening ofthe inhibition ofthe ... concentrations.
REPORT SERIES ofthe MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change
Contact the Joint Program Office to request a copy. The Report Series is distributed at no charge.
41. TheEffects ... the northern
hemisphere, the temperature increases are greatest there. For the NO
x
caps, temperature increases
in the southern hemisphere (driven by the CH
4
increases), but decreases in the...
... healthy
condition ofthe vessels belonging to the membranes ofthe socket, with the condition of which, the state of
the tooth is closely connected."]
Having gone through with an examination ofthe physical ... it capable of giving strength to the weary, vivacity to the stupid, and wisdom
to men void of understanding; capable of soothing the sorrows ofthe afflicted, of healing the wounds of the
spirit, ... principle, called by some " ;the medical power of nature," is roused to action by the
application of an offending agent to any part ofthe human system. On the first intimation ofthe assault,...
...
every country. The theory of a free will, which is their foundation, excludes the
possibility of this scientific question, for according to it the crime is the product ofthe
fiat ofthe human will. ... fact, the deed
depends on the fiat, the voluntary determination, ofthe criminal, and all is said.
But if, on the other hand, thepositive school of criminology denies, on the ground
of researches ... attenuate the plague of criminality, not so much by means ofthe
criminal code, as by means of remedies which are latent in the remainder ofthe social
life and of legislation. And the experience of...
... market.
We calculate the cost of credit for the median firm as the ratio ofthe real value of interest
payments to the real value ofthe stock of bank debt. As observed in the figure, this real
implict ... 1980s, the Mexican crisis
of the first half ofthe 1990s and the East Asian and Russian crises ofthe late 1990s. On average, more than
85 percent ofthe fall in output observed during these episodes ... κp
M
t
M
t
(8)
using the value of final goods, the sum of all value added and the total income in the economy
respectively. The last term in equation (8) is the income ofthe intermediary in the current
period...
... approval by the Israeli civil administration, while others remain in conceptual
stages. Regardless ofthe status ofthe application and approval for each of these projects, the lack
of PA authority ... by the Israeli civil administration despite the fact that the Jordanian Law did
not require proof of ownership for approval of building permits. (Coon).
29
Government of Israel, Office ofthe ... in the Northern West Bank alone. In
addition, all land within 100m ofthe wall is off limit to Palestinians. In some places it will
5
The Economic Effectsof Restricted Access to Land in the...
... question is whether the sum ofthe discounted net social benefits
during the life ofthe infrastructure justifies the investment cost.
The description ofthe costs and benefits ofthe HSR lines ... intermodal effects measured in the primary market consist ofthe cost savings in the
conventional mode and the product ofthe value of time, the average time savings and the number of
passengers ... and so the cost of travelling ofthe users
who remain in the conventional mode.
The existing transport modes are not the only markets affected by the introduction ofthe new
mode of transport....
... havoc with the accuracy ofthe land registry.
The IPA gives the holder powers of act on behalf of
the land owner in the use and transaction ofthe property and the facility to legalize the transaction. ... These plans lift the threat of demolition within the line, but the process has not
allowed for the expansion ofthe line to accommodate the needs ofthe growing population.
Instead, they demarcate ... for the future expansion ofthe
settlements surpasses by an even larger extent the needs ofthe fast growing settler
population. During the first 20 years ofthe occupation, the number of settlements...
... studies of its health effects find other pollutants present that may
account for someofthe effects.
Part ofthe problem is due to the nature ofthe data being collected. The levels of
particulate ... terms ofthe types of cells and the overall structure ofthe alveolar region.
Figure 1 shows a magnified view ofthe
structure ofthe normal gas-exchange region
of the lung. It is called the ... can change the cells in the lung by damaging those that are most
susceptible. If the cells that are damaged are important in the development of new
functional parts ofthe lung, then the lung...
... and the auditors’ desire to retain the
clients. About 55 percent ofthe other Tier 1 firms
24
and 65 percent ofthe
other Fortune 1000 public companies
25
were uncertain whether the risk of ... incurred by both the public accounting firms and the
public companies. They believe the increased risk of an audit failure and
the added costs of audit firm rotation outweigh the value of a periodic ...
with the client and the desire to retain the client. Concerns about the
p
otential effectsof mandatory audit firm rotation include whether its
intended benefits would outweigh the costs and the...
... replacement of lysine and
arginine in these motifs by histidine abrogates the antibacterial effects of
these peptides. Antibacterial activity ofthe histidine-rich peptides against
the Gram -positive ... Tris, pH 7.4 in the
absence (–) or presence (+) of Zn
2+
. (Upper)
Peptides (indicated in the figure) incubated
in buffer in the absence of Zn
2+
. (Lower)
Effects ofthe addition of 50 l
M Zn
2+
(+) ... activity of a set of peptides from
the heparin- and Zn
2+
-binding regions of HMWK
domain 5 further substantiates findings obtained with
the prototypic AHH peptides. Whether peptides sim-
ilar to the...
... stimulator of thrombin inhibition by these serpins, in
line with the cofactor effect of TM on protein C activation.
The exclusive function ofthe VR1 loop is now further
supported by the results ... addition, the reduced affinity of TM for
thrombin-VR1
tPA
is in agreement with the significant
contribution of this part ofthe VR1 loop to the binding
of TM by thrombin. Binding ofthe carboxy-terminal ... can explain part
of the effect of thrombin on the proliferation and
migration of vascular SMC [4,34]. In the context of the
vessel wall, TM might therefore function as a regulator of
PAI-1 inactivation...
... distributional effectsof QE, drawing out the parallels with the
distributional effectsof a low level of Bank Rate. The first section of this paper discusses the
aims of QE and how it affects the economy. ... impact on the net value ofthe scheme. The fall in gilt yields raised the value of
the pension fund’s liabilities. But the associated increase in bond and equity prices raised the
value of their ... quantify the impact of QE on the economy in aggregate.
Joyce et al (2011) present a range of estimates ofthe macroeconomic impact of QE using a
number of different methodologies. None ofthe methods...
... before the study
was released early in 2002). For Califor-
nia, the graph shows the average number
of ozone exceedance days per year for the
each ofthe three groups of communities
ated the ... signal example of how
conventional wisdom on air pollution and
health is often the opposite of reality. Ac-
cording to the Centers for Disease Control,
the prevalence of asthma in the U.S. rose ... county, the graph shows
the number of 8-hour ozone exceedance
days per year at the worst location in the
county. Note that even the worst areas of
North Carolina don’t come close to even
the...