... in either Emerton or Oman.
[Pg 1]
INTRODUCTION TOTHEHISTORYOF WESTERN EUROPE
CHAPTER I
THE HISTORICAL POINT OF VIEW
The scope of history.
1. History, in the broadest sense ofthe ... Previous tothe year 375 the attempts ofthe Germans to penetrate into the
Empire appear to have been due to their love of adventure, their hope of enjoying
some ofthe advantages of their civilized ... then
that fugitives from the cities of northeastern Italy fled tothe sandy islets just off the
Adriatic shore and founded the town which was to grow into the beautiful and
powerful city of...
... Goths into the Empire. Battle of Adrianople, 378.]
9. Previous tothe year 375 the attempts ofthe Germans to penetrate into the Empire appear to have been due
to their love of adventure, their ... but they had also learned that they could defeat the Roman legions. The battle of
Adrianople may, therefore, be said to mark the beginning ofthe conquest ofthe western part ofthe Empire by
the ... It was the era ofthe great "fathers" of Christian theology, to whom all
theologians since have looked back as tothe foremost interpreters of their religion. Among the chief of these
were...
... form they were
incorporated into church dogma. Some ofthe keen-
est minds in thehistoryof Western thought took on
the monumental task of synthesizing Aristotle’s phi-
losophy and Christian theology ... philosophy.
Scholasticism
The holy wars had brought the Western world into
contact with the works of Aristotle. The question
now was what to do with those works. The reaction
of the church tothe recovered ... projection of shadows ofthe travel-
ers and the objects onto the wall in front ofthe pris-
oners. For the prisoners, the projected shadows con-
stitute reality. This corresponds tothe lowest form of
understanding...
... TOTHE REST OF THIS BOOK
I have organised the contents of this book so as to begin,
in chapter 2, with some fundamental metaphysical problems
concerning the ontological status of subjects of ... accept what they say about this.
Secondly, if they mean to abandon reasoned argument alto-
gether, even in defence of their own position, then I have
1
Introduction
What is the philosophy of mind? ... meaning thereby just that they feel,
see, think, reason and so forth. According to this view of the
matter, the philosophy of mind is the philosophical study of
minded things just insofar as they...
... possible. And the
provision of just such a conception is one ofthe principal
tasks of metaphysics.
3
The point of these remarks is to emphasise there cannot
be progress either in the philosophy of mind ... GUIDE TOTHE REST OF THIS BOOK
I have organised the contents of this book so as to begin,
in chapter 2, with some fundamental metaphysical problems
concerning the ontological status of subjects of ... philosophical analysis of
the concept of seeing: but each will have more credibility to
the extent that it is consistent with the other.
METAPHYSICS AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF MIND
The philosophy of mind is not...
... eagle.
OBJECTIONS TO A TELEOLOGICAL ACCOUNT OF
MENTAL CONTENT
These advantages ofthe teleological theory of representation
over the causal theory may encourage us to try to extend it
to the case of mental ... statistical notion of normality will
not help the causal theory of content to solve the problem
of misrepresentation, then it begins to look as though the
causal theory is doomed to failure. Nor ... instance, the
various different alarm-calls used by vervet monkeys to alert
other monkeys tothe presence of various kinds of predator.
19
One type of call appears to represent the presence of eagles,
another...
... states of consciousness
to other human beings, so that to deny consciousness to the
hypothetical pile of pebbles in the circumstances envisaged
would be to succumb to narrow-minded prejudice, ofthe ... tothe computer’s ‘inputs’, other software states of the
computer, and the computer’s ‘outputs’. By a ‘software’ state
of a computer, I mean, for instance, its storing of a particular
piece of ... causally tothe bodily behaviour of its subject, as when a
belief that one’s leg has been injured, together with a desire
to relieve the consequent pain, can cause one to rub the affec-
ted part of the...
... shape ofthe tree and ofthe house, the intervening
ground between them, the sky behind them, and other
objects in their vicinity (together with their colours and
shapes). And these other ingredients ... one to divide one’s attention in a
way which seems to be psychologically impossible. From the
point of view ofthe causal theory, then, it is easy enough to
An introductiontothe philosophy of ... neither of
them assigns any significant role in perception tothe qualit-
ative or phenomenal characteristics of perceptual experience.
Indeed, neither of them really has any use for the notion of
perceptual...
... sphere altogether in favour of an equation of literature
with poetry. But these Romantics, as we now refer to them, none
the less sought to establish the importance of their vision of aes-
thetic ... they inflected in startlingly new ways. To forget this is to
make the mistake of simply reproducing the Romantic myth of
the originality ofthe creative act. The point of concluding with
one of ... these apparently dis-
tinct histories became part ofthe same story ofthe fragmentation
of the ideal of literature as a public sphere. The excesses gener-
ated by the French Revolution, on the...
... difference Hypothesis of cause
Introduction
At the turn ofthe twentieth century, the best known of all
dream investigators would be Sigmund Freud, who set out to
base his theory ofthe mind on ... strengthened over the past
SO years. In the process, thebook offers the reader a unique
opportunity to reconsider his or her own dream theory and, into
the bargain, to learn about the fascinating ... sleep, it is difficult to have recall unless an awakening
occurs to restore the availability of these chemicals tothe brain.
account for the bizarreness and the loss of logical reasoning. If...
... between the tooth. Thus
w r
stR st st
=
θ
(15.2-31)
The width of slot between the base ofthe tips is taken as the average ofthe distance
of the chord length ofthe inner corners ofthe tooth ... sin
π θ π θ
2 2
(15.2-32)
Maintaining the area ofthe slot and the area ofthe tooth base, the depth ofthe slot
(exclusive ofthe tooth tip) and width ofthe tooth base are set in accordance with
... there are several
other quantities of interest that will prove useful in the design ofthe machine. The first
of these is the area of a tooth base, which is the portion ofthe tooth that falls...
... constant factor, as they are all integer mul-
tiples ofthe cost of a basic instruction cycle. Furthermore, the total running
time ofthe program will be within a constant factor ofthe number of com-
pares. ... research papers led to a survey paper, then to a monograph, then
to a book, then to two books, then to a life’s work, I learned, as many students
and collaborators around the world have learned, ... edition of our book An Introductiontothe Analysis of Algorithms
was prepared with these thoughts in mind. It is dedicated tothe memory of
Philippe Flajolet, and is intended to teach generations to...
... phytoplankton. This
closes the cycling of material through the model food web.
One ofthe fundamental laws which the biogeochemical models have to obey is
the conservation of mass. The total ... limiting the further biomass development. Knowledge
of one element allows the calculation ofthe other elements.
We commence with a consideration of how nutrients control the rate of phyto-
plankton ... on the structure ofthe model equations and use the visualized products of
the simulation to discuss the results.
In this section we study the properties ofthe model for constant rates. The...
... systematically tothe red or tothe blue by an
amount that depends on the velocity ofthe observed star relative tothe Earth.
The overall relative velocity is the sum ofthe rotational velocity ofthe ... Earth,
the velocity ofthe Earth round the Sun and the Solar System around the centre
of the Galaxy, in addition to any velocity ofthe star. The rotational velocity of
the Galaxy makes the largest ... programme
of cosmology is the same as that of any other branch of physics: to explore the
known laws of physics to their limits.
2.8 The evolving Universe
The most surprising aspect ofthe night...
... either side of
the road, leading thence tothe capital. The fourth line of wall, with a strong gateway, is to be seen on the
south ofthe present village of Malpanagudi, where several remains of ... changed the political condition ofthe entire south. With that date the volume of
ancient history in that tract closes and the modern begins. It is the epoch of transition from the Old to the
New.
This ... gather what is useful to you from
both, and because you will thus give the more credit to some things in the chronicle ofthe kings of Bisnaga,
since they conform one tothe other. The copy of...