Ngày tải lên :
09/08/2014, 19:22
... Rutherford
increaseconsumerdemandforproducts
newtothemarketorin
EXCESSSUPPLY.
References
Carter,M.,Casson,M.andSuneja,V.
(19 98)Theeconomicsofmarketing,
Cheltenham,UK,andNorthampton,
MA:EdwardElgar.
Reekie,W.D. (19 81) TheEconomicsof
Advertising,London:Macmillan.
Schinalensee,R. (19 72)TheEconomicsof
Advertising,Amsterdam:North-Holland.
Advisory,ConciliationandArbitration
Service(J5)
ThecentralUKbody,setupin1974
underthe
TRADEUNIONANDLABOURRELA-
TIONSACT
,topromoteanimprovementin
industrialrelations,toencourageanexten-
sionofcollectivebargaininganditsreform
throughadvice,conciliation,enquiriesand
arbitration,andtorunthe
CENTRALARBI-
TRATIONCOMMITTEE
.Animportantaspectof
itsactivitieshasbeenthepublicationof
codesofpracticeinindustrialrelations.
affinitycard(G2)
A
CREDITCARDlinkedwithacharitythat
receivesdonationsinproportiontothe
amountspentbytheuserofthatcard.
affirmativeaction(J7)
Aseriesofactionstakenbyanemployer
orpublicauthoritytoadvancetheoppor-
tunitiesofdisadvantagedgroups,espe-
ciallyethnicminorities,toincreasetheir
representation,particularlyinemployment
andotheractivities.
Seealso:reversediscrimination
AFL–CIO(J5)
AmericanFederationofLaborandCon-
gressofIndustrialOrganizations:amerger
oftworivallabourfederationsoftheUSA
in1955whichbroughtbackthebreakaway
industrialunionsthathadseparatedfrom
theircolleaguesincraftunions.SomeUS
labourunionsarenotaffiliatedtothe
AFL–CIO.
Seealso:craftunion;generalunion;
industrialunion
African–Americaneconomists (B2)
TheearliestblackeconomistsintheUSA
include WilliamEdwardBurghardtDuBois
(18 68 19 63),SadieTannerMossell Alex-
ander (18 98 19 89),GeorgeEdmundHaynes
(18 80 19 60) and ... Rutherford
Inthecaseofacurrencymarket,arbitrage
continuesuntilthecrossexchangerates
areconsistent.Forexample,ifinitially
US $1= DM4,DM1=2guildersand
US $1= 6guilders,thecorrectcross-rate
shouldbeDM1 =1. 5guilders.The
arbitrageurssellspotandbuyforwardif
theybelievethatthevalueofacurrencyis
falling:theybenefitfromthedifference
betweentwoprices,withtheforward
contractprotectingthemfromafallin
theexchangerate.
arbitration(J5)
Settlementofadisputebyreferraltoa
thirdparty,usedinindustrialrelationsand
inmanycommercialdisagreements.The
arbitratormaybeacourtoflaw,an
independentarbitratorchosenbythepar-
tiesindisputeorapermanentgovernment
body,e.g.the
ADVISORY,CONCILIATIONAND
ARBITRATIONSERVICE
(UK).Asarbitration
iseithervoluntaryorimposed,itcanbe
binding,compulsory,mandatoryoruni-
lateral.Landlordandtenant,shippingand
buildingcontractsoftenusethismethod
ofresolvingconflicts.Privatearbitration,
whichmaybeinstitutedinadvancebya
contractualterm,ischeaperandquicker
thanresorttolitigation.
Seealso:pendulumarbitration
arcelasticity(C1,D0,D1)
Theelasticityofdemandoveraportionof
ademandcurveortheelasticityofsupply
overasectionofasupplycurve.Itis
calculatedfromthemidpointbetweenold
andnewpricesandquantitiesonthe
curve,usingtheratioofthepercentage
changeinquantitytothepercentage
changeinprice,i.e.
elasticity=
DQ=ðQ
1
þQ
2
Þ
DP=ðP
1
þP
2
Þ
whereP
1
andQ
1
arethepriceandquan-
tityoriginallyandP
2
andQ
2
aretheprice
andquantityafterthechange.Itprovides
anaverageof
POINTELASTICITIES.
Aristotle,384–22BC(B3)
Oneoftheearliestwritersoneconomics
whoanticipatedmanylaterdebateson
value,moneyandeconomicsystems.In
theNichomacheanEthics,BookV,he
discussedthenatureofvalueinthecon-
textofadiscussionofjustice;inTopica,he
anticipatedsubsequentideasofvalue
basedonutility.Hesupportedtheideaof
privatepropertyonthegroundsthatit
leadstoincreasedproductionandclearly
sawthatmoneyhastheimportantfunc-
tionsofservingasaunitofaccount,a
mediumofexchangeandastoreofvalue.
References
Gordon,B. (19 75)EconomicAnalysisbe-
foreAdamSmith,London:Macmillan.
Soudek,J. (19 52)‘Aristotle’stheoryofex-
change:aninquiryintotheoriginofeco-
nomicanalysis’,ProceedingsoftheAmer-
icanPhilosophicalSociety96:45–75.
arithmeticmean(C1)
Thesumofasetofvaluesdividedbythe
numberofvaluesinthatset.
Seealso:geometricmean;harmonicmean
arithmeticprogression(C6)
Aseriesofnumbersincreasingbyacon-
stantincrementcalledacommondiffer-
ence,e.g.2,4,6,8.
MALTHUSassertedthat
themeansofsubsistenceincreasesarith-
metically.
Seealso:geometricprogression
ARMA ... Rutherford
increaseconsumerdemandforproducts
newtothemarketorin
EXCESSSUPPLY.
References
Carter,M.,Casson,M.andSuneja,V.
(19 98)Theeconomicsofmarketing,
Cheltenham,UK,andNorthampton,
MA:EdwardElgar.
Reekie,W.D. (19 81) TheEconomicsof
Advertising,London:Macmillan.
Schinalensee,R. (19 72)TheEconomicsof
Advertising,Amsterdam:North-Holland.
Advisory,ConciliationandArbitration
Service(J5)
ThecentralUKbody,setupin1974
underthe
TRADEUNIONANDLABOURRELA-
TIONSACT
,topromoteanimprovementin
industrialrelations,toencourageanexten-
sionofcollectivebargaininganditsreform
throughadvice,conciliation,enquiriesand
arbitration,andtorunthe
CENTRALARBI-
TRATIONCOMMITTEE
.Animportantaspectof
itsactivitieshasbeenthepublicationof
codesofpracticeinindustrialrelations.
affinitycard(G2)
A
CREDITCARDlinkedwithacharitythat
receivesdonationsinproportiontothe
amountspentbytheuserofthatcard.
affirmativeaction(J7)
Aseriesofactionstakenbyanemployer
orpublicauthoritytoadvancetheoppor-
tunitiesofdisadvantagedgroups,espe-
ciallyethnicminorities,toincreasetheir
representation,particularlyinemployment
andotheractivities.
Seealso:reversediscrimination
AFL–CIO(J5)
AmericanFederationofLaborandCon-
gressofIndustrialOrganizations:amerger
oftworivallabourfederationsoftheUSA
in1955whichbroughtbackthebreakaway
industrialunionsthathadseparatedfrom
theircolleaguesincraftunions.SomeUS
labourunionsarenotaffiliatedtothe
AFL–CIO.
Seealso:craftunion;generalunion;
industrialunion
African–Americaneconomists...