describe three responsibilities of the data link layer of the osi model

... Data Link Layer Protocols- The Frame 31 • Remember that although there are many different Data Link layer protocols that describe Data Link layer frames, each frame type has three basic ... www.bkacad.com Overview Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: • Explain the role of Data Link layer protocols in data transmission. • Describe how the Data Link layer prepares data for transmission ... consists of virtual connections between the nodes of a network independent of their physical layout. – These logical signal paths are defined by Data Link layer protocols. • The Data Link layer...

... Using the Data Link Properties Dialog Box Problem You want to display the Data Link Properties dialog b ox from an application so that users can create their own database connections just as they ... and displays a Data Link Properties dialog box using the Microsoft OLE DB Service Component through COM interop. The C# code is shown in Example 1-10 . Example 1-10. File: DataLinkDialogForm.cs ... reference to the Microsoft OLE DB Service Component 1.0 Type Library from the COM tab in Visual Studio .NET's Add Reference Dialog. The sample code contains a single event handler: Data Link...

... outcome of the transaction. Operation of CRM The first step in the operation of the CRM is the client component’s creation of the CRM Worker. The client component then begins using the CRM Worker. ... satisfy the requirements of the Create Requisition use case. In the class, include the necessary methods to obtain the next database ID. The class should also cache database IDs from the database ... that focus on the DAL: Module 8, The Nontransactional Data Access Layer and Module 9, The Transactional Data Access Layer. ” The DAL is an application’s means of access to data services....

... the database. Also, the cursor does not track changes to the underlying data. This is useful if you need an unchanging snapshot of the data. 30 Module 8: The Nontransactional Data Access Layer ... is the first of two modules that focus on the DAL: Module 8, The Nontransactional Data Access Layer and Module 9, The Transactional Data Access Layer. ” The DAL is an application’s means of ... Harness The implementation of an XML physical design begins with a definition of the schema for the data exchange. The schema should identify the rules for each data element and composite element...

... precisely these relatively inexpensive components of the network that can have long-term, positive impact on the reliability and profitability of the network. Bend Radius Protection The must-have of ... connectivity for the physical layer, the Network Planning organization not only meets the requirements of its internal customer – Operations – but also contributes to the profitability of the company ... physical layer of the wireless network is getting larger and more complex. With more wireless data services come smaller coverage areas, increasing the number of cell sites as well as the number of...

... outcome of the transaction. Operation of CRM The first step in the operation of the CRM is the client component’s creation of the CRM Worker. The client component then begins using the CRM Worker. ... satisfy the requirements of the Create Requisition use case. In the class, include the necessary methods to obtain the next database ID. The class should also cache database IDs from the database ... logic layer. The transactional DAL then processes the requests by delegating the requests to the data services layer. The transactional DAL can return to the business logic layer either success...

... responsible for the focus on the health of children under five years of age, and he was the leader in the definition of the health status and determinants indicators that framed the literature ... about the significance of urbanization with respect to the health of the poorest children living in the poorest settlements in cities. The underlying purpose of this study is to support the design ... design of effective program interventions to improve the health of these children. The report tries to deal with the questions of what is different about the living situations and life chances of...

... thepopulation.Thenumberofwomen sherepresentsinthepopulationiscalled her‘‘samplingweight.’’Sampling weightsmayvaryconsiderablyfromthis averagevaluedependingonthe respondent’srace,theresponseratefor similarwomen,andotherfactors.As withanysamplesurvey,theestimatesin thisreportaresubjecttosampling variability.SignificancetestsonNSFG datashouldbedonetakingthesampling designintoaccount. Nonsamplingerrorswereminimized bystringentquality-controlprocedures thatincludedthoroughinterviewer training,checkingtheconsistencyof answersduringandaftertheinterview, imputingmissingdata,andadjustingthe samplingweightsfornonresponseand undercoveragetomatchnationaltotals. Estimatesofsamplingerrorsandother statisticalaspectsofthesurveyare describedinmoredetailinanother separatereport(13). Thisreportshowsfindingsby characteristicsofthewomaninterviewed, includingherage,maritalstatus, education,parity,householdincome dividedbythepovertylevel,andraceand Hispanicorigin.Ithasbeenshownthat blackandHispanicwomenhavemarkedly lowerlevelsofincome,education,and accesstohealthcareandhealthinsurance, thanwhitewomen(14).Theseandother factors,ratherthanraceororiginperse, probablyaccountfordifferencesinthe behaviorsandoutcomesstudiedinthis reportamongwhite,black,andHispanic women(15). TableBshowsafactorthatshould beconsideredininterpretingtrendsin pregnancy-relatedbehaviorintheUnited States:thechangingagecompositionof thereproductive-agepopulation.In 1982,therewere54.1millionwomenof reproductiveageintheUnitedStates;in 1988,57.9million;andin1995,60.2 million(16).Thelargebabyboom cohort,bornbetween1946and1964, was18–34yearsofagein1982,24–42 yearsofagein1988,and31–49years ofagein1995.Theselargebirthcohorts werepreceded(upto1945)and followed(1965–80)bysmallercohorts. Whiletheoverallnumberofwomen 15–44yearsofageroseby6million,or 11percentbetween1982and1995 ,the numberofteenagewomendroppedby about6percent,thenumberofwomen 20–24yearsofagedroppedby 15percent,andthenumberofwomen 25–29droppedby6percent(tableB).In contrast,thenumberofwomen30–44 yearsofageincreasedsharply—for example,thenumberofwomen40–44 yearsofageincreasedby59percent between1982and1995.Also,women 30–44yearsofageaccountedfor 54percentofwomen15–44yearsofage in1995comparedwith44percentin 1982.Thesedifferencesinage compositionmayberelevantwhenever timetrendsamongwomen15–44years ofagearebeingdiscussed. Publicusefilesbasedonthe1995 NSFGareavailableoncomputertape. TheywillalsobeavailableonCompact DiscRead-OnlyMemory(CD-ROM). Questionsaboutthecostandavailability ofthecomputertapesshouldbedirected totheNationalTechnicalInformation Service(NTIS),5285PortRoyalRoad, Springfield,VA22161,703–487-4650, or1–800-553-NTIS.Questionsregarding theCD-ROMfilesshouldbedirectedto NCHS’DataDisseminationBranchat 301–436-8500. Results T ables1–17containmeasuresof pregnancyandbirthintheUnited States. ChildrenEverBornandTotal BirthsExpected In1995,women15–44yearsof ageintheUnitedStateshadhadan averageof1.2birthsperwoman (table1).Thiscompareswith1.2in 1988and1.3in1982(17).In1995, women15–44yearsofageexpectedto finishtheirchildbearingwithan averageof2.2childrenperwoman (table1)comparedwith2.2in1988 and2.4in1982(17). Theproportionwhoreportthatthey haveneverbeenpregnantwasmarkedly higherforcollegegraduatesthanfor thosewhodidnotcompletehighschool (table3).Thissamepatternbyeducation isalsoseenwhendataforlivebirthsare examined(tables4–5):about49percent ofwomen22–44yearsofagewhohad graduatedfromcollegehadhadnolive birthsasofthedateofinterview comparedwithjust8percentofwomen 22–44yearsofagewithoutahigh schooldiploma(table4).Withinrace andHispanicorigingroups,thepattern wasthesame:collegegraduateshad markedlyhigherpercentschildlessthan womenwithlesseducation(table5). Table6showsacomparison betweenlivebirthsreportedinthe NSFGandlivebirthsregisteredonbirth certificatesintheyears1991–94.In eachindividualcalendaryearandfor thesumoftheyears1991–94 ,the NSFGestimateofthenumberofbirths isveryclosetothebirthcertificatetotal anddiffersfromitbylessthanthe NSFG’ssamplingerror.TheNSFG estimateisalsoverycloseforwhite women.TheNSFGestimateforblack womenisslightlylower,andthe estimateforotherracessomewhat higherthanthebirthcertificatedata.A discussionofthisdifferenceisgivenin thedefinitionof‘‘RaceandHispanic origin’’inthe‘‘DefinitionsofTerms.’’ Overall,andbycharacteristicsother thanrace,however,table6showsthat TableB.Numberofwomen,byage:UnitedStates,1982,1988,and1995 Age¬ ... 19 nonvoluntaryintercourse.Onesetof questionswasintheinterviewer- administeredportionofthesurveyand thesecondwasintheself-administered portion(AudioCASI).Inthe interviewer-administeredseries,they wereaskedwhethertheirfirst intercoursewas‘‘voluntaryornot voluntary.’’Forabout8percentof women15–44yearsofagewhohave hadintercourse,theirfirstintercourse wasnotvoluntary(table21).Forthose whosefirstintercourseoccurredatage 15oryounger,thatfirstintercoursewas nonvoluntaryfor16percentcompared with7percentorlessforthosewhose firstintercourseoccurredatage16or older.Thepercentwhosefirst intercoursewasnonvoluntaryisnearly 10percentamongwomenwhosefirst intercoursewasbefore1975compared withabout6percentamongwomenwho firsthadintercourseinthe1990’s (table21). Intheself-administered(Audio CASI)portionoftheinterview,women wereaskedarelatedbutdifferent question:whethertheyhadeverbeen forcedbyamantohavesexual intercourseagainsttheirwill.About 20percentofwomenreportedthatthey hadbeenforcedbyamantohave intercourseagainsttheirwillatsome timeintheirlives(table22).Thus, table21showsthatfor8percentof women,theirfirstintercoursewas nonvoluntary;table22showsthat 20percenthadhadnonvoluntary intercourseatsometime—not necessarilyatfirstintercourse.Table22 alsoshowsthat6percentofwomen reportedthattheywereforcedtohave intercoursebeforetheywere15and another6percentbeforetheywere18.A fairlyhighpercentofformerlymarried (divorcedorseparated)women—about 35percent—reportedthattheyhadbeen forcedtohaveintercourse.Thisfinding deservesfurtherstudy. FirstSexualPartner Therehasbeenmuchpublic discussionaboutthepartnersofsexually activeteenagers.Table23profilesthe ageofmalepartnersatwomen’sfirst voluntaryintercourse.Abouttwo-thirds (66percent)ofwomenwhohadtheir firstvoluntaryintercoursebeforethey were16hadfirstpartnerswhowere under18yearsofage;21percenthad firstpartners18–19yearsofage; 7percenthadfirstpartners20–22years ofage,2percenthadfirstpartners 23–24yearsofage,and4percenthad firstpartners25yearsofageorolder (table23). Only3percentofwomenhadtheir firstintercoursewithamantheyjust met.About3outof5women (61percent)were‘‘goingsteady’’or ‘‘goingtogether’’withthemantheyhad intercoursewiththefirsttime,andabout 1in5wereengagedormarriedtohim. About12percentofallwomenwere marriedwhentheyhadtheirfirst intercourse.Amongwomen40–44years ofage(bornin1951–55),23percent weremarriedtotheirpartneratfirst intercoursewhileabout2percentof women15–19yearsofage(born 1971–75)weremarriedtotheirfirst partner.Womenwholivedwithbothof theirparentsthroughouttheirchildhood weremorelikelythanotherwomento havebeenmarriedtotheirpartnerat firstintercourse(table24). FirstIntercourseRelativeto FirstMarriage Amongever-marriedwomen15–44 yearsofage,82percenthadfirst intercoursebeforetheyweremarried. About69percentofthosefirstmarried in1965–74hadtheirfirstintercourse beforemarriagecomparedwith 89percentofthosefirstmarriedinthe 1990’s.Only2percentofthosefirst marriedin1965–74hadtheirfirst intercourse5yearsormorebefore marriagecomparedwith56percentof thosefirstmarriedinthe1990’s (table25). NumberofSexualPartners Asmentionedpreviously,some questionsonabortion,sexualpartners, andforcedsexualintercoursewere askedinboththeinterviewer- administeredandtheself-administered (AudioCASI)portionsoftheinterview. Responsestosensitivequestionsappear tohavebeenaffectedbythecomputer self-administeredmodeofinterviewing. Tables26–31showdataonthenumber ofsexualpartnersinthelast1year,5 years,andlifetime,usingboththe interviewer-administeredandself- administeredmethods.Presentingdata basedonbothmodesofinterviewing allowstheexaminationofdifferencesin reportingduetothemodeof interviewing(table26versus27, table28versus29,andtable30versus 31);andtheselectionoffindingsmost appropriateforcomparisontoother surveys. About3percentofunmarried womentoldtheinterviewerthatthey hadhadfourormoremalesexual partnersinthelast12months(table26), comparedwith9percentreportingfour ormorepartnersinAudioCASI (table27).Asimilardisparitywasfound whencomparingtheinterviewerresults withAudioCASIresultsforthenumber ofpartnerssinceJanuary1991(alittle lessthan5years,onaverage). Amongunmarriedwomen,14percent toldtheinterviewertheyhadfouror moremalesexualpartnerssinceJanuary 1991(table28)while18percent reportedinAudioCASIthattheyhad hadfourormorepartnersinthattime (table29). Thistopicdeservesmoredetailed study,butitappearsthatusingthemore privateinterviewtechniquegavea higherandpresumablymorecomplete estimateofthenumberofpartners amongunmarriedwomen(8,11). MarriageandCohabitation Tables32–37show1995dataon formalmarriageandunmarried cohabitation.About38percentof women15–44yearsofagehadnever beenmarriedwheninterviewedin1995 (table32).Thepercentnevermarried washigherineveryagegroupin1995 thanitwasin1982(24).Abouthalfof women25–39yearsofagehavehadan unmarriedcohabitationwithamanat sometimeintheirlives;10to 11percentofwomenintheirtwenties arecurrentlycohabitingwithaman (table33). About30percentofwomen25–39 yearsofagelivedwithaman (cohabited)beforetheirfirstmarriage (table34).Overone-half(57percent )of Series23,No.19[Page5 Table ... marital status provided by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The 10,847 women in the NSFG represent the 60.2 million women in the civilian noninstitutional population of the United States in 1995. Thus,...

... (tables 97,98) The NSFG is one of the few reliable sources of nationally representative data on the use of infertility services. Earlier reports have documented the rise in use of these services ... health of men and women (11–13). Strengths and Limitations of the Data The data in this report come primarily from the most recent cycle of the NSFG conducted in 2002, and, as a result, they ... Table 24 describes couple agreement or disagreement about the intendedness (at time of conception) of recent births, with the father’s attitudes based on the mother’s reports of his attitude....

... different types of land cover. These combinations will be used for the classification for the land cover types for which the combination is the most discriminative. Due to the constraints of the spatial ... resolution even of 15m are still limited for the detailed land use mapping of the studied area. Instead of this, ASTER data provide a wide range of spectra and we assume that there exist some ... Methodology As the studied area is characterized by a large diversity of land use practice with a land cover of small size, the discrimination capacity of the data is essential. ASTER data with...

... with the consent of the contractor, shall form part of the agreement. 27. The contractor shall visit the site of the work & shall satisfy himself as to the conditions under which the ... 28. The contractor shall get the approval of the Architect regarding the route of conduits, No. of runs, diameter of conduits, No. & size of wires, location of pull boxes, route of cables ... the date of opening of the tenders. 4. The time completion of work shall be essence of the contract, and shall be completed within 60 days only from the date of award of work 5. Offers...

... because the dis- tances in this extended graph are based on the so- lution of the LP. The properties of this algorithm are given by the following two theorems (proofs in Appendix A). Theorem 2. The ... (2) The first summand accounts for the edges en- tirely within the region, and the second one ac- counts for the edges in C(v, r) to the extent that they are within the radius. The definition of ... actually describe two related concepts in a single page. Our algo- rithm will then either make a somewhat arbitrary assignment to the component of either the first or second concept, or the broader...

... containing the double of NrfA subunit in respect to the NrfH subunit. Nevertheless, inside these huge aggregates there are species of the type a 2 b 2. The present findings are in agreement with the ... regard, the best combination of the two subunits that match the smallest molecular mass is a 2 b 2 . Overnight incubation of the protein in this detergent led to a decrease of the area of the first ... correlations The determination of the 3D structure of D. desulfuri- cans ATCC 27774 NrfA [17] enabled to ascertain the spatial characterization of the five hemes, namely their proximity and the axial...

... around the sides of the small mineral particles. In the five-layered model of nacre organic matrix organization [7,60] the surface layers, also called the ÔenvelopeÕ by the authors, are the aspartic ... Some important roles were ascribed to them as the control of nucleation, the growth and the inhibition of crystal forma- tion [8,73]. The other compounds of the nacre organic matrix, present in ... proteins. However, the surface molecules extracted in WSM correspond to the core of the organic matrix layer of the previous model, the silk-fibroin-like molecules. Thus, we may think of a different...