Oracle® Spatial User’s Guide and Reference 10g Release 1 (10.1) Part No. B10826-01 December 2003 Provides usage and reference information for indexing and storing spatial data and for developing spatial applications using Oracle Spatial and Oracle Locator. Oracle Spatial User’s Guide and Reference, 10g Release 1 (10.1) Part No. B10826-01 Copyright © 1999, 2003 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Primary Author: Chuck Murray Contributors: Dan Abugov, Nicole Alexander, Bruce Blackwell, Janet Blowney, Dan Geringer, Albert Godfrind, Ravi Kothuri, Richard Pitts, Siva Ravada, Jack Wang, Jeffrey Xie The Programs (which include both the software and documentation) contain proprietary information of Oracle Corporation; they are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are also protected by copyright, patent and other intellectual and industrial property laws. 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Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. iii Contents List of Examples List of Figures List of Table s Send Us Your Comments xxi Preface . xxiii Audience . xxiv Documentation Accessibility . xxiv Organization xxv Technologies Released Separately xxvii Related Documentation . xxviii Conventions . xxviii New and Changed Features xxxi GeoRaster xxxi Topology and Network Management xxxi Spatial Analysis and Mining . xxxii Geocoding xxxii Quadtree Indexing Discouraged; R-Tree Indexing Encouraged . xxxii New Utility Subprograms . xxxii New Operators xxxiii SDO_NN Operator Behavior Changes . xxxiv New Spatial Aggregate Function xxxiv New Coordinate Systems Function: VALIDATE_WKT xxxiv MBRs Supported with Geodetic Data . xxxiv New and Changed LRS Subprograms . xxxv iv Tolerance with LRS Subprograms xxxv New Tuning Function: ESTIMATE_RTREE_INDEX_SIZE xxxv Deprecated Tuning Subprograms xxxv New GML Support Function: TO_GMLGEOMETRY xxxvi Interior Buffers . xxxvi Tablespace for Temporary Tables During Index Creation xxxvi Separate Index Table for Nonleaf Nodes xxxvi MDSYS No Longer Needed with Spatial Data Types xxxvi DBA_SDO_xxx Views No Longer Provided . xxxvii SDO_MIGRATE Procedures . xxxvii Java Client Interface xxxvii Transportable Tablespace Support . xxxvii New Schema: MDDATA . xxxviii Complex Query Examples xxxviii Part I Conceptual and Usage Information 1 Spatial Concepts 1.1 What Is Oracle Spatial? . 1-2 1.2 Object-Relational Model . 1-2 1.3 Introduction to Spatial Data . 1-3 1.4 Geometry Types . 1-4 1.5 Data Model . 1-5 1.5.1 Element 1-6 1.5.2 Geometry . 1-6 1.5.3 Layer . 1-6 1.5.4 Coordinate System . 1-6 1.5.5 Tolerance 1-8 1.5.5.1 Tolerance in the Geometry Metadata for a Layer . 1-8 1.5.5.2 Tolerance as an Input Parameter 1-10 1.6 Query Model 1-10 1.7 Indexing of Spatial Data . 1-12 1.7.1 R-Tree Indexing 1-12 1.7.2 R-Tree Quality . 1-14 1.8 Spatial Relationships and Filtering . 1-14 v 1.9 Spatial Operators, Procedures, and Functions 1-18 1.10 Spatial Aggregate Functions 1-19 1.10.1 SDOAGGRTYPE Object Type 1-19 1.11 Spatial Java Interface . 1-20 1.12 Geocoding . 1-21 1.13 MDDATA Schema . 1-22 1.14 Performance and Tuning Information . 1-22 1.15 Spatial Release (Version) Number 1-22 1.16 Spatial Application Hardware Requirement Considerations . 1-23 1.17 Spatial Error Messages . 1-23 1.18 Spatial Examples 1-23 2 Spatial Data Types and Metadata 2.1 Simple Example: Inserting, Indexing, and Querying Spatial Data 2-1 2.2 SDO_GEOMETRY Object Type . 2-6 2.2.1 SDO_GTYPE . 2-7 2.2.2 SDO_SRID . 2-8 2.2.3 SDO_POINT 2-9 2.2.4 SDO_ELEM_INFO . 2-9 2.2.5 SDO_ORDINATES . 2-13 2.2.6 Usage Considerations 2-14 2.3 Geometry Examples 2-14 2.3.1 Rectangle . 2-14 2.3.2 Polygon with a Hole 2-16 2.3.3 Compound Line String 2-18 2.3.4 Compound Polygon . 2-19 2.3.5 Point . 2-21 2.3.6 Type 0 (Zero) Element . 2-23 2.4 Geometry Metadata Views 2-25 2.4.1 TABLE_NAME . 2-26 2.4.2 COLUMN_NAME . 2-26 2.4.3 DIMINFO 2-27 2.4.4 SRID . 2-28 2.5 Spatial Index-Related Structures . 2-28 2.5.1 Spatial Index Views . 2-28 vi 2.5.1.1 xxx_SDO_INDEX_INFO Views 2-28 2.5.1.2 xxx_SDO_INDEX_METADATA Views . 2-29 2.5.2 Spatial Index Table Definition 2-32 2.5.3 R-Tree Index Sequence Object 2-32 2.6 Unit of Measurement Support . 2-32 3 Loading Spatial Data 3.1 Bulk Loading . 3-1 3.1.1 Bulk Loading SDO_GEOMETRY Objects . 3-1 3.1.2 Bulk Loading Point-Only Data in SDO_GEOMETRY Objects 3-3 3.2 Transactional Insert Operations Using SQL 3-4 4 Indexing and Querying Spatial Data 4.1 Creating a Spatial Index . 4-1 4.1.1 Creating R-Tree Indexes 4-1 4.1.2 Indexing Geodetic Data . 4-3 4.1.3 Improving Performance with Bulk Insert Operations 4-3 4.1.4 Constraining Data to a Geometry Type 4-4 4.1.5 Creating a Cross-Schema Index . 4-5 4.1.6 Using Partitioned Spatial Indexes 4-5 4.1.7 Exchanging Partitions Including Indexes . 4-7 4.1.8 Export and Import Considerations with Spatial Indexes and Data 4-8 4.2 Querying Spatial Data . 4-9 4.2.1 Spatial Query 4-9 4.2.1.1 Primary Filter Operator 4-11 4.2.1.2 Primary and Secondary Filter Operator 4-12 4.2.1.3 Within-Distance Operator 4-14 4.2.1.4 Nearest Neighbor Operator . 4-15 4.2.1.5 Spatial Functions . 4-16 4.2.2 Spatial Join . 4-16 4.2.3 Cross-Schema Operator Invocation . 4-17 5 Geocoding Address Data 5.1 Concepts for Geocoding . 5-1 vii 5.1.1 Address Representation 5-1 5.1.2 Match Modes 5-3 5.1.3 Match Codes . 5-4 5.1.4 Error Messages for Output Geocoded Addresses . 5-5 5.2 Data Types for Geocoding . 5-6 5.2.1 SDO_GEO_ADDR Type 5-6 5.2.2 SDO_ADDR_ARRAY Type 5-9 5.2.3 SDO_KEYWORDARRAY Type . 5-9 5.3 Using the Geocoding Capabilities . 5-9 6 Coordinate Systems (Spatial Reference Systems) 6.1 Terms and Concepts . 6-1 6.1.1 Coordinate System (Spatial Reference System) 6-2 6.1.2 Cartesian Coordinates . 6-2 6.1.3 Geodetic Coordinates (Geographic Coordinates) . 6-2 6.1.4 Projected Coordinates 6-2 6.1.5 Local Coordinates 6-2 6.1.6 Geodetic Datum 6-2 6.1.7 Authalic Sphere 6-2 6.1.8 Transformation . 6-3 6.2 Geodetic Coordinate Support 6-3 6.2.1 Geodesy and Two-Dimensional Geometry 6-3 6.2.2 Choosing a Geodetic or Projected Coordinate System . 6-4 6.2.3 Geodetic MBRs . 6-4 6.2.4 Other Considerations and Requirements with Geodetic Data 6-6 6.3 Local Coordinate Support 6-7 6.4 Coordinate Systems Data Structures 6-8 6.4.1 MDSYS.CS_SRS Table . 6-8 6.4.1.1 Well-Known Text (WKT) . 6-9 6.4.2 MDSYS.SDO_ANGLE_UNITS Table 6-12 6.4.3 MDSYS.SDO_DATUMS Table . 6-12 6.4.4 MDSYS.SDO_ELLIPSOIDS Table 6-15 6.4.5 MDSYS.SDO_PROJECTIONS Table 6-16 6.5 Creating a User-Defined Coordinate System 6-17 6.6 Coordinate System Transformation Functions . 6-20 viii 6.7 Notes and Restrictions with Coordinate Systems Support . 6-20 6.7.1 Different Coordinate Systems for Geometries with Operators and Functions . 6-20 6.7.2 Functions Not Supported with Geodetic Data . 6-21 6.7.3 Functions Supported by Approximations with Geodetic Data . 6-21 6.8 Example of Coordinate System Transformation . 6-21 7 Linear Referencing System 7.1 Terms and Concepts 7-2 7.1.1 Geometric Segments (LRS Segments) . 7-2 7.1.2 Shape Points 7-3 7.1.3 Direction of a Geometric Segment . 7-3 7.1.4 Measure (Linear Measure) 7-4 7.1.5 Offset 7-4 7.1.6 Measure Populating . 7-5 7.1.7 Measure Range of a Geometric Segment 7-7 7.1.8 Projection . 7-7 7.1.9 LRS Point . 7-7 7.1.10 Linear Features . 7-7 7.2 LRS Data Model . 7-8 7.3 Indexing of LRS Data 7-9 7.4 3D Formats of LRS Functions 7-10 7.5 LRS Operations 7-11 7.5.1 Defining a Geometric Segment 7-11 7.5.2 Redefining a Geometric Segment . 7-12 7.5.3 Clipping a Geometric Segment 7-12 7.5.4 Splitting a Geometric Segment . 7-13 7.5.5 Concatenating Geometric Segments 7-13 7.5.6 Scaling a Geometric Segment 7-15 7.5.7 Offsetting a Geometric Segment 7-16 7.5.8 Locating a Point on a Geometric Segment 7-17 7.5.9 Projecting a Point onto a Geometric Segment 7-18 7.5.10 Converting LRS Geometries . 7-19 7.6 Tolerance Values with LRS Functions 7-20 7.7 Example of LRS Functions . 7-21 ix 8 Spatial Analysis and Mining 8.1 Spatial Information and Data Mining Applications . 8-1 8.2 Spatial Binning for Detection of Regional Patterns 8-4 8.3 Materializing Spatial Correlation 8-5 8.4 Colocation Mining . 8-5 8.5 Spatial Clustering 8-6 8.6 Location Prospecting 8-6 9 Extending Spatial Indexing Capabilities 9.1 SDO_GEOMETRY Objects in User-Defined Type Definitions . 9-1 9.2 SDO_GEOMETRY Objects in Function-Based Indexes . 9-3 9.2.1 Example: Function with Standard Types . 9-4 9.2.2 Example: Function with a User-Defined Object Type 9-6 Part II Reference Information 10 SQL Statements for Indexing Spatial Data ALTER INDEX . 10-2 ALTER INDEX REBUILD 10-6 ALTER INDEX RENAME TO . 10-9 CREATE INDEX 10-10 DROP INDEX . 10-15 11 SDO_GEOMETRY Object Type Methods GET_DIMS 11-2 GET_GTYPE . 11-3 GET_LRS_DIM 11-4 12 Spatial Operators SDO_ANYINTERACT 12-3 SDO_CONTAINS 12-5 SDO_COVEREDBY . 12-7 x SDO_COVERS 12-9 SDO_EQUAL . 12-11 SDO_FILTER 12-13 SDO_INSIDE 12-17 SDO_JOIN . 12-19 SDO_NN . 12-23 SDO_NN_DISTANCE 12-29 SDO_ON . 12-31 SDO_OVERLAPBDYDISJOINT 12-33 SDO_OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT 12-35 SDO_OVERLAPS . 12-37 SDO_RELATE 12-39 SDO_TOUCH . 12-44 SDO_WITHIN_DISTANCE . 12-46 13 Geometry Subprograms SDO_GEOM.RELATE . 13-4 SDO_GEOM.SDO_ARC_DENSIFY 13-8 SDO_GEOM.SDO_AREA . 13-11 SDO_GEOM.SDO_BUFFER . 13-13 SDO_GEOM.SDO_CENTROID . 13-17 SDO_GEOM.SDO_CONVEXHULL . 13-19 SDO_GEOM.SDO_DIFFERENCE . 13-21 SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE . 13-24 SDO_GEOM.SDO_INTERSECTION 13-26 SDO_GEOM.SDO_LENGTH . 13-29 SDO_GEOM.SDO_MAX_MBR_ORDINATE 13-31 SDO_GEOM.SDO_MBR . 13-33 SDO_GEOM.SDO_MIN_MBR_ORDINATE . 13-35 SDO_GEOM.SDO_POINTONSURFACE 13-37 SDO_GEOM.SDO_UNION 13-39 [...]... contact your local Oracle Support Services xxi xxii Preface The Oracle Spatial User’s Guide and Reference provides usage and reference information for indexing and storing spatial data and for developing spatial applications using Oracle Spatial and Oracle Locator Oracle Spatial requires the Enterprise Edition of Oracle Database 10g It is a foundation for the deployment of enterprise-wide spatial information... following documents: I Oracle Spatial GeoRaster I Oracle Spatial Topology and Network Data Models I Oracle Database SQL Reference I Oracle Database Administrator's Guide I Oracle Database Application Developer's Guide - Fundamentals I Oracle Database Error Messages - Spatial messages are in the range of 13000 to 13499 I Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide I Oracle Database Utilities I Oracle Database... title and part number of the documentation and the chapter, section, and page number (if available) You can send comments to us in the following ways: I I I Electronic mail: nedc -doc_ us @oracle. com FAX: 603.897.3825 Attn: Spatial Documentation Postal service: Oracle Corporation Oracle Spatial Documentation One Oracle Drive Nashua, NH 03062-2804 USA If you would like a reply, please give your name and. .. need to know to use Spatial Chapter 2, "Spatial Data Types and Metadata" Explains the data types and metadata for Spatial It includes a complete simplified example of using Spatial, as well as several examples of spatial geometries Chapter 3, "Loading Spatial Data" Explains how to load spatial data Chapter 4, "Indexing and Querying Spatial Data" Explains how to index and query spatial data Chapter... syntax and semantics for the spatial tuning functions and procedures Chapter 19, "Spatial Utility Subprograms" Provides the syntax and semantics for the spatial utility functions and procedures Chapter 20, "Geocoding Subprograms" Provides the syntax and semantics for the geocoding functions and procedures Chapter 21, "Spatial Analysis and Mining Subprograms" Provides the syntax and semantics for the spatial. .. and Mining 21-1 Spatial Features Supported for Locator B-2 Spatial Features Not Supported for Locator B-3 Feature Availability with Standard and Enterprise Editions B-4 xix xx Send Us Your Comments Oracle Spatial User’s Guide and Reference, 10g Release 1 (10.1) Part No B10826-01 Oracle Corporation welcomes your comments and suggestions on the quality and usefulness of this... management is in a separate manual: Oracle Spatial Topology and Network Data Models xxxi Spatial Analysis and Mining You can use new spatial analysis and mining subprograms in Oracle Data Mining (ODM) applications See Chapter 8 for conceptual and usage information, and Chapter 21 for reference information about each subprogram Geocoding The geocoding capabilities of Oracle Spatial let you geocode unformatted... none xxix xxx New and Changed Features This section describes new and changed Oracle Spatial features for the current release GeoRaster GeoRaster is a feature of Oracle Spatial that lets you store, index, query, analyze, and deliver georaster data, that is, raster image data and its associated Spatial vector geometry data, plus metadata GeoRaster provides Oracle Spatial data types and an object-relational... conceptual and usage information about the Oracle Spatial analysis and mining features for data mining applications Chapter 9, "Extending Spatial Indexing Capabilities" Explains how to extend the capabilities of Oracle Spatial indexing Part II, "Reference Information" Contains chapters with reference information Chapter 10, "SQL Statements for Indexing Spatial Data" Provides the syntax and semantics... differences between Oracle Database 10g Standard Edition and Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition and the features and options that are available to you, see Oracle Database New Features The relational geometry model of Oracle Spatial is no longer supported, effective with Oracle release 9.2 Only the object-relational model is supported Note: This preface contains these topics: xxiii I Audience I Documentation . indexing and storing spatial data and for developing spatial applications using Oracle Spatial and Oracle Locator. Oracle Spatial User’s Guide and Reference, . Oracle Spatial User’s Guide and Reference 10g Release 1 (10.1) Part No. B10826-01 December 2003 Provides usage and reference information