... translator.
The C source code presented in this document is hereby granted to the public domain, and is
completely free of any license restriction.
Educators are freely encouraged to recommend ... Attribution- Noncommercial- No Derivative Works 3.0 License. To view
a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ or
send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, ... data back; people
call it passing by reference. But no fancy-schmancy name will distract you from the fact that
EVERYTHING you pass to a function WITHOUT EXCEPTION is copied onto the stack and...
... std::cout
– “Connected” to screen
– <<
• Stream insertion operator
• Value to right (right operand) inserted into output stream
• Escape characters
– \
– Indicates “special” character ... program
executes.
Compiler
Compiler creates
object code and stores
it on disk.
Linker links the object
code with the libraries,
creates a.out and
stores it on disk
Editor
Preprocessor
Linker
CPU
Primary
Memory
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
2003 ... main
Welcome
to
C+ +!
Using newline characters to
print on multiple lines.
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2
History of C and C+ +
• History of C
– Evolved from two other programming...
... may encounter difficulties. Refer to the section
on International Merchants.
Internet Merchant Account
An Internet Merchant Account is a special account that permits
the acceptance of credit cards ... simplicity's sake, let's break it down into
three categories: Merchant Accounts, Internet Merchant Accounts and Credit Card
Processing Services.
Merchant Accounts
A Merchant Account ... Secure (www.internetsecure.com)
This Canadian company was the first in Canada to provide credit card processing
services to Canadian merchants. It is now available to merchants in selected
countries...
... 18
Contents
www.it-ebooks.info
ptg6843614
Advantages 11
Refactoring and Enhancing
It’s hard to know exactly how far to go in design and how much com-
plexity to add to a system in your initial cut at creating it. Because complex-
ity is ... client code couples to those particular objects
when it should not. If we can hide the objects’ concrete types, we’ll
make the calling code simpler and the system more maintainable.
Perspectives
A ...
www.it-ebooks.info
ptg6843614
4 Chapter 1 • Programming by Intention
• Each token must be normalized (first character uppercase, all oth-
ers lowercase, spaces and nonalphanumeric characters removed).
• Transactions...
... information
about Creative Commons licenses, go to http://creativecommons.org
or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San
Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
To cite this book, ... corresponding device into the controller being built.
If, on the other hand, the goal is to synthesise analogue electrical circuits,
the function set might include components such as transistors, ... solutions to the problem. This is
analogous to the process by which an egg grows into a chicken. For example,
if the goal is the automatic creation of an electronic controller for a plant,
the function...
... to Run Genetic Programming
This, however, can easily be worked around by providing a mechanism to
convert a numeric value into a Boolean automatically as discussed above.
Alternatively, one can ... that GP can easily construct
these two important constants.
To
Caterina, Ludovico, Rachele and Leonardo
R.P.
Susan and Thomas
N.F.M.
Contents
Contents xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Genetic Programming ... business committee member
(2005), and competition chair (2006) of ACM’s Genetic and Evolutionary
Computation Conference, co-chair of the Foundations of Genetic Algorithms
Workshop (2002) and technical...
... reference guides, technical Q&A documents, and sample code. For
example, you could click on Audio Toolbox Framework Reference and then use the
Bookmarks toolbar button to find your way back here ... an
object-oriented background such as Cocoa. Setting aside the comforting warmth of
Objective -C to take the reins of C can certainly be scary, but with a little understanding,
you’ll come to see ... the com-
plexity necessary to convert them into canonical data.We work through an exam-
ple that directly uses Audio Converter Services to convert a compressed file to an
uncompressed version...
... Sumser
Project Manager: Beth Christmas
Copy Edit Manager: Nicole LeClerc
Copy Editor: Linda Marousek
Assistant Production Director: Kari Brooks-Copony
Production Editor: Linda Marousek
Compositor: Susan ... testing tools are
geared specifically for the GUI. If your project is to test the application’s GUI, then certain
automated testing tools, commercial or open source, may be a better choice than ... for it, contact the authors at
msweeney@sammmamishsoftware.com or rroot@rootsource4training.com.
The Practice Files: Answers to Exercises and Demo Code
Each chapter, beginning with Chapter 2,...
... its' components. Section 3 will discuss
creating the physical database in Microsoft Access.
2 Concepts of Creating a Database
A database is a collection of information typically stored ... section will cover the processes
of creating a database specific to Microsoft Access.
3.1 Create Tables (Entities) and Their Attributes
New tables are created in Access by selecting the ... due to data logger failure or when paper forms are used to collect installation specific needs. Also
develop a protocol for coding unknown species.
Metadata Collection
Instruct the field crew...
... even more necessary for the software test community. At every conference and
training symposium there are courses and lectures teaching testers more technical topics,
including programming, ... GUI–based? Some automated testing tools are
geared specifically for the GUI. If your project is to test the application’s GUI, then certain
automated testing tools, commercial or open source, may be ... application.
Used appropriately though, automated testing can significantly enhance the testing process.
Automated testing has received a lot of focus lately due to the ever-increasing complexity...
... public static readonly Color Red;
public static readonly Color Green;
public static readonly Color Blue;
// static constructor
static Color()
{
Red = new Color(255, 0, 0);
Green = new Color(0, ... for a catch block that matches. The catch block then executes.
Sometimes, there won’t be any catch clauses that match.
using System;
class Test
{
static int Zero = 0;
static void AFunction()
... m_blue;
// call to new can't be used with static
public const Color Red = new Color(255, 0, 0);
public const Color Green = new Color(0, 255, 0);
public const Color Blue = new Color(0, 0,...
... reduced susceptibility to errors: an object controls access to its own data. More
specifically, an object can reject erroneous access attempts
■ easy re-use: objects maintain themselves and can ... operators allows
them to apply existing operators to objects of class type.
Chapter 20 discusses how implicit type conversion occurs in C+ + when an expression
cannot be compiled directly but can ... Interchange) is used. This 7-bit code contains definitions for 32 control characters
(codes 0 – 31) and 96 printable characters (codes 32 – 127).
The char (character) type is used to store character...
... objects are constructed and destroyed, and
how access control to base classes can be realized.
Chapter 24 discusses implicit type conversion within class hierarchies, which occurs
in the context ... operators allows
them to apply existing operators to objects of class type.
Chapter 20 discusses how implicit type conversion occurs in C+ + when an expression
cannot be compiled directly but can ... reduced susceptibility to errors: an object controls access to its own data. More
specifically, an object can reject erroneous access attempts
■ easy re-use: objects maintain themselves and can...