fiber optics power transmission lines

... J. Power transmission and distribution/Anthony J. Pansini 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN: 0-88173-503-5 (print) — 0-88173-504-3 (electronic) 1. Electric power transmission. 2. Electric power ... apparent power. From Figure 1-5 Power factor = wa tt s EI = cos θ where E = effective voltage, I = effective current, and θ is their angular displacement in phase. Figure 1 -5. Power Factor A power ... distribution (and transmission) system which is dependent on current capacity. For the same current and the same voltage, the power delivered is directly proportional to the power factor. Balance On...

... 3–5%. Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics GOVIND P. AGRAWAL The Institute of Optics University of Rochester OPTICS AND PHOTONICS San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo 18 Fiber Gratings δ ... Lasers . 208 5.2.1 Nd-Doped Fiber Lasers 208 5.2.2 Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers . . 211 5.2.3 Other Fiber Lasers . 215 5.2.4 Self-Pulsing and Chaos 216 5.3 Short-Pulse Fiber Lasers . . 218 5.3.1 ... (b) Figure 1.13 (a) Transmission spectrum of a fiber grating with (solid curve) and with- out (dashed curve) π 2 phase shift. (b) Bending of the central transmission peak with increasing power (normalized...

... and fiber. ᭟ ᭟ optic fiber is the transparent material, along which we can transmit light. ᭟ ᭟ fiber optics is the system, or branch of engineering concerned with using the optic fibers. Optic fiber ... –16 dB Introduction to Fiber Optics 42 Figure 5.3 What is the output power in watts? ch05 3/5/01 11:52 Page 42 Introduction to Fiber Optics 24 Figure 4.4 A typical size of fiber Figure 4.5 Bendy ... Optic fiber is therefore used in a fiber optic system. ᭟ ᭟ fiber is a friendly abbreviation for either, so we could say that fiber is used in a fiber system. Optic fiber and light – a brilliant combination 7 Figure...

... 5. CONCLUSION The concept of Microwave Power transmission (MPT) and Wireless Power Transmission system is presented. The technological developments in Wireless Power Transmission (WPT), the advantages, ... Words Microwave Power transmission (MPT), Nikola Tesla, Rectenna, Solar Power Satellites (SPS), Wireless Power transmission (WPT). 1. INTRODUCTION One of the major issue in power system is ... choose an alternative option for power transmission which could provide much higher efficiency, low transmission cost and avoid power theft. Microwave Power Transmission is one of the promising ...

... links to the home, office, and phone are not fiber. CATV also uses fiber optics via a unique analog transmission scheme, but they are already planning on fiber moving to compressed digital video. ... This angle defines a primary fiber specification, the numerical aperture. FIBER APPLICATIONS Each type of fiber has its specific application. Step-index multimode fiber is used where large core ... three types of optical fiber. Singlemode fibers are smaller in core diameter than multimode fibers and offer much greater bandwidth, but the larger core size of multimode fiber makes cou- pling...

... Technology NIST. This national standards organization is affiliated with the U.S. Department of Commerce. http://www.nist.gov/ 1063 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary ATM Models and Test Systems of Interest Model over ATM Description Appendix B Classical IP A model for enabling ... Concepts Cell Factor allowed cell rate current cell rate cutoff decrease factor cell interarrival variation generic cell rate algorithm initial cell rate minimum cell rate peak cell rate rate decrease factor sustainable cell rate unspecified bit rate variable bit rate 1054 Description ACR. A traffic management parameter dynamically managed by congestion control mechanisms. ACR varies between the minimum cell rate (MCR) and the peak cell rate (PCR). CCR. Aids in the calculation of ER and may not be changed by the network elements (NEs). CCR is set by the source to the available cell rate (ACR) when generating a forward RM-cell. CDF. Controls the decrease in the allowed cell rate (ACR) associated with the cell rate margin (CRM). CIV. Changes in arrival times of cells nearing the receiver. If the cells are carrying information that must be synchronized, as in constant bit rate (CBR) traffic, then latency and other delays that cause interarrival variation can interfere with the output. GCRA. A conformance enforcing algorithm that evaluates arriving cells. See leaky bucket. ICR. A traffic flow available bit rate (ABR) service parameter. The ICR is the rate at which the source should be sending the data. MeR. Available bit rate (ABR) service traffic descriptor. The MeR is the transmission rate in cells per second at which the source may always send. PCR. The PCR is the transmission rate in cells per second which may never be exceeded. It characterizes the constant bit rate (CBR). ROE An available bit rate (ABR) flow control service parameter that controls the decrease in the transmission rate of cells when it is needed. See cell rate. SCR. The upper measure of a computed average rate of cell transmission over time. UBR. An unguaranteed service type in which the network makes a best efforts attempt to meet bandwidth requirements. VBR. The type of irregular traffic generated by most non-voice media. Guaranteed sufficient bandwidth and QoS. © ... Concepts Cell Factor allowed cell rate current cell rate cutoff decrease factor cell interarrival variation generic cell rate algorithm initial cell rate minimum cell rate peak cell rate rate decrease factor sustainable cell rate unspecified bit rate variable bit rate 1054 Description ACR. A traffic management parameter dynamically managed by congestion control mechanisms. ACR varies between the minimum cell rate (MCR) and the peak cell rate (PCR). CCR. Aids in the calculation of ER and may not be changed by the network elements (NEs). CCR is set by the source to the available cell rate (ACR) when generating a forward RM-cell. CDF. Controls the decrease in the allowed cell rate (ACR) associated with the cell rate margin (CRM). CIV. Changes in arrival times of cells nearing the receiver. If the cells are carrying information that must be synchronized, as in constant bit rate (CBR) traffic, then latency and other delays that cause interarrival variation can interfere with the output. GCRA. A conformance enforcing algorithm that evaluates arriving cells. See leaky bucket. ICR. A traffic flow available bit rate (ABR) service parameter. The ICR is the rate at which the source should be sending the data. MeR. Available bit rate (ABR) service traffic descriptor. The MeR is the transmission rate in cells per second at which the source may always send. PCR. The PCR is the transmission rate in cells per second which may never be exceeded. It characterizes the constant bit rate (CBR). ROE An available bit rate (ABR) flow control service parameter that controls the decrease in the transmission rate of cells when it is needed. See cell rate. SCR. The upper measure of a computed average rate of cell transmission over time. UBR. An unguaranteed service type in which the network makes a best efforts attempt to meet bandwidth requirements. VBR. The type of irregular traffic generated by most non-voice media. Guaranteed sufficient bandwidth and QoS. ©...

... available and searchable on the Internet and are well documented in Martin Weik's dictionary. Instead, the Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary takes a current and comprehensive look at the fiber optics field and the various applica- tions of fiber optics, rounds out the picture with some introductory ... system, and wireless satellite systems are joined at the hip, with fiber optics landlines often supplemented by satellite links and vice versa. Fiber optics is attracting attention from many different sectors. In Spring ... certification training. This dictionary can meet that need as well. Audience for the Dictionary The Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary is suitable for awide variety of beginning profession- als in fiber optics, as well as students and instructors. It will also be ofinterest to professionals in other fields who want to get a...

... iono- spheric changes that interfere with signal integrity. Terrestrial impediments, unplanned movement, and reflective interference may also cause the abnormal propagation of transmission signals. In fiber optic transmissions, scratches or breaks in the tiny fibers can cause the laser light beams to diverge from their expected paths, causing abnormal signals. In com- puter ... point and point charges at specified positions, the absolute potential at the general point can be calculated along with the electric field intensity. See absolute, coulomb. absolute power Power levels relative to a reference as expressed in quantitative units such as watts, volts, decibels, etc. A thermocouple power meter may dis- play absolute power in terms of watts or decibels ex- pressed in milliwatts (0 dBm = ... band 1. The radiant energy ofa range of electromagnetic waves or frequencies absorbed by a substance. The concept is useful in fiber optic cable fabrication. When Bragg gratings are incorporated into optical fibers to tune them to certain frequency ranges, the pattern is incorporated into the fiber with lasers corresponding to the absorption band of the doped fiber. 2. Depending upon the matter in which absorption occurs, a region of electromagnetic fre- quencies wherein the absorption coefficient reaches a relative maximum. See absorption coefficient. absorption...

... client or server software), or enabling tools that do anyone © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary the device or fiber. Depending upon the application, particles outside the acceptance cone and sometimes large-angle particles within the acceptance cone are excluded from processing or further transmission. See acceptance angle. See Acceptance Cone diagram. acceptance pattern 1. In antennas, a diagramatic plot of off-axis power as it relates to on-axis power as a function of the position or angle of the antenna for a given plane (e.g., horizontal plane). 2. In fiber op- tics, a diagramatic plot of the total transmitted power as it relates to the launch angle of the transmission. acceptance ... LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary the device or fiber. Depending upon the application, particles outside the acceptance cone and sometimes large-angle particles within the acceptance cone are excluded from processing or further transmission. See acceptance angle. See Acceptance Cone diagram. acceptance pattern 1. In antennas, a diagramatic plot of off-axis power as it relates to on-axis power as a function of the position or angle of the antenna for a given plane (e.g., horizontal plane). 2. In fiber op- tics, a diagramatic plot of the total transmitted power as it relates to the launch angle of the transmission. acceptance ... LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary the device or fiber. Depending upon the application, particles outside the acceptance cone and sometimes large-angle particles within the acceptance cone are excluded from processing or further transmission. See acceptance angle. See Acceptance Cone diagram. acceptance pattern 1. In antennas, a diagramatic plot of off-axis power as it relates to on-axis power as a function of the position or angle of the antenna for a given plane (e.g., horizontal plane). 2. In fiber op- tics, a diagramatic plot of the total transmitted power as it relates to the launch angle of the transmission. acceptance periodA period, usually ofa few weeks, during which a product or service is evaluated by the receiver as to its conformance to the agreed-upon specifications. It is more commonly a stipulation of custom installations than of...

... Service AMSS. A global mobile communications service implemented 29 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary transmission. The idea was to use preceding samples to continuously predict subsequent speech samples, to compare them, and transmit the residual predic- tion error. At the receiving end, the same prediction algorithm and information about the residual were used to reconstruct the samples. The result was more natural sounding speecq. The approach was ... factor AIRF. In ATM, an available bit rate (ABR) service parameter for con- trolling cell transmission rate increases is called the © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary Advanced Video Systems Group AVSG. A Cana- dian research group engaged in high technology mul- timedia and broadcasting studies, including broad- cast television, high-definition television, and 3D- TV. The AVSG utilizes the Advanced Television Evalua- tion Laboratory for its research. More specifically, it studies video technologies as they relate to human perception. The Group has strong ties to the Video Quality Experts Group (VQEG), an international as- sociation of experts tasked with validating objective measures of picture quality for broadcasting. See Ad- vanced Television Evaluation Laboratory. Advisory ... de Aguilonshistoric bookon optics. Aguilon, Fran~ois de (1546-1617)ABelgian Jesuit who began a school for mathematics in Antwerp in 31 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary adjacent...

... requirements for install- ing the fiber bundle. See align. alignment indicator 1. A diagnostic display (or sound) used in fiber optic sensors to aid in assessing fiber- to -fiber or fiber- to-Iaser alignments. See align. 2. An ... connection may be linked to a hybrid installation where wire or fiber are used in buildings. alignment test In fiber optics fabrication, a test of the physical alignment or optical properties of two fiber filaments that are about to be fused. In simple manual ... results to ap- proach a new line of inquiry. Alignment is a basic concept with many applications in optical communications. In fiber optics, physical alignment of fine fila- ments or filament bundles in relation to sup- porting or shielding structures is important for maintaining a light wave within the fiber and for providing...

... William Beecher, AO's founder, produced steel eyeglasses on equipment of his own invention. Five years later, the product line was extended to gold frames. By 1898, AO was establishing industry standards for certain lenses. A research laboratory was established in 1909, one that was to attract a significant pool of talent, and AO was awarded a number of patents in the optics industry. In the early 1920s, the Spencer company in- troduced optical spectrometers, goniometers, and re- fractometers. In 1935,American Optical acquired the Spencer Lens Company, which operated as AO's In- strument Division as of 1945. By the 1920s, the company had expanded from con- sumer eyeglasses into industrial safety products and expanded further into military optics in the early years of World War II. Many renowned scientists in the optical community have worked at one time or another for American Optical. While AO didn't express much interest in fiber optics in the 1950s, W. Hicks, arecentAO em- ployee who left to fonn another company, succeeded in fabricating a fiber filament, through fiber pulling, that could transmit light as a single-mode waveguide, in 1959. The potential of the single-mode waveguide was recognized by Elias Snitzer and described by him in a paper written in 1961. During the 1960s and 1970s, many pioneering opti- cal medical instrument components were produced by AO. In 1999 - 2000, American Optical was ac- quired by SOLA, an Australian lens company. American ... societies and government agencies. The ANSI Federation © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary network transmissions protocols with addresses as- signed in the . ampr.org domain. The sharing ofpacket radio communications among amateur radio buffs began with packet bulletin board systems (PBBSs) similar to the BBSs popular with computer hobbyists in the early and mid-1980s. The main differences between the two were that computer BBSs were primarily ... Teachers AAPT. The AAPT supports professional and research phys- ics and physics education through activities and pub- lications, including the American Journal of Phys- ics, Physics Today, and The Physics Teacher. Phys- ics and engineering (applied physics) are at the heart of the understanding and development of all commu- nications systems. http://www.aapt.org/ 43 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary American Wire Gauge, Brown and Sharpe Wire Gauge AWG. Astandardized wire diameter system, exclusive of covering, for nonferrous conductors such as copper and aluminum. With a range from 1 to 40, lower numbers denote thicker wires, higher ones thin- ner wires. Generally, for a...

... wattmeter may be used to assess real power. Reactive power, in an in-phase AC (or DC) circuit, will be zero (0) in which real power and apparent power are equal. However, there may be out-of-phase characteristics in the voltage or the waveform of the AC circuit and thus the power factor (PF) ratio may drop below one (1 ). Reactive power is the vector dif- ference between apparent and real power. In practical applications, if the apparent power in- creases, the power factor decreases and the circuit may adapt to satisfy the real power needs. See power, work. APPC Advanced Program-to-Program Communica- tions. An ffiM set of operations and transactions to enable user-written programs to perform client-server network transactions. APPC/PC ... power) , 3. The root-mean-square (RMS) current times the root-mean-square voltage in the current. The designations of real power, reactive power, and apparent power came about because alternating cur- rent (AC) is a more complicated phenomenon than direct current (DC) in terms ofcalculating power. In DC circuits, a fairly straightforward product of volt- age times amperage provides a measure of power. However, in AC circuits, where sinusoidal periodic alternations of current and voltage are not necessar- ily in phase with one another, mathematical assess- ments of power have to take into consideration the alternating ... differences of these waves in relation to one another. Real power is derived by sampling the voltage in a large number of small time segments, then assessing the current in each and averaging the sum of the cal- culation. A wattmeter may be used to assess real power. Reactive power, in an in-phase AC (or DC) circuit, will be zero (0) in which real power and apparent power are equal. However, there may be out-of-phase characteristics in the voltage or the waveform of the AC circuit and thus the power factor (PF) ratio may drop below one (1 ). Reactive power is the vector dif- ference between apparent and real power. In practical applications, if the apparent power in- creases, the power factor decreases and the circuit may adapt to satisfy the real power needs. See power, work. APPC Advanced Program-to-Program Communica- tions. An ffiM set of operations and transactions to enable user-written programs to perform client-server network transactions. APPC/PC...