ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY There are two groups: 1. Definite Frequency Adverbs : every day, every week, every month, every quarter, every year, annually, twice a day, three times a week,… - Positions: They usually go at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. 2. Indefinite Frequency Adverbs : never, seldom,rarely, hardly ever (= almost never), occasionally, sometimes, often, usually, always. - Positions: - They come after verb “BE” - They go before all ordinary verbs - They go after the first auxiliary verb 3. Some indefinite frequency adverbs can go at the beginning or at the end of the sentence: Frequently, Generally, Occasionally = Once in a while, Often, Sometimes, Usually. 4. Inversion of subject and verb after initial negative adverbs: Never, Not only, So Market conditions have never been as favorable as they are now. Never have market conditions been as favorable as they are now. The professionals not only demanded new training facilities, they also proposed a revision of membership fees. Not only did the professionals demand new training facilities, they also proposed a revision of membership fees. The winner was so exhausted that he collapsed soon after finishing the race. So exhausted was the winner that he collapsed soon after finishing the race. CONJUNCTIONS There are three types of conjunctions: 1. Coordinating Conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. (FANBOYS) 2. Subordinating Conjunctions: - To introduce noun clauses: That, What, Where, When, How, Why…. - To introduce adjective clauses: Who, Whom, Whose + noun, Which, That, When, Where. - To introduce adverb clauses: • Adverb clauses of time: After, As soon as, As, Before, When, While, Until, By the time, since • Adverb clauses of place: Where, Wherever • Adverb clauses of reason: Because, Since, As • Adverb clauses of condition: If, Unless, Provided that = Providing that = If , So/As long as = Only if • Adverb clauses of concession: Although, Even though, Though, Despite the fact that. • Adverb clauses of direct opposition: While, Whereas • Adverb clauses of cause and effect: So …… that, Such ……… that • Adverb clauses of purpose: So that, In order that, • Adverb clauses of manner, Distance, and Frequency: As if, As though, As + adverb+ As 3. Correlative Conjunctions: Both ……… and, Neither …… nor, Either ……… Or, Not only ……… but also COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH COORDINATORS Independent clause, FANBOYS Independent clause for (reason) and (addition) nor (negative) but (contrast) or (choice) yet (contrast) so (result) For Women live longer than men, for they take better care of their health. And Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often. Nor Women don’t smoke as much as men do, nor do they drink as much alcohol. But Men may exercise harder, but they may not exercise as regularly as women do. Or Both men and women should limit the amount of fat in their diets, or they risk getting heart disease. Yet Women used to be known as the “weaker sex”, yet in some ways, they are stronger than men. So Men are less cautious than women, so more men die in accidents. COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS INDEPENDENT CLAUSE; CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS, INDEPENDENT CLAUSE. Coordinators Conjunctive adverbs Sentences ,and ; besides, ; moreover, ; further, ;furthermore, ; also, ; in addition, Community college offer preparation for many occupations; moreover, they prepare students to transfer to a four-year college or university. , but , yet ; however, ; nevertheless, Many community colleges do not have dormitories; however, they provide housing referral services. , or ; otherwise, Students must take final exams; otherwise, they will receive a grade of incomplete. , so ; accordingly, ; consequently, ; hence, ; therefore, ; thus, ; as a result, Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; therefore, most schools provide separate English classes for each group. COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH SEMICOLONS A compound sentence can also be formed with a semicolon. My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies medicine. Poland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from communism; others soon followed. COMPLEX SENTENCES INDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSES NOUN CLAUSES That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well known. What he said was not true. I don’t know whether (or not) I should take computer science ( or not). What the thieves did with all the money remains a mystery. REMEMBER: The verb in the introductory clause controls the tense of the verb in the noun clause. If the introductory clause verb is in simple present, present perfect, or future, the verb in the noun clause is in whatever tense expresses the meaning that the introductory clause intends. However, when the verb in the introductory clause is in the past tense, the verb in the dependent clause is usually in a past form. The prime ministers agree that global warming is a serious problem. They hope that all nations will be responsible for solving this serious problem. Further research will prove that carbon dioxide is largely responsible. The prime ministers agreed that global warming was a serious problem. They hoped that all nations would be responsible for solving this serious problem. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 1. Suject+Verb+Object+ WHO +Verb+Object WHICH THAT WHOSE+NOUN WHERE+Subject+Verb+Object She is the girl who sits next to me in class. The bat is the only mammal which(that) can fly. Thomas Raven is a physicist whose book on time and space has been translated into dozens of languages. The new shopping mall is advertised as a place where you can find just about anything you might want to buy. 2. Subject+ WHO +Verb+Object+ Verb+Object WHICH THAT WHOSE+NOUN WHERE+Subject+Verb+Verb People who don’t get enough sleep may become short-tempered and irritable. The cold weather which(that) swept in from the north damaged the fruit crop. The students whose names were called raised their hands. The village where my father was born is still very poor. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES REDUCED TO ADJECTIVE PHRASES. Food that passes from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube which is called the esophagus. Food passing from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube called the esophagus. Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the wild. Animals born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those captured in the wild. One of the most important foodstuffs in the world is flour, which is a fine powder that is made by grinding wheat or other grains. One of the most important foodstuffs in the world is flour, a fine powder made by grinding wheat or other grains. GENERAL FORM PARTICIPLES – ACTIVE VOICE Verb Tense Sentences with Relative Clause Sentences with Participial Phrase Simple Present Many students who study at this university are from foreign country. Many students studying at this university are from foreign country. Present Continuous Students who are taking calculus must buy a graphing calculator. Students taking calculus must buy a graphing calculator. Simple Past The team members, who looked happy after their victory, were cheered by the fans. The team members, looking happy after their victory, were cheered by the fans. Past Continuous The crowd, which was cheering wildly as the game ended, wouldn’t leave the stadium. The crowd, cheering wildly as the game ended, wouldn’t leave the stadium. Future Everyone who will take the Everyone taking the TOEFL next month must pre- register. TOEFL next month must pre-register GENERAL FORM PARTICIPLES – PASSIVE VOICE Verb Tense Sentences with Relative Clause Sentences with Participial Phrase Simple Present Lab reports that are not handed in by Friday will not be accepted. Lab reports not handed in by Friday will not be accepted Simple Past The prisoner, who was surrounded by guards, walked calmly to his execution. The prisoner, surrounded by guards, walked calmly to his execution. CONTINUOUS FORM PARTICIPLES Verb Tense Sentences with Relative Clause Sentences with Participial Phrase Present Continuous A law that is currently being debated concerns abortion rights. A law currently being debated concerns abortion rights. Past Continuous The signs that were being posted around campus support abortion rights. The signs being posted around campus support abortion rights. Future A movie that will be shown tomorrow was made by an anti-abortion group. A movie being shown tomorrow was made by an anti-abortion group. PERFECT FORM PARTICIPLES Verb Tense Sentence with Relative Clause Sentence with participial phrase Present Perfect The secrets of the universe, which have fascinated people for centuries, are slowly being revealed. The secrets of the universe, having fascinated people for centuries, are slowly being revealed. Past Perfect The film, which had been shown too often in movie theaters, did not attract a large TV audience. The film, having been shown too often in movie theaters, did not attract a large TV audience. 3. Subject+Verb+Object+WHO +Subj+Verb. WHOM WHICH THAT Þ WHOSE+NOUN 4. Subject+ WHO + Subject +Verb+Verb+Obj. WHOM WHICH THAT Þ WHOSE+NOUN ADVERB CLAUSES ( Sequence of Tenses) Present Simple Tense for Future Actions Simple Futute (Will+Verb) + Time Words + Present Simple As soon as After Before Until The moment When While + Present continuous I’ll be there as soon as I find the key. Next week when there is a full moon, the ocean tides will be higher. When the tide comes in, the ship will leave the harbor. I’ll wait right here until she comes. I’ll talk to the boss the moment he comes in. Present Perfect and Past Simple Present Perfect + SINCE + Past Simple We have been friends since we were at elementary school. Future Perfect (Continuous)+by the time+ Present Simple They got married in December 1999. By the end of this year, they will have been married for ten years. He promises her that he will come back and marry her in five years’ time, but she’s afraid that by the time he comes back, she will have been married and will have had …………children. Past Simple and Past Continuous ° WHEN+ Past Simple, Past Continuous ° Past Continuous + WHEN + Past Simple (Interrupted Action) [...]... camping trip, I was exhausted, irritable, and hungry.( A balanced series of descriptive adjectives) My hope for retirement is to be healthy, to live in a comfortable house, and having plenty of money (Faulty Parallelism) My hope for retirement is to be healthy, to live in a comfortable house, and to have plenty of money (A balanced series of to-infinitives) Nightly, Fred puts out trash, checks the locks on... how to use the coffee machine, and …………………………………………… 6 My best friend is honest, dependable, and …………………… Use the correct form of the words in parenthesis Architects responsible for the (construct) ……………… of many skyscrapers believe that a tall building must always have a certain minimum (wide) ……… but that there is no limit to its absolute (high)……… This means that the skyscrapers of the future are... world Soft solder melts at a low temperature than ordinary solder Many of the nation’s most important documents are stored in the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C The surfboards used 25 years ago were more heavier than the ones used by surfers today Few American politicians have spoken more eloquently than William Jennings Bryan Subterranean termites are the more destructive type of termites... Edward Island is the less populous of Canada’s ten provinces During a depression, economic conditions are far worse than they are during a recession One of the most basic American contributions to technology was the so-called “American system” of interchangeable machine parts The horse chestnut has a stronger, bitter taste than other chestnut Chicago’s Field Museum is one of the largest and better known... Chicago’s Field Museum is one of the largest and better known natural history museums in the United States Baltimore has one of the world’s most finest natural harbors 15 The Kennedy-Nixon race of 1960 was the closest presidential election of this century 16 The finback whale is the fastest of all whales, and only the blue whale is largest 17 The cello is shorter and more slender than the double bass ... anywhere that is handy (conveniently located) Everywhere I shop, I use my credit cards MANNER, DISTANCE, and FREQUENCY CLAUSES Kathleen spoke as if (as though) she were an authority on the subject (manner) Pat jogs on the beach as far as she can.(distance) She jogs on the beach as often as she can (frequency) The students completed the experiment as quickly as they could (manner) REASON CLAUSES Europeans... ……………over the best shape for the tall, slim buildings The effects of wind (press) …………mean that the cylindrical designs have enjoyed some (popular) …………….in recent years, and these are quite pleasing to the eye (fortunate) ……………., however, the ideal shape is an ugly square with heavily rounded corners Would these tall buildings of the future offer more than a (wonder) ………… view? Some believe tall towers... living The (inhabit) ………… of these vertical villages would travel up and down between their home and work zones and would (rare) ……………need to journey to ground level Identify and correct errors and correct forms of comparatives and superlatives 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 The period is probably the most easiest punctuation mark to use When metal replaced wood in the construction of ships’ hulls, more... DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE” USE “THE” 1 When the object or group of objects is unique The sun, the earth, the sky, the moon… The earth revolves around the sun 2 Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second time I met a man and a woman The man is short, and the woman is tall 3 Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or a clause The girl in a blue dress, The man... may either retain or delete these subordinators 4 Make sure that the subject of the adverbial clause and the subject of the independent clause are the same before reducing the adverbial clause to a participial phrase VERBAL ADJECTIVES 1 The present participle (Verb+ING) can be an adjective which describes the use or purpose of a person or thing Examples: a walking cane, a dining room, a sitting room, . ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY There are two groups: 1. Definite Frequency Adverbs : every day, every week, every month, every. at the end of the sentence. 2. Indefinite Frequency Adverbs : never, seldom,rarely, hardly ever (= almost never), occasionally, sometimes, often, usually,