oil and gas technical conference 2013

... water, and land use impacts associated with oil and gas production nationally and in Region 8. These policies range from the implementation of mandatory emissions limits on oil and gas operations ... unconventional natural gas resources including tight gas sands, shale gas, and CBM. Unconventional oil and gas resources are loosely defined as resources that are generally deeper and / or more difficult ... important to current and future domestic oil and gas supplies; highlights the unique characteristics of Region 8, such as its geology and potential for oil and gas production; and introduces relevant...

... risk mitigation and a low carbon future THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS FOR IRELAND OF HIGH OIL AND GAS PRICES 17 Oil and Gas Prices and their Determinants Chapter 1. Oil and Gas Prices and their Determinants T his ... 07 Chapter3. Economic and SocialImpactsof  three Oil and Gas PriceScenarios. 09 Chapter4. Ireland’sdependenceon Oil and Gas.  15 Chapter5. Options and actionstoreduce  exposuretoHigh Oil and Gas Prices. ... moderate and steady outlook for oil and gas prices. 3 For the purpose of this analysis we view oil and gas prices as a coupled entity and interchange between discussions of oil, gas and both...

... approves and supervises most oil and gas operations on American Indian lands. The BLM regulations governing onshore oil and gas operations are codified at 43 CFR Part 3160 (onshore oil and gas operations). ... Groundwater Information Center at the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, the Utah Division of Oil, Gas, and Mining, and the Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission. In addition, the U.S. Geological ... operations). Onshore oil and gas orders (OOGOs) implement and supplement the regulations found at 43 CFR Part 3160 for conducting oil and gas operations on federal or Indian lands. Notices to...

... performance standard for sulfur dioxide; an air toxics standard for major sources of oil and natural gas production; and an air toxics standard for major sources of natural gas transmission and storage. ... reviews of these standards every eight years. EPA’s existing air toxics standards for oil and natural gas production, and the standards for natural gas transmission and storage were issued ... the oil and natural gas industry while allowing continued, responsible growth in U.S. oil and natural gas production. The final rules include the first federal air standards for natural gas...

... sets the standards. Or at least many countries base their standards very closely on the IEC standards (for example, Germany's VDE 0530 standard and Great Britain's BS 2613 Standard closely ... 34 - 1 standard). The N EMA and IEC standards are quite similar, although they sometimes use different terminology. Thus, if one understands the IEC nameplate, it is fairly easy to understand a ... though, the standards can be grouped into two major categories: NEMA and IEC (and its derivatives). In North America, the National Electric Man ufacturers Association (NEMA) sets motor standards,...

... essential oil and shikimic acid from star anise fruits. With this method, obtaining yield of essential oil and shikimic acid respectively are 9.5% and 5.6% (essential oil content and shikimic ... Sciences and Technology 26 (2010) 110-113 113 for obtaining simultaneously essential oil and shikimic acid from star anise fruits. The yield of essential oil and shikimic acid were 9.5% and ... N 0 1, N 0 2 and N 0 3 were shown at table 1 and table 2. Table 1. Obtaining simultaneously essential oil and shikimic acid from star anise fruits by methods N 0 1, N 0 2 and N 0 3 Star...

... ENGINES AND GAS TURBINES where s is the stiffness in newtons per metre of deflection and m is the mass attached in kg. The essence of control is to adjust these two parameters, q and I (or s and ... force, length and time. If, for instance, SI units are used (newtons, metres and seconds) k will be 1000 and the power will be given in kW. If imperial units are used (lb, feet and minutes) k ... input and output gears are respectively Pounder’s Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines Eighth edition i a decade later the fleet had grown to some 2000 ships of almost two million grt; and by...

... standards concerning public, animal and plant health, the environment and animal welfare and keep their land in good agricultural and environmental condition. Where farmers fail to meet these standards, the direct ... (employment services, education and training institutions). Jessica and Jaspers • These names stand for two new initiatives designed to support public administration and local authorities, operated ... Priority is given to large projects and to projects in the new Member States. The assistance provided may cover technical, economic and financial aspects and any other preparatory work needed...

...  requiringnatural gas orpropaneasasourceofheat;therebysavingvaluable and diminishing naturalresources.Spaceheaters and furnacesareexcellentcandidates.Stoves and other cookingunitssuchasbarbecuegrillscanalsobefueledbythewater‐hybridsystem.Such applicationsrequireaseparatepowersupplytoconvertyourhomes120voltACpowerintothe 12voltDCpowerrequiredbythewater‐hybridsystem.Youcanpurchaseaninexpensivepower supplyatanyelectronicsstoresuchasRadioShack,or havesomeonefamiliarwithelectronics buildoneforyousincethedesignisverysimple.Thecostofhomeelectricityusedbythe water‐hybridsystemisinsignificant,probablylessthan$3permonthinmostcases.  IstheWaterhybridsystemdifficulttobuild? No,thewater‐hybridsystemisrelativelyeasytoassemble and veryeasytoinstall,especially comparedwithotherconversionplansonthemarket.Nospecialtoolsarerequired.Theusual tool and equipmentfoundinatypicalhomeworkshopwilldothejob.AssemblingtheHyTronic moduletoachieveitsinherenthighlevelofreliabilityrequirescare and attentiontodetails, alongwithaverageelectronicsskills.Theonlyspecialpieceoftestequipmentyoumaywantto haveaccesstouseisanoscilloscope.ItISNOTnecessary,butmayhelpyouobtainpeak efficiencyfromtheHyTronicsmodule.But,youshouldn’thaveanyproblemgettinghelpfroma localelectronicsguruifyoudon’thaveanoscilloscope.Mostfolksaresofascinatedbyunusual electronicsystems and devicesthattheywouldalmostbewillingtopayyoufortheprivilegeof tweakingyourHyTronicsmodule!  CanIbuyareadytoinstallWaterhybridsystem? Rightnow,thisspecificwater‐hybridsystemisnotbeingcommerciallymanufactured,butthere arevariousdistributorsaroundthecountrywhoofferDIY(Doityourself)partsorfully assembledkitsutilizingsimilartechnologies and principles. PlanningisintheinitialstagesforproducingWater‐hybridconversionkitsformost vehicles and eventuallymanufacturingtheentiresystem,oratleastitsmajorcomponents.We’re hopingtohavesomeprototypekitstestedsoon and deliveryofready‐to‐installkitsshould beginsometimebeforetheendof2008.However,you’llsoonbebuildingyourown! 23 RunaCaronWater  2. ... Besurepetroleumjellycoatsonlytheendcapthreads. 17 RunaCaronWater   Figure5:GeneratorElectrodeCircuitSchematic  18 RunaCaronWater  ThesquarewavepulseratiodeterminestheamountofcurrentsenttotheGenerator electrodesbythecircuitoffigure5.Iftheratioislow(1:1),verylittlecurrentarrivesatthe electrodes.So,verylittlehydrogen and oxygenareproducedbytheGenerator.Iftheratiois high(10:1),maximumcurrentreachestheelectrodes and theGeneratorproducesmaximum gas volume.Varyingvoltageinputfromapotentiometerconnectedviaa10Kresistortopin3of componentLM741causesthecircuittovarythepulseratio, and thereforecontrolstheamount ofgasesproduced.Thepotentiometershaftconnectsto thevehiclethrottlelinkage,enabling controlof gas volumeindirectresponsetovoltagechangescorrelatingwithrotationofthe potentiometershaftinrelationtothrottlepositioning.Atrimmingpotentiometerconnectspins 2 and 6ofcomponentLM741,enablingpreciseadjustmentofthethrottleinputsignal.A secondtrimmingpotentiometerconnectspins4 and 7ofcomponentNE555,enablingprecise pulsewidthadjustment. TheelectrodepairsofeachGeneratorexhibitauniquefrequencyofelectricalresonanceat whichoptimum gas volumeiscreated.Thisfrequencyoftenvariesconsiderablyamong differentGenerators.Severalfactorsdetermineresonancefrequencysuchas:electrodesize and shape,Generatorchambersize and shape,spacingbetweenelectrodes,coilparameters and relativepositioning, and pulseamplitude(voltagelevel).Atrimmingpotentiometer connectedbetweenpins1 and 2ofcomponentCD4069allowstheprecisefrequencytobe obtained.Byselectingvariouscombinationsofdipswitchconnectionstoabankoffour capacitors,pulsefrequencycanbevariedbetweenapproximately8KHz and 260KHz. ... Usingyourfinger,applyaverythin,butunbroken,coatofepoxycompletelyaroundthe bottomedge(rodend)oftheouterelectrode.Formabandexte4ndingabout¼”highfrom thebottomedge,coatingboththeinside and outsidesurfacesoftheelectrode. Note Besuretoinstalltheouterelectrodefirst. Note Theprocedureofstep41centerstheinnerelectrodewithintheouterelectrode.Donot overlaptapeendsifmoretapeisadded;simplybuttthetapeendsbeforecontinuingto wrap. 12 RunaCaronWater   Forafewbriefmoments,onlymoreaccuratealignment and increasedpullingactionuponthe watermoleculesoccurs.But,theHyTronicssignalpulseskeepchargingthewatercapacitorto higher and highervoltagelevels;actuallyseveralthousandvolts.Suddenlytheelectricalforces becomesogreatthatthewatermoleculesburstapart(scientistscallthisactiondisassociation) intotheirgaseousformsofhydrogen and oxygen.IfyouwereabletolookintotheGenerator, thisactionwouldbeobviousbecauseoftheformationofmillionsoftinyhydrogen and oxygen gas bubbles.AslongastheHyTronicssignalisapplied,thewatercapacitorremainsfully charged;continuouslycreatingorthohydrogen and oxygen. Anotherelectroniccircuitisformedbythegeneratorcoil.Thisisaninductivecircuit,meaningit createsamagneticfieldasopposedtothechargedfieldcreatedbythewatercapacitor.The verylowfrequencyHyTronicssignal(actuallyashortpulse)activatesthemagneticfieldofthe coil.Assoonasthepulsestops,themagneticfieldcollapses.Thiscreatesanevenstronger magneticfield,butafieldofoppositepolarity.Thatishowaninductivecircuitworks,anaction commonlycalled“inductivekick.”Eachpulseispreciselytimedsothatalmostimmediately afterthemagneticfieldreverses,anothershortpulsearrives.Onceagainthecoilischarged and itsmagneticfieldcollapses.Butnowthecontinuallyreversingmagneticfieldbecomeseven strongerduetoaddedenergyofeachnewpulse.Eventually(actuallywithinjustafewseconds) thecoilreachesitsmaximummagneticstrength,calleditssaturationpoint. Mostmoleculesareeffectedbymagneticfields.Thecoil’sreversingmagneticfieldsvibratethe watermoleculessovigorouslythattheydisassociateintogaseousformsofparahydrogen and oxygen.Disassociationobservablyoccurs,asseenbythecreationofmillionsoftinyhydrogen and oxygen gas bubblesaroundthecoil. Atthispoint,we’vecoveredtheconceptsneededtounderstandthebasicfunctioningofthe generator.EveryothercomponentoftheWater‐hybridsystemissimplyusedtoprecisely controltheactionofthegenerator.Byvaryingthestrength and frequencyoftheHyTronic signals,the ratebywhichhydrogen and oxygenarecreatedcanbevariedtomatchengine requirementsatanyparticularmoment.Waterissuppliedbythetank and pump,whilewater levelwithintheGeneratoriscontrolledbyalevelsensor and switch.Forsafetypurposes,a reliefvalveprotectsagainstexcesspressurebuildupwithinthegenerator.Separateportsare providedforattachinghosestoroute gas totheengine and toanoptionalgaugetomonitor gas pressurebuildupwithinthegenerator.Adrainvalveisinstalledtoallowperiodicflushingof accumulatedminerals and contaminants.Thebottomendcapisthreaded sothatthe Generatorcaneasilybeopenedupforinspectionorrepair and foroccasionalcleaningofthe electrodes and coil.Twopairsofstainlesssteel(copper,oranyconductivemetal)rodends 19 RunaCaronWater   Figure6:GeneratorCoilCircuitSchematic TheGeneratorcoilcircuitcreatesapulsedsignalverymuchsimilartothatoftheelectrode circuitoffigure5;but,productionofparahydrogen and oxygenbythecoilentailstotally differentoperatingparametersthandoesorthohydrogen and oxygenproductionbythe electrodes.Optimumoperatingfrequencyforthecoilismuch lower,withintherangeof approximately16Hzto25Hz.Coilfrequencydirectlycorrelatestotheoptimumoperating frequencyoftheelectrodecircuitsinceitsinputsignalisreceiveddirectlyfrompin3of electrodecircuitcomponentNE555.Theelectrodecircuitsignalisreceivedviathe“Divideby N”logiccircuitwhichproducesoneoutputsignalinresponsetoaspecificnumberofinput signals.Forexample,iftheoptimalfrequencyoftheelectrodecircuitis19KHz and the“Divide byN”logiccircuitcreatesoneoutputpulseforevery1,000inputpulses,theoutputfrequency ofthe“Divide byN”logiccircuitwouldbe19Hz.Thatsignalisreceivedviapin2ofcomponent NE555,whichcreatestherequiredsquarewavepulses.Thosepulsesaresentviapin3tothe baseoftransistor2N3055,wheretheyareamplified and transmittedtothecoil. 11 RunaCaronWater  toslowitsburningrate.Atbestthisisaninexactsciencesinceitdependsupontryingto averagetheoctanerequirementsformillionsofengines. Technicallyspeaking,theHydrogen/OxygenGeneratoritselfisanelectronic‐basedunit.The twoelectrodesformabasiccapacitor,thousandsoftimeslargerthancapacitors usedintypical circuits,withwateractingasitsdielectric.Theinnerelectrodeisnegativelycharged, and the outerelectrodeispositivelycharged,bythehighfrequencyHyTronicssignal.Chemically,each watermolecule(H20)iscomposedoftwopositivelychargedatomsofhydrogen and one negativelychargedatomofoxygen.Since oppositechargesattract,thepositivelycharged hydrogenatomsarepulledtowardtheinnerelectrode.But,atthesameinstant,thenegatively chargedoxygenatomsarepulledtowardtheouterelectrode.Thisactionalignseverywater moleculebetweentheelectrodes,withtheendsofeachmoleculebeingpulledinopposite directions.Inanutshell,thisisthehydrolysisprocesscentraltohydrogenextraction.  Figure1:Hydrogen/OxygenGenerator 22 RunaCaronWater  Let’sBuildthewaterhybridsystem!:GeneratorConstruction Electrodes Sinceenginerequirementsdictatethevolumeofhydrogen and oxygengasesthatthegenerator mustcreate, and gas volumeisvariable,Irecommendsizingitaslargeasispracticaltoallow reservecapacity.Maximumoutsidediameterof4.5”isalreadydeterminedbytheconstruction materialusedfortheGeneratorhousing: 4”CPVCSchedule80pipe.Irecommendaminimum heightof10”.Maximumheightdependsuponavailablespacewithintheenginecompartment but,forstructuralintegrity,limitheightto18”.Carefullychecktheenginecompartmentofyour vehicletoensurethatadequatespaceexistsforgeneratorinstallation.Ifadequatespacedoes notexisteitherlimitthegeneratorheight(butnotlessthan10”),orlocatethegeneratorwithin thetrunk,orasfarforwardaspossibleunderthedash.  1....

... moderate resolution Landsat-quality data and to meet government operational and scientific requirements for observing land use and land change. Unprecedented changes in land cover and use are having ... all: • How and why are Earth’s climate and the environment changing? • How and why does the Sun vary and affect Earth and the rest of the solar system? • How do planets and life originate? ... Variability and Change: understanding the roles of ocean, atmosphere, land, and ice in the climate system and improving predictive capability for future evolution; • Atmospheric Composition: understanding...

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