... score of the
top-ranked sentence plan); SPARKY (the score
of the SPR’s selected sentence) ; and RANDOM
(the score of a sentence plan randomly selected
from the alternate sentence plans).
We report ... trainable sentence
generation can produce output comparable to
template-based generation, even for complex in-
formation presentations such as extended com-
parisons; (2) show that trainable sentence ... quality sentence plan from a population of
sentence plans randomly generated by the SPG.
Because the discriminatory power of the SPR is
best tested by the largest possible population of
sentence...
... PM Page 16
Contents
Introduction Using Visual Models to Master Complex Systems xxi
Part One
Using Models and Frameworks to
Master Complex Systems
1 Why Are Project Requirements a Critical Issue? ... Page x
18 USING MODELS AND FRAMEWORKS TO MASTER COMPLEX SYSTEMS
this book who have a vested interest not only in acquiring the skills
for mastering complex systems, but also in realizing the payoff.
THE ... Part One
Using
Models and
Frameworks to
Master Complex
Systems
A
s in previous editions, the wheel and axle model is the center-
piece—the basis...
... enumerate the thousands
of communication techniques that can benefit projects of all sizes
and complexity and to define the countless terms from which a
project-specific vocabulary can be assembled. ... initiator and driver. Even more significantly,
they do not provide enough detail to manage highly complex project
processes, particularly those of high-risk, emerging-technology proj-
ects. To provide ... whenameetingisgoingoffcourse.
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30 USING MODELS AND FRAMEWORKS TO MASTER COMPLEX SYSTEMS
Known by a variety of names that help to characterize it,
the project cycle has...
... processes.
The circular model in Figure 7.6 was previously used by a lead-
ing government agency to manage complex technical projects. This
model’s visible flaws, noted in the diagram, are highly instructive.
In ... a basic project cycle with a single thread from
beginning to completion. Many projects are more complex, so Part
Four provides additional detail on the principles, techniques, and
terms introduced ... tactical approach: a unified, linear development with a sin-
gle delivery. If a project goal is to upgrade the system over time
with newly developed improvements, then a system architecture
with increments...
... account-
abilities and responsibilities, and how each promotes teamwork and
communications. Complex projects do not have to result in complex
structures, and there is no single “best” organization. There are many
options ... S
YS
ML
Appendix A contains an overview of the emerging role of UML and
SysML in systems engineering. Large, complex systems must be
structured in a way that enables scalability, security, and robust exe-
cution ... largest
ones. Large applications are mentioned first because structure is a
way of dealing with complexity. The benefits of structure (and of
modeling and design) compound as application size...
... of that group were to:
ãProvide a standard SE modeling language to specify, design, and
verify complex systems.
ãFacilitate integration of systems, software, and other engineer-
ing disciplines.
ãPromote ... it is through such meetings that the characteristic decentralized
decision making occurs.”
8
The complex relationships and confusing lines of authority in
the project/functional lattice demands...
... the importance of congruency:
Meaningful control systems are discernible and appropriate for
the complexity of the tasks being assessed and the size of the project
effort. They are timely, simple ... overload at the other.
To be effective, project control systems must be tailored to the
nature, complexity, and risk of the situation and must be in place by
the time the control is needed. There ... and meaner.” A common
misperception is that successful experiences with simpler projects
scale to complex ones. Every new project has to be analyzed in detail
to understand those unique properties...
... declared
bankruptcy in 1889. De Lesseps and four directors were
convicted of fraud in 1893 and sentenced to five years in
prison. Enron officials are also experiencing prison life.
“Not only ... and communicated.
ãCompliance.
It may be impractical to have a single control board for a large
complex project, as it could easily become a bottleneck on the proj-
ect’s critical path. The practical ... small change—drives the
need for change control.
Adjust your process to your
project’s size, risk, complexity,
and your company/customer
guidelines.
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302 THE...
... previous set resulting in one
single delivery. However, later upgrades to internal increments are
not possible. The integrated set must be upgraded.
As illustrated by Figure 19.15, there are two alternative ... FOR
MASTERING
COMPLEXITY
We have selected several key topics, introduced in prior chapters,
to address in more depth. This chapter is intended for those re-
sponsible for the technical aspect of complex ... evolutionary development providing a
series of versions over the years with occasional increment upgrades
to deal with user bugs and new security threats (Figure 19.16). Win-
dows’ past delivery...
... d
2
EQUATION 30-1
Addition of complex numbers.
EQUATION 30-2
Subtraction of complex numbers.
EQUATION 30-3
Multiplication of complex numbers.
EQUATION 30-4
Division of complex numbers.
AB ' ... Chapter 30- Complex Numbers 561
added. As you would hope, the third complex number represents the third
sinusoid. The complex addition matches the physical system.
Now, imagine multiplying the complex ... as complex numbers, expressed in either polar or rectangular form. In
addition, the change that a linear system makes to a sinusoid can also be expressed as a complex number.
Conventional
Complex
representation
Amplitude
Amplitude
of...
... aperiodic.
2. Real versus Complex
Each of these four transforms has a complex version and a real version. The
complex versions have a complex time domain signal and a complex frequency
domain ... By using complexReX[k] ImX[k]
substitution, the frequency domain can be represented by a single complex
array, . In the complex Fourier transform, both & are arraysX[k] x[n] X[k]
of complex ... are used in
the complex cases, while only positive frequencies are used for the real
transforms. The complex transforms are usually written in an exponential
Chapter 31- The Complex Fourier...