cu inga se2 cds thin film solar cells made by new precursors
THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS ppt
... to know both the energy produced by the cell and the energy generated by the chemical reaction The thermodynamic efficiency of a fuel cell can be calculated by Equation 11 [8] ηt = ΔG ΔH (11) ... research could focus on new areas (e.g economics, fi‐ nance, management, other natural sciences) to implement the described procedures Acknowledgements This research is funded by the Hungarian ... two decades, basic documents for the international harmonization of metrological and laboratorial aspects have been prepared by international organizations Adoption of these documents helps the...
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APPLICATIONS OF MONTE CARLO METHOD IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING_2 pot
... of sensitized Alloy 600 by different heating duration times were simulated using Monte Carlo (MC) method and the results are discussed focusing on M-H curves affected by the sensitization (Yamaguchi ... 28(b) shows the calculation results of M-H curves The results of calculated M-H curves are the average of magnetization for two directions of applied magnetic field along perpendicular (x direction) ... The behaviors of calculated M-H curves for duration times 558 Applications of Monte Carlo Method in Science and Engineering Fig 28 M-H curves of (a) experiment and (b) calculation for each duration...
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APPLICATIONS OF MONTE CARLO METHOD IN SCIENCAPPLICATIONS OF MONTE CARLO METHOD IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING_1E AND ENGINEERING_1 doc
... magnification is given by the fraction of the focus-detector-distance FDD and the focus-object-distance FOD As illustrated in 3, the geometrical unsharpness Ug of the image is given by FDD (1) Ug = ... which drift to nearby electrode beads due to the electrical field within the semiconductor At the electrodes a current can be measured, which is proportional to the energy deposited by the X-rays (Beutel ... yet common specimen, whereupon not yet common means, new in object size, new in material or material combination, new in aspect ratio or also new in the task is sometimes challenging, specially...
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APPLICATIONS OF MONTE CARLO METHODS IN BIOLOGY, MEDICINE AND OTHER FIELDS OF SCIENCE pps
... of a occurring, P( a), times the probability of b occurring given a has occurred, P(b| a), and the probability of b occurring, P(b), times the probability of a occurring given b has occurred, ... AY AY −→ A + Y k− X X −→ ∅ k BR B + R −→ B + R + Y k+ BY B + Y −→ BY (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) k− BY (15) k+ Y (16) BY −→ B + Y BY + R −→ BY + R + Y k+ BX B + X −→ BX k− BX BX −→ B + X (17) (18) ... follows: • If a new position provides more people, then stay at the new position and update the number • If the number of shoppers decreases by moving to a new position, she stay at the new position...
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Multi-Carrier Digital Communications - Theory and Applications of OFDM
... particularly before the development of equalization techniques We then focus on the bandwidth efficient technology of OFDM, in particular the digital signal processing techniques that have made ... detected by a pair of tuned circuits Alternate symbols are gated to one of the tuned circuits, whose signal is held for the duration of the next symbol The signals in the two tuned circuits are ... architecture, circular convolution is replaced by multiplication The repetition of the training sequence results in circular convolution Therefore, Equation 2.26 is replaced by: where superscript...
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Multi-Carrier Digital Communications Theory and Applications of OFDM pdf
... particularly before the development of equalization techniques We then focus on the bandwidth efficient technology of OFDM, in particular the digital signal processing techniques that have made ... detected by a pair of tuned circuits Alternate symbols are gated to one of the tuned circuits, whose signal is held for the duration of the next symbol The signals in the two tuned circuits are ... architecture, circular convolution is replaced by multiplication The repetition of the training sequence results in circular convolution Therefore, Equation 2.26 is replaced by: where superscript...
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THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF CT IMAGING AND ANALYSIS pdf
... (Sp) and accuracy (Ac) measurements for all analysis performed in the study Sensibility is given by TP ( TP + FN ), specificity is obtained by TN ( TN + FP), and accuracy is given by ( TP + TN ... contour curvature of the walls changes smoothly in general, but the curvature involving the connected nodules changes more sharply Differences in the curvature may be incorporated into a new energy ... detection accuracy of the CAD systems can be further improved by incorporating the proposed technique Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,...
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Theory and applications of ofdm and cdma wideband wireless communications phần 1 ppsx
... obtained from ˜ S(f ) by a frequency shift by −f0 followed by an ideal low-pass filter of bandwidth B/2, √ and a scaling by the factor Denoting the low-pass filter impulse response by (t), this operation ... response g ∗ (−t) The detector Dg for g(t) is defined by the matched filter output sampled at t = 0, that is, by the detector output Dg [r] given by Dg [r] = ∞ −∞ g ∗ (t)r(t) dt (1.20) for any receive ... Fourier transform U (f ) of u(t) is given by π TS /β exp − (π TS f/β)2 , U (f ) = and the filter flank is V (f ) = π + erf TS f β The filter curve is then given by H (f ) = TS erf π β TS f + − erf π...
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Theory and applications of ofdm and cdma wideband wireless communications phần 2 ppt
... zero Denoting the distance between two points by 2d, the signal constellation for 2-ASK is given by xl ∈ {±d}, for 4-ASK by xl ∈ {±d, ±3d} and for 8-ASK by xl ∈ {±d, ±3d, ±5d, ±7d} We consider Gray ... The PEP is then given by P (si (t) → sk (t)) = erfc ES 2N0 One can transmit log2 (M) bits by selecting one of M possible signals Therefore, the energy per bit is given by Eb = ES / log2 (M), ... is then given by Equation (1.86) as P (s1 (t) → s2 (t)) = erfc ES N0 One can transmit one bit by selecting one of the two possible signals Therefore, the energy per bit is given by Eb = ES leading...
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Theory and applications of ofdm and cdma wideband wireless communications phần 3 ppt
... diversity receive vector can be described by Equation (2.26) by ˆ setting s1 = · · · = sL with K replaced by L The maximum likelihood transmit symbol s is given by Equations (2.28) and (2.29), which ... (WH) codes As already discussed in the example in the last subsection, Walsh–Hadamard codes will be obtained from the Hadamard matrices by replacing each +1 by a and −1 by a The code words of the ... dimensions The two-dimensional rotation by the channel phase is replaced by a four-dimensional rotation, and the (real-valued) channel fading amplitude has to be replaced by the composed fading amplitude...
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Theory and applications of ofdm and cdma wideband wireless communications phần 4 ppt
... calculated using recursive relations We state the following proposition Proposition 3.2.1 (Forward-backward recursions) For αk , βk , γk as defined by Equation (3.34), the following two recursive ... between all the state sk−1 and sk are calculated recursively and added up to the time accumulated metrics k−1 Then, for the two transitions with the same new state sk , the values of k−1 + µk are ... circuit depicted in part (a) of Figure 3.9 defines a one-to-one map from the set of all data words to itself One can easily check that the inverse is given by the recursive shift register circuit...
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Theory and applications of ofdm and cdma wideband wireless communications phần 5 ppsx
... out-of-band radiation discussed in the preceding subsection, which is caused by the rectangular pulse shape To distinguish between these two things, we use the spectral smoothing by a raised-cosine ... are related by the factor B, the symbol with position i in each subblock will be delayed by i · N serial symbol clocks, that is, by i frames, thereby retaining the relative position within a frame ... this subsection, we focus our attention on time and frequency synchronization and follow (in parts) the discussion presented by Schmidt (2001) Channel estimation will be discussed in the subsequent...
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Theory and applications of ofdm and cdma wideband wireless communications phần 6 pot
... the DQPSK curves and Rc = 1/2 curves that are presented in Subsection 4.4.1 Because of the guard interval, the SNR curves depicted there must be shifted by dB to the right to obtain the curves for ... calculation for 4-ASK the information of the MSB by taking the absolute value, we again have the situation of bipolar signaling with a threshold shifted by M δ for the AWGN channel and shifted by ... are the same as those calculated by Equation (4.25) 218 OFDM yl ηl × AWGN MCU θl(k) al−1 Equalizer × νl(k) al2 Weighting factor Figure 4.57 Metric computation for QAM by using an equalizer LLR...
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Theory and applications of ofdm and cdma wideband wireless communications phần 7 ppsx
... 128 kbit/s 160 kbit/s Capacity 116 140 168 58 54 116 96 116 CU CU CU CU CU CU CU CU Protection PL3 PL3 PL3 PL3 PL3 PL4 PL3 PL3 864 CU convolutional interleaver as explained in Subsection 4.4.2 ... block The byte number one is delayed by the block length N , that is, it will be transmitted in the next block at the same position within the block The byte number two is delayed by 2N , that ... multiplication by the code sequence While within the specification documents for CDMA mobile communication systems the spreading factor is often denoted by SF, formulas are kept simpler by using the...
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Theory and applications of ofdm and cdma wideband wireless communications phần 8 pot
... high load in one cell as long as the load within other cells, and therefore the interference caused by these cells, is low Hence, a network planned by this strategy is able to react automatically ... additional small sized cells called microcells may be implanted into an existing network of macrocells While the high-power macrocells accomplish the overall coverage, the low power microcells are installed ... conditions Since these two types of cells are operating at unbalanced power levels, interference caused, for example, by the macrocells to the microcells cannot be controlled by the same methods (power...
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Theory and applications of ofdm and cdma wideband wireless communications phần 9 pot
... by the ˆ new one ∗ sk ˆ (new) = sign ck g† r − k K ci si gi ˆ i=k Again, this is done in parallel The iteration can be repeated several times At all times, a new estimate sk ˆ (new) ... may be measured by code correlation with an accuracy of about some tenth of microsecond corresponding to a position accuracy of about 100 m A higher resolution can be achieved by tracking not ... of about 10 kbit/s • security mechanisms • international roaming capabilities Between 1995 and 1998, the main focus for new releases of these standards was on creating new data services allowing...
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Theory and applications of ofdm and cdma wideband wireless communications phần 10 docx
... consisting of 16 complex-valued chips are defined by code tables The sequences are divided into 32 groups and are allocated to cells in a way that nearby cells use a scrambling sequence from different ... UL direction, the signals transmitted by different MS are separated by long PN sequences generated by a 42-stage shift register The register is initialized by the so-called channel mask which includes ... corresponds to approximately 80 µs Hence, by this method 512 different scrambling sequences are derived, which are allocated to cells in a way that nearby cells use different sequences We recall...
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Advances in Theory and Applications of Stereo Vision Part 1 docx
... and initiates a new debate by discussing the implicit potential of multiwavelets theory and embedded attributes of multiwavelets bases in the context of stereo vision Chapter discusses the consideration ... the aforementioned concerns in a unified manner by presenting diverse range of current research ideas and applications, providing an insight into the current research trends and advances in the field ... of objects in liquids by making use of refractive index of liquid These unique ideas and algorithms truly inspire new researchers to look outside the box and redefine the current research problems...
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Advances in Theory and Applications of Stereo Vision Part 2 pdf
... Where ζ s defines the magnitude of (WTM) coefficients and can be further expanded by referring to (2) as 2 CDsh + CDsv + CDsd ζs = (16) Where D jh , D jv and D jd represents D1 subspace coefficients, ... Ozkaramanli et al (2002) Being a new theoretical evolution, multi-wavelets are still new and are not yet applied in many applications In this work we will devise a new and generalized correspondence ... in, can be expressed as Θζ s = α π−α where α = tan−1 if if CDjv CDjh CDsh > CDsh < (17) (18) These discontinuities are referred by Mallat as multi-scale edges Mallat (1999) (section 6.3, page 189).The...
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Advances in Theory and Applications of Stereo Vision Part 3 ppt
... follows the one given by Besag (Besag, 1974) Note that the matching of a node will depend only on the matching of other nearby nodes called neighbors The model will be supported by the Bayesian theory ... selected measure, the role played by the observation y will be played, here, by V = N , given the underlying disparity map x Then, the likelihood function will be denoted by 22 56 Stereo Vision Advances ... subpixel accuracy The matching procedure is performed solely from the left to the right image; uniqueness is imposed by the DG constraint itself (Li & Hu, 1996) The neighborhood system is defined by the...
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