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Edited by Drogo Montague Inderbir Gill Kenneth Angermeier Jonathan H Ross Textbook of RECONSTRUCTIVE UROLOGIC SURGERY In recent years, athough open reconstructive urologic procedures have continued to evolve and remain the main choice of urologists, newer laparoscopic and robotic approaches to reconstructive urology are becoming ever more popular and challenging the open method as the technique of choice for the urologic surgeon. e Textbook of Reconstructive Urologic Surgery presents a totally comprehensive approach to open, laparoscopic, endourologic, robotic, microsurgical, and prosthetic reconstructive techniques. Superbly edited by the Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute’s editorial team, the emphasis has been to bring together an outstanding contributor team of the world’s leading urologists. e result is a truly landmark text which provides detailed illustrations of all reconstructive procedures along with diagnostic considerations, surgical indications, pre and postoperative care instructions, and discussions of complications. Superbly illustrated with specially commissioned anatomical and surgical line drawings, the topics covered are split into 9 sections, including: Renal Reconstruction • Ureteral Reconstruction • Bladder Reconstruction • Urinary Diversion • Male Urethral Reconstruction • Urogynecologic Reconstruction • Reconstruction of the Penis and Scrotum • Future Considerations Functioning as a definitive reference and surgical text, the Textbook of Reconstructive Urologic Surgery, with its clearly structured format, will prove to be an indispensable tool for any urologic surgeon involved in the diagnosis and surgical management of a whole range of urologic malignancies. Textbook of RECONSTRUCTIVE UROLOGIC SURGERY www.informahealthcare.com Edited by Drogo Montague Inderbir Gill Kenneth Angermeier Jonathan H Ross Cover artwork supplied with permission of e Cleveland Clinic Center for Medical Art & Photography © 2008 Textbook of RECONSTRUCTIVE UROLOGIC SURGERY Montague | Gill Angermeier| Ross TEXTBOOK OF RECONSTRUCTIVE UROLOGIC SURGERY Prelims-Montague-8036.qxd 1/18/2008 6:58 PM Page i Prelims-Montague-8036.qxd 1/18/2008 6:58 PM Page ii TEXTBOOK OF RECONSTRUCTIVE UROLOGIC SURGERY Editors Drogo K Montague MD Professor of Surgery Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Case Western Reserve University and Director, Center for Genitourinary Reconstruction Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH, USA Indebir S Gill MD MC h Vice Chairman Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Director Center for Laparoscopic and Robotic Urology Professor of Surgery Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH, USA Kenneth W Angermeier MD Center for Genitourinary Reconstruction Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH, USA Jonathan H Ross MD The Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Case Western Reserve University Section of Pediatric Urology Glickman Urologic and Kidney Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH, USA Prelims-Montague-8036.qxd 1/18/2008 6:58 PM Page iii © 2008 Informa UK Ltd First published in the United Kingdom in 2008 by Informa Healthcare, Telephone House, 69–77 Paul Street, London EC2A 4LQ. Informa Healthcare is a trading division of Informa UK Ltd. Registered Office: 37/41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH. Registered in England and Wales number 1072954. Tel: +44 (0)20 7017 5000 Fax: +44 (0)20 7017 6699 Website: www.informahealthcare.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Although every effort has been made to ensure that all owners of copyright material have been acknowledged in this publication, we would be glad to acknowledge in subsequent reprints or editions any omissions brought to our attention. Although every effort has been made to ensure that drug doses and other information are presented accurately in this publication, the ultimate responsibility rests with the prescribing physician. Neither the publishers nor the authors can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of information contained herein. For detailed prescribing information or instructions on the use of any product or procedure discussed herein, please con- sult the prescribing information or instructional material issued by the manufacturer. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Data available on application ISBN-10: 1–84184–644–9 ISBN-13: 978–1–84184–644–6 Distributed in North and South America by Taylor & Francis 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW, (Suite 300) Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA Within Continental USA Tel: 1 (800) 272 7737; Fax: 1 (800) 374 3401 Outside Continental USA Tel: (561) 994 0555; Fax: (561) 361 6018 Email: orders@crcpress.com Distributed in the rest of the world by Cengage Learning Services Limited Cheriton House North Way Andover, Hampshire SP10 5BE, UK Tel: +44 (0)1264 332424 Email: tps.tandfsalesorder@thomson.com Composition by C&M Digitals (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound in India by Replika Pvt Ltd Prelims-Montague-8036.qxd 1/18/2008 6:58 PM Page iv Contents Contributors x Preface xx Acknowledgments xxi SECTION 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1. Modern computed tomography and ultrasound imaging 1 Dennis LL Cochlin 2. Biologic adhesives and hemostatic agents 24 Keith L Lee and Marshall L Stoller 3. Principles of microsurgery 33 Maria Siemionow and Serdar Nasir 4. Principles of tissue transfer 42 Gerald H Jordan 5. Endoscopic suturing principles and aids 51 Michael E Moran 6. Laparoscopic access and exit 63 Alireza Moinzadeh and Antonio Finelli 7. Laparoscopic complications: reconstructive aspects 68 Kamal Mattar, Alireza Moinzadeh, and Antonio Finelli 8. Laparoscopic and robotic pediatric surgery 75 Hillary Copp and Craig A Peters 9. Urologic applications of robotic surgery 84 Patrick E Davol, Brant R Fulmer, and Daniel B Rukstalis SECTION 2 RENAL RECONSTRUCTION 10. Reconstructive surgery after renal trauma 97 Jack W McAninch 11. Open partial nephrectomy for kidney cancer 101 Andrew C Novick 12. Laprascopic partial nephrectomy 108 Burak Turna, Monish Aron, and Inderbir S Gill 13. Surgery for renal vascular disease 121 Amr F Fergany and Andrew C Novick 14. Interventional radiology for renovascular disease 127 Michael A Geisinger 15. Renal transplantation 133 Stuart M Flechner and Alain Duclos 16. Open surgical management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction 143 Carlos R Estrada and Alan B Retik 17. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty 151 Kristofer R Wagner and Thomas W Jarrett 18. Ureteroscopic endopyelotomy for the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction 160 Brent Yanke and Demetrius Bagley Prelims-Montague-8036.qxd 1/18/2008 6:58 PM Page v vi CONTENTS 19. Percutaneous management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction 167 Robert J Stein and Mihir M Desai 20. Laparoscopic surgery in horseshoe and pelvic kidneys 174 Rodrigo Frota, Robert J Stein, Monish Aron, and Inderbir S Gill SECTION 3 URETERAL RECONSTRUCTION 21. Ureteral substitution 182 James C Ulchaker and Bashir R Sankari 22. Retroperitoneal fibrosis 185 Alison M Lake and J Stuart Wolf Jr 23. Endoscopic and open surgical management of ureterocele and ectopic ureter 192 Una J Lee and Jeffrey S Palmer 24. Laparoscopic ureteral surgery 200 Thomas HS Hsu and Tatum Tarin SECTION 4 BLADDER RECONSTRUCTION 25. Fetal surgery for obstructive uropathy 209 Jason Wilson and Laurence S Baskin 26. Injectables in pediatric urology: reflux, bladder neck, and stomas 213 Wolfgang H Cerwinka and Andrew J Kirsch 27. Surgical management of primary vesicoureteral reflux and megaureters 226 William Robert DeFoor Jr and Curtis A Sheldon 28. Modern staged repair of exstrophy/epispadias 235 J Todd Purves and John P Gearhart 29. Complete primary exstrophy repair 244 Richard W Grady 30. Enterocystoplasty and catheterizable stomas 253 Anthony J Casale 31. Gastrocystoplasty 262 Martin Kaefer 32. Ureterocystoplasty 269 Martin A Koyle and Jane F Peterson 33. Bladder neck procedures for neurogenic sphincteric incontinence 274 Jack S Thomas and John C Elder 34. Augmentation cystoplasty: open and laparoscopic approaches 289 Raymond R Rackley, Jonathan H Ross, and Joseph Abdelmalak 35. Bladder neck closure: male and female 296 Ginger Isom-Batz and Philippe E Zimmern SECTION 5 URINARY DIVERSION 36. Urinary diversion during laparoscopic radical cystectomy 305 Amr Mahmoud Abdel Hakim 37. Ileal neobladder 311 Richard E Hautmann 38. Ileal orthotopic bladder substitution 319 Nivedita Bhatta Dhar and Urs E Studer 39. Ileal neobladder: T-pouch 325 John P Stein 40. Right colon neobladder 336 Ludger Franzaring, Joachim W Thüroff Prelims-Montague-8036.qxd 1/18/2008 6:58 PM Page vi CONTENTS vii 41. Left colon neobladder 345 Pratap K Reddy and Avinash K Reddy 42. Orthotopic urinary diversion in the female patient 349 Stephen Boorjian and Michael L Blute 43. Supravesical urinary diversion: conduits 358 Amit R Patel and Amr Fergany 44. Continent cutaneous diversion: ileum 369 Hassan Abol-Enein and Mohamed A Ghoneim 45. Continent cutaneous urinary diversion: right colonic reservoirs 375 Matthew N Simmons and Steven C Campbell 46. Urinary diversion into the rectosigmoid Mainz pouch II 383 Rudolf Hohenfellner SECTION 6 MALE URETHRAL RECONSTRUCTION 47. Artificial urinary sphincter implantation in the adult male 392 Drogo K Montague 48. Bulbous urethral slings 399 Bradley A Erickson and Anthony J Schaeffer 49. One-stage hypospadias repairs 407 Douglas Canning and Andy Chang 50. Complex hypospadias repairs 419 Jonathan H Ross 51. Urethral duplication and megalourethra 426 Michael C Carr 52. Management of acute urethral trauma 433 Jack W McAninch and Jill Buckley 53. Posterior urethral reconstruction 442 Neil H. Grafstein and George D Webster 54. Anterior urethral reconstruction: excision with primary anastomosis 453 Michael B Williams and Steven M Schlossberg 55. Anterior urethral reconstruction: ventral grafts 459 Kenneth W Angermeier 56. Anterior urethral reconstruction: dorsal grafts 466 Guido Barbagli and Massimo Lazzeri 57. Anterior urethral reconstruction: penile island flaps 473 Jeremy B Myers and Allen Morey 58. Scrotal and perineal flaps for urethral reconstruction 480 Charles L Secrest 59. Staged urethroplasty 483 D E Andrich and Anthony R Mundy 60. Combined use of fasciocutaneous, muscular and myocutaneous flaps and graft onlays in urethral reconstruction 487 Leonard N Zinman 61. Contemporary management of rectourethral fistulas 503 Leonard N Zinman 62. Cultured buccal mucosa grafts: current status 510 Jacob M Patterson, Sheila MacNeil, and Christopher R Chapple 63. Acellular matrix: current status 516 Abdel W El-Kassaby 64. Anastomotic contractures after treatment for prostate cancer 526 Neil H Grafstein and George D Webster Prelims-Montague-8036.qxd 1/18/2008 6:58 PM Page vii viii CONTENTS SECTION 7 UROGYNECOLOGIC RECONSTRUCTION 65. Reconstructive surgery for pelvic floor relaxation 532 Christian O Twiss, Veronica Triaca, Ramdev Konijeti, and Shlomo Raz 66. Female genital cosmetic surgery 553 Rufus Cartwright and Linda Cardozo 67. Neovagina for agenesis 558 Melissa C Davies and Sarah M Creighton 68. Urethral diverticula 562 Sandip P Vasavada 69. Female urethral reconstruction 567 Courtenay K Moore 70. Retropubic procedures for stress incontinence 573 Sarah E McAchran and Howard B Goldman 71. Slings for female stress urinary incontinence 579 Edward J McGuire and Rebecca U Margulies 72. Reconstructive procedures for male-to-female gender reassignment 589 Carolina R Alvayay and Arnold Melman 73. Feminizing genitoplasty and correction of cloacal anomalies 599 Jeffrey A Leslie and Richard C Rink 74. Laparoscopic surgery for stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse 612 Chi Chiung Grace Chen and Marie Fidela R Paraiso 75. Laparoscopic surgery for vesicovaginal fistulas 625 Rene Sotelo and Anthony Finelli SECTION 8 RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PENIS AND SCROTUM 76. Arterial surgery for erectile dysfunction 628 Jonathan P Jarow 77. Reconstructive surgery for corporovenous occlusive dysfunction 637 William O Brant, Anthony J Bella, and Tom Lue 78. Penile prosthesis implantation 644 Matthew K Tollefson and Ajay Nehra 79. Reconstruction for genital trauma 657 Genoa G Ferguson and Steven B Brandes 80. Reconstructive surgery in penile cancer 668 Nicholas Watkin 81. Congenital erectile curvature 675 Jennifer Lawson Bepple and Kurt A McCammon 82. Peyronie’s disease: corporoplasty and plication procedures 680 Kenneth W Angermeier 83. Surgery for Peyronie’s disease: dermal graft techniques 688 Gerald H Jordan and Ramon Virasoro 84. Correction of Peyronie’s disease: plaque incision and venous grafting 694 Anthony J Bella, William O Brant, and Tom Lue 85. Peyronie’s disease: non-autologous graft materials 699 Dudley Atkinson and Wayne JG Hellstrom 86. Total phallic reconstruction 704 A Nim Christopher and David J Ralph 87. Genital LYMPHEDEMA 716 W Scott McDougal Prelims-Montague-8036.qxd 1/18/2008 6:58 PM Page viii CONTENTS ix 88. Management of the non-palpable testicle 723 Marc C Smaldone, Derek J Matoka, Michael C Ost, and Steven G Docimo 89. Vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy 736 Edmund S Sabanegh Jr SECTION 9 FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 90. Tissue engineering: regenerative medicine 745 Anthony Atala 91. Gene therapy of the urogenital system 757 Arnold Melman and Kelvin Davies 92. Ureteral tissue expansion 768 Georges-Pascal Haber, Jose R Colombo Jr, and Inderbir S Gill 93. Nerve regeneration: grafts, conduits, and strategies 781 Arthur L Burnett 94. Image-guided surgery 790 Shahin Tabatabaei, Mukesh Harisinghani, and W Scott McDougal Index 800 Prelims-Montague-8036.qxd 1/18/2008 6:58 PM Page ix