TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DUY TÂN KHOA TIẾNG ANH BỘ MÔN: ANH VĂN BIÊN PHIÊN DỊCH Biên soạn: NGUYỄN MẠNH QUANG GIÁO TRÌNH LÝ THUYẾT DỊCH ANH VĂN (TRANSLATION THEORY) LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ Đà Nẵng, năm 2019 LESSON ONE: ASPECTS OF TRANSLATION I Introduction Translation Theory Identification Translation theory is involved in a certain type of relation between languages and is consequently a branch of comparative linguistics Translation may be set up and is performed between any pair of languages or dialects "related" or "unrelated" and with any kind of spatial, temporal, social and other relationship between them Relations between languages can generally be regarded as two-directional, though not always symmetrical Translation, as a process, is always uni-directional: It is always performed in a given direction, "FROM" a source language (SL) "INTO" a target one (TL) Translation theory's main concern is to determine suitable translation approaches for a widest possible range of texts or text-categories It also provides a framework of principles, limited rules, "tricks" for the sake of translation or interpretation, and a background for problem solution In some cases, it can demonstrate procedures and the various arguments for and against the use of one translation rather than another in a particular context It should be noted that translation Is concerned with choices and decisions, not with the mechanics of either the SL or the TL Definitions Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language) (J.C Catford) Translation is a process of transferring a message from this language into another language in the way the author intended the text (Peter Newnmrk) Translation is the process of conveying messages across cultures and their languages (Dr Ian Tudor) The term "textual material" in the definition (1) shows a fact that not the entirety of a source language text is replaced by target language equivalents At one or more levels of language, there may be simple replacement by non-equivalent target language material Eg: If we translate the English text "What time is it?" into French as "Quelle heure est-il?", there is a replacement of source language (English) grammar and lexis There is also replacement of source language graphology by target language one, but the target language graphological form is by no means a translation equivalent of the source language graphological form Moreover, at one or more levels, there may be no replacement at all, but simple transference of source language material into a target language text The central problem of translation practice is that of finding target language translation equivalents A central task of translation theory is that of finding the nature and conditions of translation equivalence II Types of Categories Types of categories of translation may be defined in terms of extent, levels, and ranks of translation I Full vs Partial Translation This distinction relates to the extent (in a syntagmatic sense) of source language text which is submitted to the translation process The text may be a book, a simple volume, a chapter, a paragraph, a sentence, a clause, etc It may also be a figment, not co-existence with any formal literacy or linguistic unit In a "full" translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process; that is every part of the source language text is replaced with target language text material In a "partial" translation, some part or parts of the source language text are left non-translated: they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the target language text Eg: * "Full" translation: There has been a dramatic rise in house prices this year Đã có gia tăng giá nhà năm (Or: Năm giá nhà tăng mạnh) * "Partial" translation: Chẳng cịn nghi ngờ No doubt/ Undoubtedly/ Apparently (Not: There is no doubt or: There is not doubt any longer) Thế kỷ 21 chứng kiến thực tế giảm đà sinh sản Birth will decrease in the 21st century In "partial" translation, the process of transferring source language lexical items into a target language text is more complex than appears at first sight, seeming to remain "nontranslated" Total vs restricted translation This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation In "total" translation, all levels of source language text are replaced with target language material Strictly speaking, "total" translation is a misleading term, since, though total replacement is involved, it is not replacement with equivalent at all levels In "total" translation, source language grammar and lexis are replaced with equivalent target language grammar and lexis This replacement entails the replacement of source language phonology/ graphology with target language phonology/ graphology, but this is not normally replacement with target language equivalents Eg: a Poverty is no sin -> Đói nghèo tội lỗi b Have you ever been to Nha Trang ? Anh đến Nha Trang chưa? In "restricted" translation, source language is replaced with equivalent one at only one level (phonologically/ graphologically) or at only one of the two levels of grammar and lexis Eg: New York- Niu - Ooc Phonological Translation In this translation, the main thing is source language phonology is replaced with equivalent target language one, but there are hardly other important replacements Eg: hippie - híp pi karate ka-ra- tê In phonological translation, sometimes grammatical or lexical changes may result accidentally For example, an English plural such as "cats" may become a "singular cat" when the target language has no final consonant clusters Graphological Translation Source language graphology is replaced with equivalent target one without other considerable replacements Eg zero - dê rô Both phonological and graphological translation must be included in a general theory of translation because they help throw light on the conditions of translation equivalence, and hence on the more complex process of "total" translation Transliteration This is a complex process involving phonological translation with the addition of phonology - graphology correlation at both ends of the process, i.e in source and target language First, source language graphological units are replaced with corresponding source language phonological units Then these source language phonological units are translated into equivalent target language phonological units Finally the target language phonological units are replaced with corresponding target language graphological units Eg: Washington Oa-sinh-tơn London Lon-don/ Luân đôn Scandal Xi-cang-dan Free, Literal, and Word-for-Word Translation A "free" translation is always unbounded while "word-for-word" translation generally means what it says "Literal" translation lies between these extremes It may start from a "word-for-word" translation, but changes in conformity with target language grammar (e.g inserting additional words, changing structures, etc) This may make it a group-group or clause-clause translation Eg a It's raining cats and dogs Nó mưa mèo chó, (Word -for- word) Trời mưa chó mèo cãi (Literal) Trời mưa tầm tã/ mưa trút nước (Free) She is second to none Cô thứ hai đến không (Word -for- word) Cô không thứ hai (Literal) Cô không chịu thua/ lép vế (Free) By these, only (3) - the free translation - is interchangeable with the SL text in a situation where the addressee/ listener/ reader is looking forward to being able to understand from his language TASK QUESTIONS 1.What is translation? (At least definitions) What is the central problem of translation/translation theory? Give some examples for illustration How many types of translation are there? Give one example for each type According to you, what is generally the most popular way of translation? What is the most effective way? The most familiar way particularly by students? Build up some more examples for type ANSWERS:………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… LESSON TWO: METHODS AND PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION I Methods of Translation Word-for-Word Translation This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation with the TL (target language) immediately below the SL (source language) words The SL word order is preserved, and the words arc translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context Cultural words are translated literally The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the SL or to construct a difficult text as a pre-translation process Eg: Honda told to put brakes on new car prices (Honda da bao de phanh veto/ len moi xe cdc gia) (?) Mẹ tròn vuông (Mother round child square) (?) Literal Translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly out of context As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problem to be solved Eg: Bao tháng Mười- When will October come? (?) I used to be crazy about her - Tôi điên khùng cô (?) Faithful Translation A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original meaning within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures It "transfers" cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical "abnormality" in the translation It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text realization of the SL writer Eg: Bao tháng Mười- When will the tenth month come? (?) Love me, love my dog - u tơi u chó tơi (?) Semantic Translation This method must pay more attention to the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful an natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on "meaning" where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version Furthermore, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents, and it may make other small concessions to the readership The distinction between "faithful" and "semantic" translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% of fidelity and allows for translator's intuitive empathy with the original Eg: Then the lime returns as it once appeared - Rồi tạo xoay vần A serene feeling pervaded my soul - Một cảm giác tịnh vào hồn Adaptation This is the "freest" form of translation, used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry The themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL one, and the text is rewritten Free Translation This method reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original Usually, it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called "intralingual translation", often prolix, pretentious, and seemingly non-translated at all Eg: Shall we go for a blow? Chúng ta dạo mát/ hóng gió nhé? Have a good trip! Chúc thượng lộ bình an! Idiomatic Translation This produces the "message" of the original again but tends to distort the nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these not exist in the original Eg: As rich as Rockerfeller ? Giàu Thạch Sùng I'm afraid it's job news.- Tôi e tin buồn The boy wants to go and see Mr John - Cậu bé muốn vệ sinh Communicative Translation This method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership This translation is rather often news on radio or in newspapers Sometimes communicative and semantic translation may coincide with each other Eg: Lái xe bạn không tỉnh táo nguy hiểm- You shouldn't drive without concentration / No awareness is dangerous for driving, He was denied the door - Anh đến không tiếp II Principles of Translation Although this is not a theoretical work, students may follow some guidelines on hoi to help themselves to evaluate their own work Below are some general principle, which arc relevant to all translation Meaning The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of original text Nothing should be arbitrarily added or moved, though occasionally part of the meaning can be "transpose" For example, "he was limp with fatigue" might become " An ta met men no thong dung Len no" Ask yourself: Is the meaning of original text clear? If not, where does the uncertainty lie? Are there any underlying implications? Eg: "Correct me if I'm wrong" suggests "I know I'm right" Is the dictionary meaning of a particular word the most suitable one? Eg: Might "khả năng" in Vietnamese be "ability" in English in an idea like this: "Khả đến được"? (You can have a lot of English words in a dictionary for this meaning: capacity, ability, possible, possibility, can ) Does anything in the translation sound unnatural or forced? Eg: She did it with the reluctance - Cô làm việc với miễn cưỡng (?) Diplomatic turn "khúc quẹo" ngoại giao (?) Form The order of words and ideas in the translation should match that in the original as closely as possible This is particularly in the form and order of words When in doubt, underline in the original text the words on which the main stress falls In English, emphasis or main stress can be obtained through inversion of word order and using different structures such as No sooner than , It is/was that (who) , Only by , etc Eg: It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain Đó điều kiện lý tưởng khởi đầu bình đẳng mà có hình thức giáo dục đại tiến cố gắng đạt lại (?) - It hadn't been until the early century that geothermal energy was found Nó không đầu kỷ mà lượng địa nhiệt phát (?) Register Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context (say, in a business letter) To resolve these differences, the translator must distinguish between formal and fixed expressions, (Eg: Please find enclose/ Please not fold / We would like to express our gratitude to ) Consider also: a Would any expression in the original sound too formal/ informal, cold/warm, personal/ impersonal if translated literally? b What is the intention of the writer or speaker? (to persuade/ dissuade, apologize, criticize?) Does it come through in the translation? Source language influence One of the most frequent criticisms of translation is that "It doesn't sound natural" This is because the translator's thoughts and choice of words are too strongly moulded by the original text A good way of shaking off the SL influence is to set the text aside and translate a few sentences aloud from memory This will suggest natural patterns of thought in the first language (target language), which may not come in mind when the eyes are fixed on the SL text Idiom Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable These include similes, metaphors, proverbs, sayings, jargons, slangs, colloquialisms and phrasal verbs If the expressions cannot be directly translated, try any of the following: - Retain the original word, in inverted commas: Eg: nhac "pop”, Doi Moi" Process - Retain the original expression, with a literal explanation in brackets: Eg: Rồng đến nhà tôm (A superior comes to visit his inferior) Rừng vàng biển bạc (prosperous wealth) - Use a close equivalents: Eg: Sơng có khúc, người có lúc (Every dog has its/ his day) Muộn cịn khơng (Better late than never) - Use a non-itliomalic or plain prose translation: Eg: A bit over the top (Hơi quá) Honesty is the best policy (Trung thực đáng quý) Note: The golden rule is if the idiom does not work in the target language, not force it into translation Style and Clarity The translator in general should not change the style of the original But if the text is sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translator may, for the reader's sake correct the defects Eg: He ate, and drank, and talked, and asked during the meal (ông vừa ăn uống ln miệng nói, hỏi suốt bữa ăn) Hãy biết thương, biết yêu lấy đồng loại mình! Let’s love our human fellows! 36 FURTHER PRACTICE Simple Sentences The university awarded scholarships to 43 overseas students, based on their academic record and the recommendation of their faculties Our science correspondent sees this new invention as the answer to many of our problems Residents of the suburbs enjoy good social amenities without the noise and bustle of living in the town centre Materialism is an excessive interest in money and material possessions The only way to eliminate world terrorism is by united opposition Depending on their circumstances, university students live on a grant from the government, an allowance from their parents or income from part - time jobs For a teacher of her experience and ability, discipline was not a problem Lying in the cradle are two rosy - cheeked babies Here and there are scattered old newspapers 10 An ambitious person is committed to improving his status at work 11 Medical students are usually encouraged to watch operations in the operating theatre, as part of their training 12 The air in the centre of town was thick with fumes from the hundreds of cars in the traffic jam 13 All the secrets of the universe as well as of the human body, are being slowly revealed with its full of interests 14 Like the glass panes in a greenhouse, certain gases in the earth's atmosphere permit the sun's radiation to heat the earth but retard the escape into space of the infrared energy from the earth 15 In many traditional societies, marriage typically involved transfers of property from the parents to their marrying children or from one set of parents to the other one Compound Sentences By choosing n single sex school to determine your child's success in life, not only are you being misinformed, but you are also stilling his/ her right to learn to interact There are necessarily inequalities in the roles, but the people are supposed to be guaranteed equality under the law 37 Vietnam is now the world's second biggest exporter of rice after the United States, and in the past fifteen years, Vietnam has gone from suffering food shortages to being self sufficient Anger is often viewed as an indication of weakness, and easily getting angry in public is considered ill-mannered and uneducated Good personal relations based on mutual trust and esteem plays a particular role in doing business Our bodies and minds are programmed to run to a particular schedule and our mental and physical abilities change dramatically during a day Exercise should not be seen as a demanding task; it can be as easy as a quick walk Lillie minds are lamed and subdued by misfortune; but great minds rise over it Govern your passions or they will govern you 10 The sky was clear; the winds had gone down; the full moon was setting radiantly in the west 11 Man is guided by reason; beasts by instinct 12 Nuclear accidents can devastate vast areas; therefore, nuclear power plants should have strict safely controls 13 The Japanese have the longest life expectancy of any other people, for their diet is extremely healthful and their health care lops of all 14 In the last twenty years, Americans have laid their habit of smoking in good decrease, but some of other eccentric ones are even on the way up 15 The accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island in the United States created fears about the safety of this energy source, and the disaster at Chernobyl in the Soviet Union confirmed them Complex Sentences At the age of 55, Desiderius Orban was forced to embark on such a new life at an age when most people think of’ retirement Remember, when it's hot, wear light and light-coloured clothing to reduce your own dependence on cooling appliances, take a cold shower or go for a swim It is hoped that recent advances in medical research will enable us to eradicate many of the diseases which currently kill a large number of people in 3rd World countries Though it is becoming increasingly easy to move from place to place, our inability in communicating with one another, giving rise to numerous misunderstandings and making real contact between people of different nationalities impossible 38 Electricity is such a part of our everyday lives and so much taken for granted nowadays that we rarely think twice when we switch on the light or turn on the radio For few Vietnamese students who are really fortunate to study abroad, especially on scholarships, it is usually a matter of honour since the competition for merit - based scholarships is almost always stiff Since the world is getting smaller day by day, knowing our neighbors as well as our immediate surroundings is no longer sufficient if we are to be contributing members of the global community It is odd that some Vietnamese students studying abroad may not realize that every situation beyond formal education in the classroom, no matter how trivial or even negative, can be an educational experience, broadening one’s humanity and serious understanding of the world Exercise can be both enjoyable and healthy, as it controls the appetite, gives a great feeling of well - being, reduces susceptibility to many diseases, and helps eliminate stress 10 As computers take on more roles in every thing from business and transportation to medicine and national defense, society is becoming more vulnerable to the risk of computer failures and errors Câu đơn Cuộc đời đại học xem thời kỳ quan trọng trình phát triển tâm lý người Sress tường thường gặp đời sống ngày Chính phủ nước Đức đồng ý giúp 52 triệu đô la Mỹ nhằm ủng hộ nỗ lực Việt Nam để xóa bỏ nạn đói, giảm nghèo nàn trồng rừng Dự án đầu tư nước gia tăng quy mô lĩnh vực Tỉnh Trà Vinh phía Nam đầu tư hàng tỷ đồng để xây dựng 23 thư viện, hàng chục phòng đọc 150 trạm thông tin xã Trong chín tháng qua, giá trị sản xuất cơng nghiệp Hà Nội đạt 511 tỷ đồng, tăng 19,5% so với kỳ ăm ngoái Du lịch địn bẩy thành cơng cho nhiều nước thời kỳ phát triển kinh tế Đà Nẵng cần có thêm nhiều khu nghỉ mát đạt tiêu chuẩn quốc tế để thu hút thêm du khách đáp ứng nhu cầu giải trí họ Các phương tiện giao thông thải lượng lớn khí độc có ozon 10 Trong vài thập kỷ gần đây, vấn đề ô nhiễm môi trường trái đất làm cho nhà khoa học mà người dân nước quan tâm lo ngại 39 11 Theo kết điều tra gần quan môi trường Liên Hiệp Quốc (UNEP), hàng năm hành tinh bị khoảng 15 triệu rừng, đặc biệt Châu Phi, Châu Mỹ La Tinh Châu Á 12 Sau hai năm triển khai xây dựng cụm công nghiệp nhựa kỹ thuật Đức Hòa Hạ, Long An, đến ngày 21/8, Hiệp hội Nhựa thành phố Hồ Chí Minh đầu tư gần 600 tỷ đồng, vốn đầu tư hạ tầng kỹ thuật 100 tỷ đồng 13 Theo phóng viên Thông xã Việt Nam Băng Cốc, từ ngày 16 đến 21/9, Thái Lan diễn hoạt động khuôn khổ phiên họp thứ hợp tác biển Hải quân nhân dân Việt Nam Hải quân Hoàng gia Thái Lan 14 Tổng cơng ty đầu khí Việt Nam vừa trích quỹ phúc lợi 300 triệu đồng trợ giúp tỉnh Cà Mau xây khoảng 45-50 nhà tặng hộ nghèo gặp khó khăn nhà Câu kép Sinh viên người trẻ, khỏe, có tri thức, có nhiệt huyết niềm hy vọng mang lại cho dân tộc, cho đất nước nhiều điều tốt đẹp 80% dân số Việt Nam sống vùng nông thôn 70% sống nghề nông Rừng đáp ứng đủ nhu cầu gỗ nước mà mang lại số lợi tức đáng kể cho nhà nước thông qua việc xuất sản phẩm gỗ Cây cối yếu tố quan trọng việc ngăn ngừa hạn hán lũ lụt, cần phải thiết laapjmootj hệ thống kiểm soát để ngăn chặn bị đốn bừa bãi với số lượng lớn Tha thứ giải thoát bạn khỏi lịng hận thù cho phép bạn có sống dễ chịu Kỹ thuật tạo nhiều tiện nghi cho người chúng cngx gây điều rắc rối Stratford-upon-Avon thành phố bn bán nhộn nhịp có dân số 23.000 người, có nhiều đường phố, nhà cửa cịn ngun vẹn không thay đổi kể từ thời trung cổ đến Cả giới phát động chiến toàn diện chống bệnh AIDS chưa phương thuốc chữa lành bệnh tìm trước ăm 2010 Người Việt Nam tư hào đất nước họ, họ hăng hái giúp du khách tìm hiểu văn hóa phong phú Việt Nam 10 Một số người ưa chuộng sống thành phố lớn, trái lại số người khác tìm cách tránh xa 11 Tiếng cười vui vẻ lạc quan giúp ích nhiều cho việc tiêu hóa tuần hồn máu, vậy, bí người trường thọ giới lạc quan, vui sống Câu Phức Tình yêu, tình bạn- đặc biệt sinh viên, thiếu chất lãng mạn bỡi thiếu lãng mạn tình cảm khó trì lâu 40 Một bạn học cách bỏ qua điều khó chịu sống, bạn cười nhiều hơn, suy nghĩ sâu sắc đối xử tốt với người xung quanh Mặc dù có nỗ lực lớn mơi trường năm qua, khói xe tiếp tục làm nghẹt thở thành phố khắp giới Tổ chức y tế giới cho biết bệnh tật nước không hợp tiêu chuẩn vệ sinh chiếm 80% số ca trẻ sơ sinh tử vong nước phát triển Chỉ cúp điện nhận thấy lệ thuộc vào điện nhiều đến mức để có sống thoải mái Kể từ bắt đầu sưu tập tem thư, nhận thấy kiến thức địa lý lịch sử giứi tăng lên đáng kể Một hiểu biết lịch sử giới giúp nhìn nhận đầy đủ giá trị chung mà nhân loại đạt qua nhiều kỷ Chỉ giới hết vũ khí hạt nhân nhân loại sống mà khơng phải lo sợ hủy diệt tồn cầu Người ta nói quen với sống thành phố ln thấy sở thích họ vẻ đẹp thiên nhiên bị cùn mằn 10 Rất câu hổi kỳ thi tới khó nhiều so với câu làm lần trước 41 DUY TAN UNIVERSITY END OF TERM TEST ENGLISH DEPARTMENT Subject: Translation Theory Time limit: 100 mins (Only Dictionaries Allowed) Student's name: Class: Code: THEORY: (3pts)1 Circle the most correct definition of translation as follows: (1 pts) A Translation is a process of exchanging information across cultures and languages B Translation is a process of transferring a message from this language into another language in the way the author intended the text C Translation is the replacement of textual material in target language by equivalent one in another language D Translation is the conveyance of messages across cultures and their languages Pick out then circle the method of translation used for this message (l pts) I thinks there is a sort of coolness admits all the heat, and the mildness in the brightest of the sunshine -> Tơi cảm nhận có chút mát mẻ nóng ấm hiền hịa, ánh vàng rực rỡ A Communicative method B Free method C Semantic method D Literal method The rule of parallelism states that the speech elements of the same grammatical function must be: A placed closely to the item modified by a modifier B performed in any optional structural form C as various as possible D performed in a structural form which is the same for all elements II PRACTICE : (7 pts) State four ways of conveying the same message "I'M SORRY" in different words Suggest a possible context for each of these fragments of language (ex: what can it be?” Where or when it be seen or heard?) : (2pts) a Children under 15 not admitted b Get well soon! 42 c ARRIVING THURSDAY A.M DANANG STOP HOPE SEE YOU AT AIRPORT JOE d The lucky fist prize winner is ticket No 40 No 40 wins the first prize! Congratulations! Offer translation by different word orders to these sentences in whatever seems the natural ways in Vietnamese: (2pts) a On no accounts are nuclear weapons massively produced b That the Vikings discovered America is accepted by all but a few scholars who insist that Irish priests got there before them c It hadn't been until the early century that geothermal energy was found d Rio de Janeiro fire leaves 8,000 homeless Translation into English (2pts) Phong trào không liên kết, vốn chỗ dựa tinh thần thiếu nước phát triển, tham gia tích cực vào nỗ lực gìn giữ hịa bình đấu tranh giải trừ qn bị, giới hịa bình tiến Notes: Phong trào không liên kết: The Non-Aligned Movement, vốn : originally thiếu : indispensable (adj) giải trừ quân bị: disarmament (n) 43 DUYTAN UNIVERSITY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT EXAMINATION PAPER (R2) Subject: Translation Theory Time Limit: 70 mins (Only Dictionaries Allowed) Class: Code: THEORY: (4pts) Circle the most corrections among these: The method which pays more attention to the aesthetic value of the SL text is the one of: A Faithful translation B Communicative translation C Semantic translation D Free translation In translation, context is understood as the: A WHAT + WHERE B: WHERE + TO WHOM C WHAT + WHY + WHERE D WHAT + WHERE + TO WHOM When modifying any item of language, the MODIFIER be placed closely to that item A may B should C won't D must The language of news headlines requires: A briefness B involvement of key information C simple present tense very often D all of A, B and C II PRACTICE: (6pts) Use ways of conveying the same message "I DON'T AGREE' in different words (Ipts) Offer translations for each of these (3pts) A 'Pantene Hair is Hair so Healthy H shines" (advertisement for Pantene Pro V Shampoo) Offer a suitable and attractive headline to each of these pieces of news - in - brief: (2pts) A A double amputee inmate walked away from a minimum security section on the Tennessee State Penitentiary using artificial legs furnished by the State B A man apparently enraged because of a frisbee in his parked car shot and killed a 15 -yearold boy who threw the plastic toy, police said 44 Translate the following into English: (2 points) A- Chỉ giới hết vũ khí hạt nhân nhân loaijmowis sống mà khơng phải lo sợ hủy diệt toàn cầu B Một bạn học cách bỏ qua điều khó chịu sống, bạn cười nhiều hơn, suy nghĩ sâu sắc đối xử tốt với người xung quanh Note: het sach : hoc dUOc cach: bo qua : Hết sạch: to be clean out of Học cách: know how to bỏ qua: ignore, pass by đối xử với: treat (sb) / behave towards ( sb) 45 DUY TAN UNIVERSITY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT EXAMINATION PAPER Subject: Translation Theory Time Limit: 80 mins Class: Code: (Only Dictionaries Allowed) I THEORY: (4pts) Circle the most corrections among these: According to Peter Newmark, translation is: A a process of transferring a textual material in one language into another equivalent one in another language B the process of conveying messages across languages and their cultures C a process of transferring a message in the way the author wanted D a process of transferring a message from this language into another language in the way the author intended the text When register is understand as the "HOW", context is the: A WHAT + WHERE + WHO B WHAT + WHERE + WHEN C WHY + WHICH + TO WHOM D WHAT + WHERE + TO WHOM "I'm afraid isn’t job news" =-> "Toi e rang day la tin buon" is: A Word - for - word translation B Idiomatic translation C Free translation D Communicative translation Brief method of Vietnamese - English translation suggests: A a choice of appropriate sentence pattern B use of the rule of either promixily or parallelism C a choice of suitable modifiers D all of A, B.C II PRACTICE: (6pts) Offer translations in different orders of words to each of these messages (2pts) A Twice within his life time had world wars taken place B So suspicious did he become that he didn't believe anyone -> a 46 -> b C Only when all attempts at negotiation had failed, did the men decide to go on strike -> a -> b D Small as she was, she made quite a good horse-woman -> a ->b Use ways of conveying the same message "THANK YOU" in different -words (l pts) Use the rule of parallelism to correct these sentences, (l pts) A He learned typing, how to keep books, and shorthand -> B Not only is the book expensive but also uninteresting -> Translate the following into English (2pts) A Người ta nói quen với sống thành phố thấy sở thích họ vẻ đẹp thiên nhiên bị giảm sút cách đáng kể B Một hiểu biết sâu sắc lịch sử giới giúp nhìn nhận đầy đủ giá trị chung mà nhân loại đạt 47 DUY TAN UNIVERSITY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT &&& MID-TERM TEST TRANSLATION THEORY Time Allotted: 45 mins (Only Dictionaries Allowed) Class: Marks: Circle ONLY ONE most correction among these clues for each sentence: According to Peter New Mark, translation can be seen as: A A process of conveying an idea which the author intended in the text B A process of making a message comprehensible within two different languages in exactly what the author means C A process in which two languages are used to transfer some message into another one referred by the author of the text D An alteration of a language into another one in an aim of making the author's intention quite clear to understand Word order in translation is something: A optional B of much care C unimportant D fixed Perhaps the most familiar way of translation of students of English is translation A literal B free C word-for-word D faithful Register of a translation mostly depends on: A meaning B constructure C A +B D context "Ngày mai trời lại sáng” (title) can be translated as: A A Nicer Day Will Come B Future Is Brighter C Hope for a Better Day D Another Day Coming Idioms can be translated only when it is: A forced B possible C impossible D necessary Context often helps bring in to a translation text A reliability B colour C preciseness D none of A,B,C Reference should be noticed to avoid: A repetition B misunderstanding C boredom Some common principles to all translation are: D ambiguity 48 A register + meaning + form C context + reference B register + form D meaning + form + context 10 "WHY" is not included in register or context because it is: A irrelevant B indefinite C obvious D unlimited 11 "A Billion Thanks!" -> "Vo cung cam on!" is translation A word-for-word B free C semantic D literal 12 "Amateur" from English into "A-ma-to" in Vietnamese is seen as: A Partial translation B Word-for-word translation C Phonological translation D Graphological translation 13 The message "SIT DOWN" can be expressed in: A Take a seat B Be seated C A + B D Why not sit? 14 Method of translation seems as as register A easy D complex B boring C important 15 Communicative translation seems a bit like A literal B free one C semantic D faithful 16 The translator, for reader's sake, correct(s) minor errors by the author A should B may C never D must 17 "Neu Con Co Ngay Mai" (title of a famous novel by Daniel Steel about some strong hope for future) can be suggested for translation into English as: A If There is Still Tomorrow C When Tomorrow Is Waited for B If Only Tomorrow Would Come D If The Future Can Be Better 18 Spoken and written languages are different A never B sometimes C always D optionally 19 register is often used between close friends A Official B Colloquial C Both B & C D Informal 20 "As it were!" should be best translated into Vietnamese as: A Ấy nói B Như thực tế vốn C Mong D Vì chuyện 49 DUYTAN UNIVERSITY END-OF-TERM IV TEST (EXTRA TERM) ENGLISH DEPARTMENT Translation Theory Time Limit: 60 mins Student's name: Class: Code: I MULTIPLE CHOICE (7,5pls) Pick out then circle the letter containing the best solution to the following sentences According to Peter Newmark, translation is a process of transferring a message from this language into another language in the way the intended the text A writer B author C translator D reader The translator in general should not change the of the original A language B style C purpose D content If the idiom does not work in the target language, not it into translation A enter D force C put D send The style is suitable for translating business letter, reports, projects, plans, etc A informal B neutral C colloquial D formal The often helps in understanding the particular meaning of a word, a phrase, etc A dictionary B method C register D context The method which pays more attention to the a esthetic value of the SL text is .translation A adaptation B literal C free D semantic Communicative translation attempts to .the exact contextual meaning of the original A render B contain C damage D take The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match the originals as as possible A closely B soon C clearly D much "Ngay Mai Troi Lai Sang" can be best translated as: A A Nicer Day Willcome B Tomorrow Is Better C Future Is Brighter D Let Hope For A Better Day 10 In translation, context is understood as the: 50 A WHAT B TO WHOM C WHERE D All of A,B,C 11 The passage "NO PARKING!" is often seen at: A everywhere B parks C public places D stations 12 The rule of parallelism suggests that structural forms after each element of the correlative conjunction be A different B optional C the same D parallel 13 When modifying any item of language, the modifier must be placed .that item A before B far from C closely to D near 14 basic steps in translating a sentence from Vietnamese into English include: A taking the suitable basic pattern B choosing the suitable modifier C Both A and B D guessing new words 15 The language used in the message should the context given A match B differ from C serve D be against II PRACTICE (2,5p(s) 16 State FOUR ways of conveying the message "THANK YOU" in different words 17 Correct the sentences: a He wanted to know why I left for Hue, when to leave and with whom leaving -> b They decided to buy a gift for Ba that is very expensive -> 18 Translate into English: Một bạn học cách bỏ qua điều khó chịu sống, bạn cười nhiều hơn, suy nghĩ sâu sắc đối xử tốt với người xung quanh ... our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain Đó điều kiện lý tưởng khởi đầu bình đẳng mà có hình thức giáo dục đại tiến cố gắng đạt lại (?) - It hadn't been until the early century... risk of computer failures and errors Câu đơn Cuộc đời đại học xem thời kỳ quan trọng trình phát triển tâm lý người Sress tường thường gặp đời sống ngày Chính phủ nước Đức đồng ý giúp 52 triệu... shouldn't drive without concentration / No awareness is dangerous for driving, He was denied the door - Anh đến không tiếp II Principles of Translation Although this is not a theoretical work, students