708 Answer Key Skill A Practice 1 Step 1 Research has shown that just 30 minutes of exercise a day is enough to keep most people healthy. This does not necessarily mean 30 minutes of har d exercise at the gym. It could be 10 minutes of brisk walking during a lunch break or any other short break during your day that you can think of. You simply need enough of these short breaks to add up to 30 minutes over your day. Whatever the activity is, it is vital that it make you breathe vigorously and produce sweat. You have to get your heart working significantly harder than when you are resting. Step 2 •light exercise can lead to physical changes in the body - study of women who walked - slow walkers lost more weight why? they exer cised longer because talked with friends • weight trainers say focus on taking your time when exercising Step 3 Lecture • Light exercise more effective • People walking slowly saw better results than those who exercised intensely Reading • Need vigorous exercise • A person needs to increase their heart rate significantly Step 4 The speaker says that even light exercise can lead to physical changes in the body. (1) This contradicts the statement in the reading that people have to breathe hard and sweat when they exercise. (2) As an example , the speaker describes a study of women who walk. In the study, women who walked slowly lost more weight than women who walked fast for exercise. (3) This indicates that the length of time exercising is important, not how hard the exercise is. (4) In other words, it is better to exercise slowly for a longer period of time than to exercise quickly just to sweat more. Practice 2 Step 1 Genetically modified (GM) food has many advantages . In agriculture, for example, GM crops can better resist various insects, diseases, and weeds without so much use of chemicals. This allows safer use of the land and the chance to feed more people because farms can produce more than before. Furthermore, GM crops grow bigger, always look perfect, and have high nutritional value. Other advantages include easier shipping and longer shelf life in stores. All these advantages are so important that most industries agree GM foods are now necessary. Step 2 • envir onmentalists believe GM foods cause problems in farming - make farming too technological - better way to make crops resistant is bio-natural farming • higher quantities and better quality of crops not necessary - make more for rich, less for poor Step 3 Lecture • GM foods cause unnecessary problems in farming • Farming too technological with GM farming • GM farming will only provide more food for already rich countries Reading • Many advantages to GM foods • Resists insects and diseases better • Can help feed more people • Has higher nutritional value Chapter 2 Answer Key 709 Step 4 The lecture tells us that environmental groups do not think GM foods are needed. (1) On the other hand, the written passage lists advantages to using GM foods. For example, it says that GM plants resist well against insects, diseases, and weeds. In contrast, the lecture claims that bio-natural farming can do the same thing (2) and in ways that are better for the environment. The reading also says GM foods look better and that more can be grown. Environmental groups, though, argue that more foods are not needed in rich countries and, (3) mor eover, that natural foods look good enough and taste better. (4) In short, the lecture shows that GM foods have no real advantages and that more natural foods should be grown instead. Practice 3 Step 1 Space exploration is a necessar y investment for our future. Our planet will soon run out of resources. Populations are growing rapidly. This will soon become a major problem. If we look seriously at this problem, we can see it is foolish not to consider the possibilities that space can offer. Natural resources, like minerals, can be found elsewhere on other planets, moons, or even asteroids. Other planets can be colonized, too. The real danger is that if we fail to invest in these possibilities now, then we will pay a high cost in the future. Step 2 • Government should deal with pr oblems on Earth before thinking about space - population problem ➝ better way to deal with issues in agriculture, clean-water management, and birth control - resource problem ➝ spend money better way to develop Earth’s resources or on programs to increase recycling and reusing, and decrease consumption Step 3 Lecture • Space exploration not necessary • Global problems should be tackled first • Money should be spent on problems here on Earth, not on space Reading • Space exploration necessary • Natural resources available on other planets. If we don’t explore other planets we may run out of resources Step 4 The lecture presents arguments opposed to space travel. The reading, (1) in contrast , presents reasons why space exploration is urgently needed and even necessary to ensure our future survival. In the lecture, it is clearly stated that opponents doubt these claims. They contend, (2) in brief, that our problems do not make space travel necessary and insist that governments should focus on better managing our problems here instead. The reading explains that we can colonize other planets and find resources on asteroids, (3) but opponents say we could find ways to develop resources here or even recycle more. They seem to believe that the Earth has enough resources to sustain us, as long as we use them wisely. (4) In summary, opponents of space exploration argue that we should solve our problems in the here and now and not in space. Practice 4 Step 1 The fall of Rome was due to a decline in morals and values. The discipline of Romans did not continue near the end of the Empire and the armies were difficult to control. Both citizens and soldiers lost their traditional beliefs. In Rome, for example, there lived approximately 32,000 prostitutes. Roman cities were also dangerous due to a high rate of violent crime. Roman leaders showed moral decay too; emperors like Nero and Caligula were well known for holding parties at which everyone drank and ate so much they became sick. Step 2 • Main reasons for fall of Roman Empire - ter rible living conditions - most Romans were poor - lived in small crowded apartments - too much military spending - government hired foreign soldiers Step 3 Lecture • Claims poor living conditions and military spending caused the fall of the empire • Romans had no money and so became angry and refused to defend the empire Reading • Moral decay caused the fall of the empire • The army became undisciplined • The cities became violent with high crime rates Step 4 The lecturer says moral decay did not cause the fall of Rome. This contradicts the text, which states moral decay was the main reason. (1) For example , the text says 32,000 prostitutes lived in Rome. However, the lecture explains many Romans could not even pay rent. The text (2) also suggests soldiers lost their values, but the lecture makes it clear that no improvements to living conditions in cities made Romans refuse to fight. (3) In addition, the lecture explains how hiring foreign soldiers made armies expensive to maintain, resulting in higher taxes and even more problems in cities. In short, the lecture shows that problems in cities and more spending on armies were bigger crises than moral decay. (4) Therefore, we can conclude that moral decay did not actually lead to the fall of Rome. Skill B Practice 1 Step 2 Transitions: For example, and, In this, I think Transitions: Therefore, One place, On the other hand, In the past, and Transitions: In fact, so, In conclusion, However Introduction: C, A, D, B Body: B, D, E, C, A Conclusion: B, D, A, C Practice 2 Step 2 Transitions: In this way, though Transitions: First of all, Finally, Secondly, For example, and Transitions: For the above reasons, and, however, so Introduction: E, B, D, A, C Body: E, A, C, F, B, D Conclusion: A, C, B, D Practice 3 Step 3 Transitions: However, because, Of course Transitions: Furthermore, while, What's more, whereas, and, also, though Transitions: In my opinion, however, In addition, and, As well as Introduction: E, C, A, D, B Body: D, C, F, E, A, B Conclusion: E, D, B, C, A Vocabulary Review Review 1 1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (D) 11. (D) 12. (A) 13. (B) 14. (B) 15. (C) 16. (C) 17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (D) 20. (B) 21. (A) 22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (A) 25. (C) 26. (C) 27. (B) 28. (C) 29. (D) 30. (D) 31. environmental 32. intelligence 33. performed 34. consistently 35. damaged 36. responded 37. feelings 38. measured 39. encouraged 40. possibilities 41. resistant 42. relieve 710 Answer Key Answer Key 711 43. restful 44. pace 45. nearby 46. (O) 47. (O) 48. (S) 49. (S) 50. (S) Review 2 1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (D) 10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (C) 13. (B) 14. (A) 15. (C) 16. (C) 17. (A) 18. (D) 19. (A) 20. (C) 21. (C) 22. (A) 23. (D) 24. (B) 25. (D) 26. (C) 27. (C) 28. (A) 29. (D) 30. (B) 31. economy 32. crowded 33. rent 34. improve 35. refused 36. response 37. hiring 38. foolish 39. government 40. troops 41. guidance 42. hire 43. regular 44. operation 45. genetically 46. (C) 47. (E) 48. (A) 49. (B) 50. (D) 712 Answer Key Focus A Exercise 1 1. John has lived in Spain for over six months. He moved here shortly after finishing university. John speaks Spanish very well, having studied it for many years. He likes Spanish culture, and he loves the food also. His plan is to live in Spain for a few years in order to improve his Spanish, then he plans to return to England to teach in a university. John will/is going to move back to England in May because he misses his family. Because his girlfriend is Spanish, he believes that one day he might return to Spain and start a family there. 2. Stephen and Sarah got married in May of last year. They have been mar ried just over a year. They have been looking for a house for over nine months now. Yesterday, they finally found a house that they really liked. They have decided to move in next month, after all of the furniture has been bought. They both work in the same hospital. Stephen is a doctor and Sarah is a doctor, too. Both of them work very hard, and have little time for organizing their new house. As a result, they hired a decorator to buy all the furniture and decorate the house. In a few weeks, they hope everything will have been/will be organized and they are looking/look forward to living in their new home. Exercise 2 1. When I traveled around Europe, it was one of the best times of my life. I had just finished university and I decided/had decided I wanted to see some more of the world. It was amazing to see so many different cultures in such a small area. While I was traveling through Germany, I met some people who, like me, were from America. We had a great time, so we decided to travel together for the rest of the holiday. It was so much fun. We made a promise that sometime in the future we would return and do it again, together. 2. Dublin City is home to the world’s tallest sculpture. The Dublin Spire is over 120 meters in height and was completed in January 2003. When the structure was first being built in 2002, there were delays because of bad weather. However, when the strong winds had passed, the spire was eventually able to be finished, and Dublin’s tallest structure was finally completed. Focus B Exercise 1 1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (A) Exercise 2 1. One of the best ways to r educe stress is to take up a hobby. At home, sometimes work-related issues can remain in a person’s mind. To prevent this, thinking about something different or doing something active can help your mind to focus on something else. Some people have a collection of certain objects or items. Other people prefer physical exercise or sports. This can improve your circulation, which is also good for your health. Either way, it is important to have an activity or hobby to help reduce the stress in your life. 2. Some people enjoy bringing some action and adventure into their lives. Many people enjoy sports like baseball and soccer, but some also enjoy high-risk activities such as sky diving and paragliding. Of course, with sports like these it is important that you are educated properly about them. The risks involved are far greater than in regular sports. But with higher risk, there comes greater excitement. The pleasure is far greater than with normal, everyday sports. Of course, you have to pay more with these activities, but they are usually worth the extra cost. If you want your life to have more entertainment, then these fun pastimes are a great idea. Chapter 2 Answer Key 713 Focus C Exercise 1 IC 1. A lot of information are on the Internet. C 2. We decided to leave the restaurant, as the menu was not impressive. IC 3. All of this food are healthy for you. IC 4. A number of students has failed the exam. C 5. The nurses waited over an hour for the doctor, who never arrived. IC 6. The Philippines have a population of over eighty-six million people. IC 7. After the day in the park, they was all very relaxed. IC 8. Brian and I am deciding where to go on vacation. IC 9. Each nation have donated food and supplies to help with the problem. IC 10. Watching certain television programs are a good way to educate children. C 11. Some of the builders are going to return to work tomorrow. IC 12. One thousand dollars are a lot of money to earn each week. C 13. Each evening, the couple take a walk along the beach. IC 14. The children was curious about many of the animals in the zoo. C 15. The janitor had finished cleaning by the time we arrived. IC 16. He have the answer to the question. Exercise 2 1. look 2. has 3. appears 4. have 5. need 6. is 7. rescue 8. prays 9. have 10. catch 11. escape 12. disagree 13. is 14. arrives 15. worry 16. think Focus D Exercise 1 One of the two sentences below is a fragment. Underline the fragment and change it into a complete sentence. 1. I really like steak. Chicken, too . ➠ I really like steak. I like chicken, too. 2. Simon jogged to the park. And stayed ther e for an hour. ➠ Simon jogged to the park, and he stayed there for an hour. 3. It is usually warm in summer. Sometimes stormy as well. ➠ It is usually warm in summer. Sometimes, it is stormy as well. 4. I saw Ann last week. While walking to class. ➠ I saw Ann last week while I was walking to class. 5. The question easy . I didn’t know the answer. ➠ The question was easy but I didn’t know the answer. 6. Nancy works quite hard. But doesn’ t work as hard as Cindy. ➠ Nancy works quite hard, but she doesn’t work as hard as Cindy. 7. Tara has a young daughter. Her name Jessica. ➠ Tara has a young daughter. Her name is Jessica. 8. Now that I in Spain. I really want to go back to America. ➠ Now that I am in Spain, I really want to go back to America. 9. You can’t enter the competition. It too late . ➠ You can’t enter the competition. It is too late. 10. After the marathon, they were all thirsty. Hungry, too. ➠ After the marathon, they were all thirsty. They were hungry, too. 11. Saw the soccer match on television . I wasn’t impressed. ➠ I saw the soccer match on television. I wasn’t impressed. 714 Answer Key 12. The meal in the restaurant excellent. It was a pity the service wasn’t. ➠ The meal in the restaurant was excellent. It was a pity the service wasn’t. 13. He sometimes quiet and moody . He is often depressed, too. ➠ He is sometimes quiet and moody. He is often depressed, too. 14. Walking to the subway station time consuming. I usually take the bus. ➠ Walking to the subway station is time consuming. I usually take the bus. 15. John works so hard. Often doesn’t sleep until three in the morning. ➠ John works so hard. Often, he doesn’t sleep until three in the morning. 16. So much suffering in the world. There is also so much unhappiness. ➠ There is so much suffering in the world. There is also so much unhappiness. Exercise 2 CS 1. When the rain stopped, the sun finally came out. F 2. Switzerland is a beautiful country. So too, Ireland. F 3. Many countries in South America have excellent soccer teams. Such as Brazil. RO 4. The tour was not very successful we didn’t enjoy it. CS 5. When the opera was over, the audience stood and clapped in approval. CS 6. Though I waited over an hour for my friend, she never arrived. F 7. I asked my friend to help me with my resumé. Didn’t help me. RO 8. The builder did a bad job on my house I didn’t pay him. CS 9. When we went to London, we took a lot of photographs. CS 10. After the movie ended, everybody left. F 11.Was very unhappy with the results. I decided to study harder. F 12. The town had never looked so clean. Worked so hard to tidy it. CS 13. When the crowds started arriving, the theater director started to relax. F 14. Of all the days of the vacation, Saturday the best. RO 15. Patrick had worked hard for years he deserved a raise. CS 16. The horse that won the race was not necessarily the best. Focus E Exercise 1 IC 1. We asked the government develop the school facilities. IC 2. My grandfather liked study new things. C 3. The woman also suggested applying for the loan. C 4. We decided to do some extra work over the weekend. IC 5. As it was Saturday, we didn’t want work hard. IC 6. I saw him to selling tickets for the raffle. C 7. One theory is the universe exploded billions of years ago. C 8. He decided working there was a bad idea. C 9. His final solution was to sell the house. C 10. They agreed that hiring a detective might solve the problem. IC 11. It is impossible to finding an answer for that question. IC 12. They didn’t want spend more time there than was necessary. C 13. To review the project again was suggested by the director of sales. IC 14.I knew that finishing the job would be more difficult than to starting it. IC 15. The easiest solution was that replace the broken part with a new one. C 16. They realized that waiting another day would put them behind schedule. Answer Key 715 Exercise 2 1. Dave and Casey agreed to share the prize money. ➠ (that) Dave and Casey agreed that they would share the prize money. 2. They decided that they would sell the house. ➠ (to) They decided to sell the house. 3. He expected that she would not flunk the course. ➠ (to) He expected her not to flunk the course. 4. Andrea realized to paint the wall would take too long. ➠ (that) Andrea realized that painting the wall would take too long. 5. Everyone expected that the company would change ownership. ➠ (to) Everyone expected the company to change ownership. 6. In order to meet the deadline, they had to work on Saturday. ➠ (that) In order that they meet the deadline, they had to work on Saturday. 7. Kim asked that the manager give her an extra day to finish the project. ➠ (to) Kim asked the manager to give her an extra day to finish the project. 8. They knew it was unacceptable completing the project three weeks late. ➠ (that) They knew it was unacceptable that they complete the project three weeks late. 9. We agreed to spend a week in Greece. ➠ (that) We agreed that we would spend a week in Greece. 10. In order that the repairs for the computer be done properly, you should call Tim. ➠ (to) In order to properly repair the computer, you should call Tim. Focus F Exercise 1 1. The heavy storm kept us from going out, so we sat watching TV all day. 2. It was raining heavily, but I had no umbrella. 3. We can go to the theater or go to the beach. 4. He enjoys neither the theater nor the opera. 5. These days, I take cooking lessons, and I also started a yoga class. 6. I was very hungry; however , I had no money to buy food. 7. We began our vacation in Paris. Then, we traveled around the rest of Europe. 8. He won the cooking competition; therefore, he is the best chef. 9. He is a fantastic lecturer; however , he often arrives late for class. 10. We lost that particular game, but we won the whole competition. 11. They won an expensive meal for two, so they are going to a restaurant this weekend. 12. I encourage my students to read first; then , they can practice speaking. 13. They are big soccer fans; however , they have never been to a game. 14. I spend a lot of time studying French, but I don’t seem to be improving. 15. I have the most experience with cameras; therefore, I should take the photographs. 16. They had two choices. They could quit, or they could work twice as hard. 716 Answer Key Exercise 2 1. Some cities are a lot more expensive to live in than others. For example, a cup of coffee in Dublin, Ireland can cost you around three euros. However , the same cup of coffee in Buenos Aires might set you back only seventy cents. Quite a difference! These days, the most expensive cities to live in are Tokyo, London, and Moscow. Paris is also very expensive. A two-bedroom apartment there can cost around 2000 euros per month, but it may cost only 600 euros in Buenos Aires. Additionally, a music CD in Buenos Aires sells for around seven euros, whereas the same CD may sell for up to 20 euros in Dublin and London. We can see, therefore, as much as we complain about prices, that some cities have it worse than we do. 2. Skydiving is a very exciting sport. Imagine climbing into an airplane with a bag on your back, flying into the sky, and then jumping out of the airplane. Although it sounds dangerous, each year, thousands of people pay money to do this. What is it that makes people want to do this? Is it the excitement or the fear and danger? Some people, for example , enjoy the “rush” from roller coasters. On the other hand, others may want to test how brave they are; ther efore, they put on a parachute and jump out of a plane. Either way, there must be something special that makes people want to jump. Answer Key 717 Reading Businesses 1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (B) 7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (C) 10. (D) 11. (A) 12. Proprietorship (C); Partnership (E); Corporation (B), (F) Crystals 13. (C) 14. (D) 15. (A) 16. (A) 17. (B) 18. (C) 19. (C) 20. (B) 21. (D) 22. (A) 23. (C) 24. (B), (C), (E) Listening Campus Life 1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (C) 5. 1 (A), 2 (D), 3 (C), 4 (B) 6. (D) Art 7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (D) 10. Bayeux (C), (D); Bradford (A), (B) 11. (B) 12. (D) Health 13. (D) 14. (B) 15. (A), (B) 16. (C) 17. 1 (D), 2 (B), 3 (C), 4 (A) 18. (C) Biology 19. (C) 20. (B) 21. (C) 22. Norway rat (B), (D); House mouse (A), (C) 23. (A) 24. (D) Practice Test Speaking Question 1 The best vacation I ever had was a trip to Hawaii. The first reason I enjoyed this trip was the beautiful weather. Every day it was sunny and clear, so I could do many outdoor activities. Another reason I enjoyed my trip was all the beautiful scenery. Hawaii has many lovely parks and beaches. Finally, I really liked Hawaiian food. I enjoy eating seafood. Because Hawaii is an island, there is a wide variety of seafood available. Question 2 Sample response 1: In my opinion, allowing men to choose to serve in the military is the better policy. First of all, I believe in freedom of choice. By forcing someone to serve, the government takes away that freedom. In addition, when a man serves in the army, he loses time that he can never get back. With this time, he could be studying or working or preparing for his future. Second, I believe forcing only men to serve is discrimination. It is not fair to men. They should be treated equally with women. Sample response 2: In my opinion, forcing men to serve in the military is the better policy. First of all, it is very important for a country to have a strong military. If men weren’t forced to serve, the army would be too small to protect the country from attack. Second, I think men can learn a lot from serving in the military. For instance, they learn discipline and how to work in a group. They can also improve their health by exercising all the time. Finally, men often make business contacts in the military that help them in the future. [...]... resident must follow the customs of the new country For example, in school or business, the new resident must speak the language of the new country If they do not, they will not be able to communicate If they cannot communicate with others, they will not have the opportunity to succeed Their social life will be poor, which will limit their chances of enjoying their time in a new place Similarly, to lead an... of the new country or keep the customs of their former country While I think it is important for everyone to be proud of his or her heritage, I also believe it is important to adapt to a new country First, people usually leave one country for another country because of the opportunity for a better life In order to fully take advantage of this opportunity, the new resident must follow the customs of the. .. relax and see her friends on the weekend If she didn’t have time to relax, she might get too stressed to perform well in class Question 6 The lecture provides information about the Hanging Gardens of Babylon In particular, the professor talks about why the gardens were probably built One reason the king in ancient Babylon probably built the Hanging Gardens was to please his wife The gardens were probably... performance, they reward lazy students who don’t work as hard to earn high grades In sum, she would like the scholarships to be awarded based on grades, so she would be able to get one Question 4 The reading talks about Vikings and their ships, called drakkars These ships were very long and strong They were used to transport up to 150 warriors on raids all across Europe The speaker mentions that the. .. conversation, the woman describes a problem she has with work and school She is worried about having enough time to study for exams while working at a restaurant four nights a week The man suggests two ways for her to deal with the problem First, he suggests that she only work on weekends I think this is the best idea The woman says that she likes to relax and hang out with her friends on the weekend,... are put into important points on a patient’s body The acupuncturist then vibrates the needles by hand or with electricity This helps the patient’s body The reading suggests that acupuncture may change some chemicals in the brain, which helps the patient feel better It states that we do not know exactly why acupuncture works Some studies in England and the US, though, have found that acupuncture can help... resident must adapt to the customs of that country in order to feel comfortable around other residents If he or she is uncomfortable around other people, it will be difficult to make friends Without friends, a new resident will not enjoy an active social life Finally, I think that part of the joy of life is learning about new cultures New residents to a country should take advantage of their chance to do... had their pain get worse after treatment In addition, more serious negative health effects such as infections and hepatitis B have been documented For these reasons, the National Health Council does not recommend acupuncture Task 2 Moving to another country can be a difficult process Each country has its own food, language, and customs New residents to a country have a choice They can try to follow the. .. relations with her homeland and thereby maintain the queen’s home country as an ally A second reason may have been to impress people with Babylon’s power and to convey its wealth and might By showing how powerful and prosperous Babylon was, it was showing that its way of life was the right one 7 18 Answer Key Writing Sample Responses Task 1 The topic of both the lecture and the reading is acupuncture Acupuncture...Question 3 The Ministry of Education announced a new scholarship to help students who don’t have a lot of money The woman disagrees with this scholarship First, she believes that the scholarship discriminates against students whose parents are wealthy In fact, her mother earns a lot of money, so the woman will not be able to get the scholarship Second, she believes that because the scholarships . the fall of Rome. Skill B Practice 1 Step 2 Transitions: For example, and, In this, I think Transitions: Therefore, One place, On the other hand, In the. and Casey agreed that they would share the prize money. 2. They decided that they would sell the house. ➠ (to) They decided to sell the house. 3. He expected