... W.J, Schoenmakers and
E.P.C. van Utteren.
The QuestionAnsweringSystem PHLIQA1.
In L. Bolc (editor), NaturalLanguageQuestion
Answering Systems. Macmillan, 1980.
[8] Scha, Remko J.H.
English ...
As of this writing, we have incorporated NIKL into the
implementation of our naturallanguage question-
answering system, IRUS. NIKL is used to represent the
knowledge in a Navy battle-management ... simplification is:
244
A Terminological Simplification Transformation for
Natural Language Question- Answering Systems
David G. Stallard
BBN Laboratories Inc.
I0 Moulton St.
Cambridge,...
... list”) and opinion questions
(“squishy list”), to which the traditional systems
had to be adapted. The Alyssa system (Shen et
al., 2007), classified the polarity of the question
and of the ...
indicate the id of the question (Q), the question
type (T) and the number of answer of the Gold
Standard (A). We present the number of the re-
trieved questions by the traditional system
(TQA) and ... in Table 2, the questions for which the
TQA system performed better were the pure fac-
tual ones (1, 3, 4, 8, 10 and 14), although in some
cases (question number 14) the OQA system re-
trieved...
... Domain-Independent NaturalLanguage Database Access Systems
Steven P. Shvartz
Cognitive Systems Inc.
234 Church Street
New Haven, Ca.
06510
Zn the past decade, a number of natural lang-
uage ... principle motivation for building natural
language systems for database access is ~o free the
user from the need for data processing instruction.
A naturallanguage front end is a step above ... requests that require "expert" knowledge
and neither should | naturallanguage front end,
If, however, = naturallanguagesystem cannot a-
chieve the level of performance of a program-
ear-technician...
... database
system.
We are currently working on naturallanguage
for expert systems at Columbia and thus, expert
systems provide a natural alternative environment to
compare against the database system. ... expert system
does provide a better environment m which to
explore issues of user modeling based on previous
discourse.
4 Conclusions
The question of whether naturallanguage
database systems ... Expert Systems:
Comparisons with Database Systems
Kathleen R. McKeown
Department of Computer Science
Columbia University
New York, N.Y. 10027
1
Introduction
Do naturallanguage database systems...
... the question type of the new
question. We use our existing QA system
(Hovy et al., 2002b; 2001) to do so.
2. The question term in the question is
identified, also using our existing system. ... Angeles County” requires the
pattern. “< ;QUESTION_ TERM_1> situated in
<ANSWER> < ;QUESTION_ TERM_2>”,
where < ;QUESTION_ TERM_1> and
< ;QUESTION_ TERM_2> represent the terms ... particular question type. Judicious choice
of the QA example pair therefore allows it to
be used for many question types without
change.
3 Finding Answers
Using the patterns to answer a new question...
... response.
Our original system, like many
current
question- answering
systems, had simple mechanisms for generating lists and
tables in response to questions. As we broadened our
system& apos;s coverage, ... complications arise when the system wants to
add some words or explanation to the direct answer to a
question. When asked a yes-no question, a helpful
question- answeringsystem will try to provide ... performed by LISP procedures in the
systems cited (in our system it is coded in Restriction
Language, a language specially designed for writing
natural- language grammars). The first two functions...
... Intelligence Corporation
The INTELLECT naturallanguage database query system, a
product of Artificial Intelligence Corporation, is the
only commercially available system with true English
query ... assurance and customer support, a
number of issues in evaluating a naturallanguage data-
base query system, particularly the INTELLECT system,
will be discussed.
A, I. Corporation offers licenses ... business
environment, but the expanded language domain is not so
easily charaeterlzed, or described, to naive users.
A
big
advantage of English language query systems is the
absence of training...
...
The system is described in detail in (Costa,
2005a, 2005b).
2 System Architecture
The inputs to the system are questions in natural
language. Esfinge begins by transforming these
questions ... Multilingual QuestionAnswering
Track”. In Cross Language Evaluation Forum:
Working Notes for the CLEF 2005 Workshop
(CLEF 2005) (Vienna, Austria, 21-23 September
2005).
130
Esfinge – a QuestionAnswering ... Linguistics (Mexico
City, February 2003) pp. 370-381.
Eric Brill. 2003. “Processing NaturalLanguage with-
out NaturalLanguage Processing”. Proceedings of
the Fourth International Conference on Intelligent...
... resources.
1 NL Engine
Natural language processing in the Unisys natural
language understanding (NLU) system (Dahl,
Norton and Scholz (1998), Dahl (1992)) is done by
a naturallanguage (NL) engine ... resources into our
natural language understanding system. Client-
server architecture was used to make a large
volume of lexical information and a large
knowledge base available to the system at
development ... architecture, for use
with a general-purpose naturallanguage
understanding system. The conversion of resources
such as Comlex and WordNet into a format usable
by our system was straightforward, and the...
...
1. INTRODUCTION
Gemini is a naturallanguage (NL) under-
standing system developed for spoken language
applications. This paper describes the details of
the system, and includes relevant ... could also be
enforced by the parse preference component de-
57
GEMINI: A NATURALLANGUAGESYSTEM FOR
SPOKEN -LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING*
John Dowding, Jean Mark Gawron, Doug Appelt,
John Bear, ... then used as input to
a query -answering system. The following sections
describe each of these components in detail, with
the exception of the query -answering subsystem,
which is not described...
...
short-term goal.
Motiva!ion
Rcasearch on naturallanguage processing sys-
tems today strives for the construction of robust
and portable systems) A system is robust, if it
can handle a large ...
ABSTRACT
The desire to construct robust and portable na-
tural language systems has led to research
on
how a core vocabulary for such systems can be
defined. Stalistical methods and semantic criteria ... TOWARDS A CORE VOCAIIULARY FOIl A NATURAL I.,ANGUAGE
SYSTEM
I lubcrt l.chnmnn
IBM l)cutschhmd Gmbll, Scientific ('enter
institute for Knowledge Based Systems
Wilckensstr. la
I)-69(10...
... N. NaturalLanguage Information FormatttnB:
The Automatic Conversion of Texts into a Structured
Data-Base, In Advances in Computers, Yovits M.
[Ed.], Vol. 17, 1978.
9. SanBster B. NaturalLanguage ... physicians" written " ;Natural
Language& quot; for describing patients and to write programs
to convert these descriptions to the appropriate coded
input to the consultation systems.
The original ... motivation for this research came from the
desire to have naturallanguage input of cases to
CASNET/GLAUCOMA a computer-based glaucoma consultation
system developed at Retgers University. A case is...