... distributions of estimated fre-
quency values for
occurring
and
non-occurring
sets.
170
CONTEXTUAL WORDSIMILARITYANDESTIMATION
FROM SPARSEDATA
Ido Dagan
AT•T Bell Laboratories
600 Mountain ... for theories on generalization and anal-
ogy in linguistic data.
The literature suggests two major approaches
for solving the sparsedata problem: smoothing
and class based methods. Smoothing ... 150 pairs, were constructed
randomly and were restricted to words with indi-
vidual frequencies between 500 and 2500. We term
these two sets as the
occurring
and
non-occurring
sets.
The...
... Estimators
15.4 Best Linear Unbiased Estimation
15.5 Maximum-Likelihood Estimation
15.6 Mean-Squared Estimation of Random Parameters
15.7 Maximum A Posteriori Estimation of Random Parameters
15.8 The Basic ... with mean m
x
(0) and covariance
P
x
(0), and x(0) is not correlated with w(k) and v(k). The dimensions of matrices , , , H, Q,
and R are n × n, n × p, n × l, m × n, p × p, and m × m, respectively. ... discrete-timeestimation algorithms; and
(2) the mathematics associatedwith discrete-time estimation theory is simpler than with continuous-
time estimation theory. We view (discrete-time) estimation...
... SELECT
statement and sets the SelectCommand property of a SqlDataAdapter to that
SqlCommand:
SqlCommand mySelectCommand = mySqlConnection.CreateCommand();
mySelectCommand.CommandText =
"SELECT ... the InsertCommand, UpdateCommand, and
DeleteCommand properties of your DataAdapter.
Using Stored Procedures to Add, Modify, and Remove Rows from the Database
You can get a DataAdapter object ... " +
" ;FROM Products " +
"ORDER BY ProductID";
SqlDataAdapter mySqlDataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter();
mySqlDataAdapter.SelectCommand = mySelectCommand;
The SELECT...
... AddDataRow() method.
The output from AddDataRow() and its call to DisplayDataRow() are as follows:
In AddDataRow()
Calling myDataTable.NewRow()
myNewDataRow.RowState = Detached
Calling myDataTable.Rows.Add() ... "Modifying a DataRow in a DataTable
." The following method, named
AddDataRow(), uses those steps to add a new row to a DataTable:
public static int AddDataRow(
DataTable myDataTable,
SqlDataAdapter ... example sets the InsertCommand property of mySqlDataAdapter to
myInsertCommand:
mySqlDataAdapter.InsertCommand = myInsertCommand;
Setting the UpdateCommand Property of a DataAdapter
The following...
... Country " +
" ;FROM Customers";
SqlDataAdapter mySqlDataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter();
mySqlDataAdapter.SelectCommand = mySqlCommand;
DataSet myDataSet = new DataSet();
mySqlConnection.Open(); ... System .Data. SqlClient;
class AddModifyAndRemoveDataRowViews
{
public static void DisplayDataRow(
DataRow myDataRow,
DataTable myDataTable
)
{
Console.WriteLine("\nIn DisplayDataRow()"); ... ADDMODIFYANDREMOVEDATAROWVIEWS.CS
/*
AddModifyAndRemoveDataRowViews.cs illustrates how to
add, modify, and remove DataRowView objects from a DataView
*/
using System;
using System .Data; ...
... into two
categories: taxonomic similarityand associative
similarity. Taxonomic similarity, or categorical
similarity, is a kind of semantic similarity between
words in the same level of categories ... a
collocational relation and a proximity relation. For
example, the word writer and the word author are
taxonomically similar because they are synonyms,
while the word writer and the word book are as-
sociatively ... and highly polysemous words such as make
and money, and these words are likely to be tax-
onomically similar to many other words. Hence
if semantic networks reflect in large part taxo-
nomic similarity...
... extracted from automatic
word alignment. We applied GIZA++ and the in-
tersection heuristics as explained in section . From
the word aligned corpora we extracted word type
links, pairs of source and ... constructed from syntacti-
cally parsed monolingual corpora. Below we de-
scribe the dataand resources used, the nature of
the context applied and the results of the synonym
extraction task.
5.1.1 Data ... semantically re-
lated words. However, they do not make a clear
distinction between synonyms on the one hand and
related words such as antonyms, (co)hyponyms,
hypernyms etc. on the other hand.
In this...
...
1268
Chinese Word Segmentation
without Using Lexicon and Hand-crafted Training Data
Sun Maosong, Shen Dayang*, Benjamin K Tsou**
State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, ... Chinese word
segmentation developed so far, both statistical and
rule-based, exploited two kinds of important
resources, i.e., lexicon and hand-crafted linguistic
resources(manually segmented and ... Chinese, and
time consuming. Furthermore, even the lexicon is
large enough, and the corpus annotated is balanced
and huge in size, the word segmenter will still face
the problem of data incompleteness,...
... 3905
The isolation and characterization of cytochrome
c
nitrite reductase
subunits (NrfA and NrfH) from
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
ATCC 27774
Re-evaluation of the spectroscopic dataand redox properties
Maria ... from the NrfA
subunit and one from NrfH, according to the following
considerations. The original Mo
¨
ssbauer studies on NrfHA
complex identified two low-spin hemes with g
max
values at
3.60 and ... intense
band of 61 kDa (NrfA) and a band of weak intensity of
19 kDa (NrfH), confirming its hetero-oligomeric nature
(Fig. 1, lane 1).
However, in the absence of boiling (Fig. 1A, lanes 2 and
4)...
... semi-finalScotland
Figure 1: Context reduction andsimilarity levels
draw this inference, two levels of similarity need to
be taken into account. One concerns the similarity of
the words to be recognised ... WSD and can supplement those achieved e.g.,
by subcategorisation frames (Martinez et al., 2002).
Our approach to wordsimilarity to overcome data
sparseness is perhaps most similar to (Karov and
Edelman, ... annotated roles increased from
46.7% to 62.7% on the same dataset.
Most other traditional approaches rely on hand-
crafted knowledge bases or lexica and use vi-
olations of hand-modelled selectional...
... its co-
ordinated terms and assign the same label to 9 of
the 33 coordinate terms (and then to their direct
and indirect hyponyms). Marking is equivalent to
assigning WordNet synsets to sets ... to some hundreds of words.
The level of quantitative and qualitative informa-
tion for each entry in the FL can be very high
and it is not transportable across domains and
225
Proceedings ... ontology. This map-
ping between words and ontology is generally to
be built by hand. Most of the time in transport-
ing the lexicon is spent in identifying and build-
ing FLs. Efficiently...