... W.J, Schoenmakers and
E.P.C. van Utteren.
The QuestionAnsweringSystem PHLIQA1.
In L. Bolc (editor), NaturalLanguageQuestion
Answering Systems. Macmillan, 1980.
[8] Scha, Remko J.H.
English ...
As of this writing, we have incorporated NIKL into the
implementation of our naturallanguage question-
answering system, IRUS. NIKL is used to represent the
knowledge in a Navy battle-management ... simplification is:
244
A Terminological Simplification Transformation for
Natural Language Question- Answering Systems
David G. Stallard
BBN Laboratories Inc.
I0 Moulton St.
Cambridge,...
... các câu sau trong các tiếng nƣớc ngoài:
- “We meet here today to talk about Vietnamese language and speech processing. ”
- “Aujourd'hui nous nous réunissons ici pour discuter le traitement ... chƣơng trình làm nhiệm vụ đọc một chƣơng trình đƣợc viết bằng
một ngôn ngữ - ngôn ngữ nguồn (source language) - rồi dịch nó thành một chƣơng
trình tƣơng đƣơng ở một ngôn ngữ khác - ngôn ngữ đích...
... list”) and opinion questions
(“squishy list”), to which the traditional systems
had to be adapted. The Alyssa system (Shen et
al., 2007), classified the polarity of the question
and of the ... F. Wei. PolyU at TAC
2008. In Proceedings of Human Language Tech-
nologies Conference/Conference on Empirical
methods in NaturalLanguageProcessing
(HLT/EMNLP), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2008. ... TAC 2008 QA and RTE
track. In Proceedings of Human Language Tech-
nologies Conference/Conference on Empirical
methods in NaturalLanguageProcessing
(HLT/EMNLP), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2008....
... the phrase
natural languageprocessing should generate
language +natural and processing +language, while
dynamic information processing is expected to yield
processing+ dynamic and processing+ information. ...
ous structures. For example, if language +natural has
occurred unambiguously a number times in contexts
such as parser for natural language, while
processing +natural has occurred significantly ... " ;natural& quot; is deleted from a query already
containing " ;natural language& quot; because " ;natural& quot;
occurs in many unrelated contexts: " ;natural number",
"natural...
... in
Natural
Language
Processing
Mark
H. Bursteln
Department of Computer Science, Yale University
1.
INTRODUCTION
it is widely reco~nlzed that the process of
understandln~ naturallanguage ...
It ta important to understand how OPUS differs from
previous inference strateKies in naturallanguage
processing. To emphasize the original contributions of
OPUS we will compare it to Rie~er's ...
a
frame driven dialog
system,
Artificial
Intelligence, Vol. 8, No. 1.
[31
Bobrow, D. G., and Wlnograd, T. (1977). An
overview of KRL, a Knowledge representation
language. Co=nltive Science...
... KB-VLS1-81-13, Xerox
PARC, 1981.
Kaplan, S. J.
Cooperative Responses from a Portable
Natural Language Query System.
Artificial Intelligence 19(1982) :165-187,
1982.
Montague, R.
Proper Treatment ... for linking
cases. We directly used inteusional logic of Montague
grammar as an intermediate language. Though it brought
some advantages, this scheme caused a number of technical
problems. ... in
computer networks.
3.6 Obligatory Case versus Non-Obligatory Case
In building a practical system, the problem of distinguishing
obligatory case and non-obligatory case is always controversial....
... techniques are of
great relevance within the field of natural lan-
guage processing. A persistent problem within
language processing is the over-specificity of
language, and the sparsity of data. Corpus-
based ... learning system.
Furth ermore, there are limits to the size of ma-
trix that can feasibly be processed using batch
decomposition techniques. This is especially
relevant within naturallanguage processing,
where ... Furthermore, our
98
Generalized Hebbian Algorithm for Incremental Singular Value
Decomposition in NaturalLanguage Processing
Genevieve Gorrell
Department of Computer and Information Science
Link¨oping...
... used
with any other wiki platform.
6 Summary
We presented Wikulu, an extensible system which
integrates naturallanguageprocessing techniques
with wikis. Wikulu addresses the major challenge of
supporting ... Interfaces, pages 37–46.
Ren
´
e Witte and Thomas Gitzinger. 2007. Connecting
wikis and naturallanguageprocessing systems. In
Proc. of the Intl. Symposium on Wikis, pages 165–176.
Ian H. Witten, Gordon ... 2011 System Demonstrations, pages 74–79,
Portland, Oregon, USA, 21 June 2011.
c
2011 Association for Computational Linguistics
Wikulu: An Extensible Architecture for Integrating Natural Language
Processing...
...
techniques for ME models. IEEE Trans. On Speech and Audio
Processing, 8(2): 37-50.
Collins, M. 2000. Discriminative re-ranking for natural
language parsing. In ICML, 175-182.
Collins, M. 2002. ... Computational Linguistics
A Comparative Study of Parameter Estimation Methods for
Statistical NaturalLanguageProcessing
Jianfeng Gao
*
, Galen Andrew
*
, Mark Johnson
*&
, Kristina Toutanova
*
... features a non-zero weight.
3.2 Language model adaptation
Our experiments with LM adaptation are based on
the work described in Gao et al. (2006). The va-
riously trained language models were evaluated...
... the question type of the new
question. We use our existing QA system
(Hovy et al., 2002b; 2001) to do so.
2. The question term in the question is
identified, also using our existing system. ... Angeles County” requires the
pattern. “< ;QUESTION_ TERM_1> situated in
<ANSWER> < ;QUESTION_ TERM_2>”,
where < ;QUESTION_ TERM_1> and
< ;QUESTION_ TERM_2> represent the terms ... particular question type. Judicious choice
of the QA example pair therefore allows it to
be used for many question types without
change.
3 Finding Answers
Using the patterns to answer a new question...
... response.
Our original system, like many
current
question- answering
systems, had simple mechanisms for generating lists and
tables in response to questions. As we broadened our
system& apos;s coverage, ... complications arise when the system wants to
add some words or explanation to the direct answer to a
question. When asked a yes-no question, a helpful
question- answeringsystem will try to provide ... performed by LISP procedures in the
systems cited (in our system it is coded in Restriction
Language, a language specially designed for writing
natural- language grammars). The first two functions...