vinh university foreign language department *** a cross-cultural study of addressing forms in greetings in vietnamese and english (Nghiªn cøu giao thoa văn hóa cách xng hô lời chµo hái tiÕng viƯt vµ tiÕng anh) Summary of Graduation thesis field: LINGUISTICS Student : hoàng thị kim dung Supervisor : lê thị thúy hà, m.a Vinh, 05/ 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to give the first word of the deepest thank to my lecturer Mrs Le Thi Thuy Ha who zealously instructs me carefully to complete this research I would like to thank my teachers in the Department of Foreign Languages of Vinh university, especially Mr Ngoc Tuong who helps me answer a plenty of difficult questions involving in cross-cultural communication field and I am greatly indebted to all my relationships who gave me their enthusiasm and encouraged much to write this research Finally, my gratitude is sent to my friends In the process of preparing the research, I received much help from them, especially my classmates Although they were very busy, they were very ready to help me search the cross- cultural material on internet I give them all my thank and honesty ! Vinh, May 14th, 2010 Hoang Thi Kim Dung TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………… Table of Content………………………………………………………… List of Tables and Figure……………………………………………… Part A: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………… I II IV VII Rationale of the Study…………………………………………………… VII Aims of the Study……………………………………………………… VIII Scope of the Study…………………………………………………… VIII Method of the Study…………………………………………………… IX Organization of the Study……………………………………………… IX Part B: DEVELOPMENT……………………………………………… Chapter 1: Theoretical Background…………………………………… 1.1 Language and Culture………………………… …………………… 1.1.1 What is Language? 1.1.2 What is Culture? 1.1.3 The Relation between Language and Cuture 1.2 Communication and Cross-Cultural Communication……………… 1.2.1 Communication ……………………………………………………… 1.2.1.1 Definition of Communication………………………………………… 1.2.1.2 The Role of Addressing Forms in Communication…………………… 1.2.2 Cross- Cultural Communication………………………………………… 1.3 Cultural Competence and Communicative Competence……………… 1.3.1 Cultural Competence…………………………………………………… 1.3.2 Communicative Competence…………………………………………… 1.4 Cross- Cultural Pragmatics……………………………………………… 1.4.1 Speech Act……………………………………………………………… 1.4.2 Politeness……………………………………………………………… 1.5 Cross- Cuture of Addressing Forms in Greetings……………………… 10 Chapter 2: Addressing Forms in Greetings in Vietnamese and English………………………………………………………………………… 12 2.1 Addressing Forms in Greetings……………………….……………… 2.1.1 Greetings……………………………………………………………… 2.1.2 Addressing Forms in Greetings………………………………………… 2.2 The Basic Forms of Address……………………………………………… 2.2.1 Personal Pronouns………………………………………………………… 2.2.2 Titles……………………………………………………………………… 2.2.3 Provisional Forms of Address………………………………………… 2.2.4 Other Forms of Address………………………………………………… 2.3 Addressing Forms in Greetings in VietNamese and English…………… 2.3.1 Addressing Forms ……………… ……… …………………………… 2.3.1.1 In Vietnamese………………………………………………………… 2.3.1.2 In English………………………………………………… 2.3.2 Addressing Forms in Greetings………………………….……………… 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 17 2.3.2.1 In Vietnamese…………………… 2.3.2.2 In English………………………………………………… Chapter 3: Data Analysis………………………………………………… 3.1 The survey questionnaires…………………………………………… …… 3.2 Description of the subjects………………………………………………… 3.3 Data Analysis……………………………………………………………… 3.3.1 Comments on addressing forms offered by the British and American subjects………………………………………………………………………… 3.3.1.1 Data on British and American subjects’ personal information………… 3.3.1.2 Data on addressing forms offered by the British and American subjects 3.3.2 Comments on addressing forms offered by the Vietnamese subjects… 3.3.2.1 Data on Vietnamese subjects’ personal information…………………… 3.3.2.2 Data on addressing forms offered by the Vietnamese subjects………… 3.3.3 Similarities and Differences between Vietnamese and English-American informants in Using Addressing Forms in Greetings………………………… 17 18 21 21 21 21 21 22 23 36 36 37 50 3.3.3.1 Comparision on Greeting Factors ………………… 50 3.3.3.2 Comparision on the Reasons of Avoidance…………………………… 51 3.3.3.3 Comparision on Addressing Forms in Greetings without any Personal Information…………………………………………………………………… 51 3.3.3.4 Comparision on Greeting Teachers……………………………… … 52 3.3.3.5 Comparision on Greeting Friends………………………… 53 3.3.3.6 Comparision on Greeting Someone………………………………… 54 3.3.3.7 Comparision on Greeting the Most Powerful Person……………… … 55 3.3.3.8 Comparision on Greeting Parents’ Friend………………………… … 56 3.3.3.9 Comparision on Greeting a Colleague……………………… ……… 3.3.3.10 Comparision on Greeting Parents……………………… ………… 58 60 Part C: CONCLUSION………………………………………………… 63 References…………………………………………………………………… Appendix 64 List of Table and Figures Page Table 1: The basic forms of address 15 Table 2: The proper forms of address can be used in greetings 18 Table 3: British and American subjects’ information regarding gender, marital status, age 22 Table 4: British and American subjects’ information regarding the place they have been Table living and education level Table 5: The factors affecting on the way to address in greeting of the British and 22 American subjects Table 6: The reasons that sometimes the British and American subjects not use 23 addressing forms in greeting Table 7: The forms of address used by British and American subjects in greeting someone 24 but not know any information about them Table 8: The number of British and American subjects used the first name of their teacher 25 26 to greet them Table 9: Forms of address used by British and American subjects when they greet their friends Table 10: Addressing forms in greeting someone used by British and American subjects Table 11: Forms of address used by British and American subjects to greet the most 27 28 powerful person in their country Table 12: Forms of address used by British and American subjects to greet a parents’ 29 friend but not know his name Table 13: Forms of address used by British and American subjects to greet a parents’ 30 friend and know his name Table 14: Regarding the age Table 15: Regarding the sex Table 16: Regarding the age and social status 31 32 33 33 34 Table 17: How will you address to greet your parents when you get married and have children Table 18: The number of British and American subjects using the first name to greet their parents Table 19: Forms of address used by the British and American subjects to greet their 35 family’s members in the morning Table 20: Vietnamese subjects’ information regarding gender, marital status, age Table 21: Vietnamese subjects’ information regarding the place they have been living and 35 36 education level Table 22: The factors affecting on the way to greet of the Vietnamese subjects Table 23: The reasons why sometimes the Vietnamese subjects not use the addressing 36 37 forms in greeting Table 24: The forms of address used by Vietnamese subjects in greeting someone but 38 not know any information about them Table 25: The number of Vietnamese subjects used the first name of their teacher to greet 39 them Table 26: Forms of address used by Vietnamese subjects when they greet their friends Table 27: Addressing forms in greeting someone used by Vietnamese subjects Table 28: Forms of address used by Vietnamese subjects to greet the most powerful 40 40 42 person in their country Table 29: Forms of address used by Vietnamese subjects to greet a parents’ friend but 43 not know his name Table 30: Forms of address used by Vietnamese subjects to greet a parents’ friend and 44 know his name Table 31: Regarding the age Table 32: Regarding sex Table 33: Regarding the age and social status Table 34: How will you address to greet your parents when you get married and have 45 46 47 47 48 Children Table 35: The number of Vietnamese subjects using the first name to greet their parents Table 36: Forms of address used by the Vietnamese subjects to greet their family’s 48 members in the morning 49 Figure Page Figure 1: The most important factor having affect on the way to address in greeting of the British and American subjects Figure 2: The most important factor having affect on the way to greet of the Vietnamese 24 subjects Figure 3: The most important factor having affect on the way to greet of the British and 38 American - Vietnamese subjects Figure 4: The reasons that Vietnamese and British American not use addressing forms 50 in greetings Figure 5: The forms of address used by British-American and Vietnamese subjects in 51 greeting someone without any personal information Figure 6: The number of British American and Vietnamese subjects used the first name of 52 their teacher to greet them Figure 7: Addressing forms in greeting close friends used by British American and 52 Vietnamese subjects Figure 8: Addressing forms in greeting normal friend used by British American and 53 Vietnamese subjects Figure 10: Addressing forms in greeting someone used by British American and 54 Vietnamese subjects for the later time Figure 11: Addressing forms in greeting the most powerful person used by British 55 American and Vietnamese subjects for the first time Figure 12: Addressing forms in greeting the most powerful person used by British 55 American and Vietnamese subjects for the later time Figure 13: Addressing forms in greeting a parents’ friend but not know his name used 56 by British American and Vietnamese subjects for the first time Figure 14: Addressing forms in greeting a parents’ friend but not know his name used 57 by British American and Vietnamese subjects for the later time Figure 15: Addressing forms in greeting a parents’ friend and know his name used by 57 British American and Vietnamese subjects for the first time Figure 16: Addressing forms in greeting a parents’ friend and know his name used by 58 British American and Vietnamese subjects for the later time Figure 17: Regarding the colleague 10 years older than speaker Figure 18: Regarding the colleague 10 years younger than speaker Figure 19: Regarding the colleague with higher position but younger than speaker 58 59 59 60 Figure 20: Regarding the colleague with lower position but older than speaker Figure 21: The ways to address in greeting parents when British American and 60 Vietnamese subjects get married and have children Figure 22: The number of British American and Vietnamese subjects using the first name 61 to greet their parents 61 PART A INTRODUCTION Rationale of the Study An emphasis on language as a communication system is really necessary in an age of globalization Not only does it help uncover principles underlying social interactions, but also enables us to gain an access to ways of thinking, belief systems, and world views of people from various cultural backgrounds and thus enhances empathy and mutual understanding Investigating issues concerning cross cultural communication is especially momentous in today’s time, when national boundaries are becoming less visible, and more people are engaging in intercultural communication Understanding social conventions and attention to such concepts as politeness, and face, which are important to members in a particular culture, will certainly enable us to better comprehend the different ways of speaking by people from different cultures, thus helping eliminate ethnic stereotypes and misunderstanding There have been so far plenty of researches on the field of politeness from various perspectives Yet, addressing forms in languages is still an area available for more explorations This research has chosen addressing forms as a potential subject This study is done not only to see the similarities and differences between the two cultures Another goal of this research is to give the awareness of the language learners about the politeness of addressing forms in language, and to offer several suggestions in using the appropriate forms of addressing Nevertheless, addressing forms is a very broad area, and within the limit of the study, it is impossible to discuss all aspects of addressing forms in languages As greetings is the first step and it is also the most important in a conversation, so it required the speakers must address exactly in order not to lose the face of the hearers This is where addressing forms can mostly be considered That is the reason why addressing forms in greetings is chosen for the project For any of those purposes, the study promises to make itself meaningful, reliable and applicable to the reality Aims of the Study For all the reasons mentioned above, the study contains with the following different aims: First of all, the study can help learners know more about the relation between language and communication, culture and cross- cultural communication Secondly, we know that addressing forms is one of the important factors in conversation, that is why this study can help learners and users of English know how to address their interlocutors in a specific circumstance reasonably by using suitable forms of address Lastly, cross-cultural study can give us a chance to find out the similarities and differences in two countries through their cultures Thus, this study supports the fundamental knowledge of culture for Vietnamese users of English as students, translators and learners in order to avoid cultural shocks or cross- cultural conflicts involving the addressing forms in greetings in global communication Scope of the Study Addressing forms in communication is really an interesting issue, especially in cross-cultural communication There are many famous Vietnamese and foreign linguistics and scholars having done researches on this linguistic field such as : Brown and Ford (1962), Robinson (1972), etc and Nguyễn Văn Chiến (1992, 1993), Nguyễn Quang (2001), Nguyễn Vân Dung (2005), etc They have analyzed or compared almost all aspects of this field However, in cross-cultural communication we want to reach communicate goal and also have to use addressing forms into consideration A person in different relationships has different addressing forms The speaker may be children, parents, brothers in family or relatives The speaker may be in high or low rank in office, he/she may be older or younger compared to interlocutors Therefore, the study enable learners thoroughly understand addressing forms of the foreign language in comparison with mother tongue are very necessary In this paper, we only deal with the characteristics of the addressing forms in greetings in Vietnamese and English and the similarities and differences in using them in cross- cultural communication Method of the Study The first step was to search the library and the Internet for books, magazines and articles on etiquette, especially on addressing forms in greetings as well as previous research in the field The main method employed in this study is quantitative with material collecting and analyzing Organization of the Study This research consists of three main parts They are: Part A is the introduction of the research paper in which the author presents the reasons for choosing the subject, the aims, the scope, the methods and the organization of the study Part B is the development contenting with three main chapters: Chapter I: Theoretical background Chapter II: Addressing forms in greetings of Vietnamese and English Chapter III: Data Analysis Part C is the conclusion of the research paper, which summarizes the contents mentioned in part B Besides three main parts, the research paper also opens with the acknowledgements, the table of contents, list of table and ends with the references Firstly, frequency of using pronoun in Vietnam is much higher than that in English And in English, title is mainly used in addressing forms in greetings Secondly, using the first name to address in greeting parents is a rule thing for Vietnamese culture Meanwhile, in English, it is very normal And sometimes it can be excepted to greet the teachers according to English culture Thirdly, greeting family’s members in the morning with a kiss, a smile even a hug in English is more popular than that in Vietnamese Next, addressing forms in greeting a parents’ friend of Vietnamese are more diversified and flexible than that in English Lastly, it is very normal to use personal questions about name, age, occupation even fatherland to greet someone in Vietnam It is totally impossible in English culture PART C CONCLUSION I Recapitulation It is said that more is communicated than said In cross-cultural communication, people may get stuck or misunderstanding because of the lack of knowledge in using addressing forms in greetings of both countries However, the author expected that the “A Cross-cultural study of addressing forms in Greetings in Vietnamese and English” helps you get a better knowledge of addressing forms as well as factors affecting the use of it across culture And above all, you will find it interesting and take its aesthetic value into consideration The statement, “language is the address of culture”, one more, is admitted in the study When we study the meaning and how to address forms, simultaneously we are studying the culture of that language However, cross-cultural communication is a new field for study, it is very interesting That can make us have a new sight for every things in our life today, addressing forms in greetings is not exception As can be seen above, addressing forms in greetings in cross-cultural communication is an interesting language phenomenon but very complex When addressing someone, the addresser must thoroughly understand the meaning of various kinds of address forms, therefore, he could use the addressing forms reasonably and successfully Actually, the correct employment of the addressing forms in use can express culture, knowledge, politeness and other important things of interlocutors Actually, there are many ways of addressing forms in greetings in Vietnamese and English However, in this the study the author only gives some main characteristics of addressing forms in greetings and clarifies the similarities and differences of using address items in greeting across culture The author hopes that it would be analyzed in more detail in another opportunity II Suggestions for Further Studies This study is hoped to provide a brief foundation for a look into address forms in greetings in Vietnamese and English If having conditions to continue this topic, we hope to investigate more address forms in more kinds of speech act in real life in order to provide a system more comprehensively Here are some suggestions for further studies: A cross-cultural study on addressing forms in thanking expression of English and Vietnamese A cross-cultural study on addressing forms in a specific literature work REFERENCES Brown, P and Levinson, S (1987) Politeness Some Universals in Language Usage Cambrige University Press Ho Thi Loan, (2007) English Vocative in Comparison With Vietnamese one Graduation Thesis Malks, A M.(ed) (1993) Easy plays in English New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents Nguyen Quang, (2001) Một số vấn đề giao tiếp giao tiếp văn hóa Hanoi National University Press Nguyen Quang, (2003) Một số vấn đề giao tiếp nội văn hóa giao văn hóa Hanoi National University Press SC Levinson, (1983) Pragmatics Cambrige University Press Searl, J (1965) What is a Speech Act? Cambrige University Press Yule, G (1996), Pragmatics Oxford University Press Websites of Internet http://pseal.org/archives/mks/pdf/35:83-99.pdf http://www.google.co.uk/#hl=vi&source=hp&q=englishgreeting&btnG http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=37307 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_competence http://www.nccccurricula.info/culturalcompetence.html http:// www.learnenglish.de/basic/greetings Appendix Survey Questionnaire (For British and American native speakers) The questionnaire is being done in order to study on addressing forms in greetings in English To comply with confidentiality requirements, the data will be stored separately from your personal details and used for researching purposes only Would you please spend some time answering the following questions? We assure that your name will not be identified in any cases Your assistance in completing this questionnaire is of great importance to the success of the research Thank you very much ! • First of all, please give us something about yourself * Your nationality: ……………………………………… * Gender: Male Female * Age: …………………………………………………… * Occupations: ………………………… * Marital status: Married Single * Education level: a Primary c High school b Secondary d University e Others:(Write specifically) …………………………… * The place you have been living: a Countryside b City * Foreign levels: ………………………………………… • Would you please answer these following questions ? 1a According to you, which following factor has affect on the way to greet ? a Age e Occupations b Gender f Time of acquaintance c Social status g Communicational situation d Marital situation h Others(write specifically): ……………… 1b Would you please number in order from the most important factor to unimportant thing (from to 8) a … b … c … d … e … f … g … h … Why sometimes you not use the addressing forms in greeting? a Because I not know his name b Because I not know certainly his age c Others : ……………………………………………………………… If you not know any information about name, age, social status etc of someone, how will you address in greeting ? a Male: ………………………………………………………………………… b Female: ……………………………………………………………………… When you meet your teacher, you use their first name in greeting them? a Yes b No Would you please give the reasons: …………………………………………… When you meet your friend, how will you address in greeting ? a with close friend: Male: ………………………………/ Female: …………………………………… b with normal friend: Male: …………………………………./ Female: ………………………………… 6a If you meet someone at the first time, how will you address in greeting? Would you please imagine the name and write the things you will say in greeting Male: ……………………………………………………………………………… Female: …………………………………………………………………………… 6b If you have a chance to meet them again, how will you address in greeting? Male: ……………………………………………………………………………… Female: …………………………………………………………………………… 7a Imagine that you are a journalist and you have a chance to interview on American President Barrack Obama at the first time How will you address in greeting ? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 7b How will you address in greeting if you have chance to interview him again? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 8a When you meet a parents’ friend, how will you address in greeting if you not know his name? At the first time: …………………………………………………………………… The latter time: ……………………………………………………………………… 8b When you meet a parents’ friend, how will you address in greeting if you know his name is David Blair? At the first time: …………………………………………………………………… The latter time: ……………………………………………………………………… When you meet your colleague, how will you address in greeting? Will you greet them with eye contact, smiles, hugs, handshake or nothing? (Please write specifically) a If your colleague is 10 years older than you: Male: ……………………………………………………………………………… Female: …………………………………………………………………………… b If your colleague is 10 years younger than you: Male: ……………………………………………………………………………… Female: …………………………………………………………………………… c If your colleague is your close friend, same sex to you: ……………………………………………………………………………………… d If your colleague is your close friend, opposite sex to you: ……………………………………………………………………………………… e If your colleague is a normal friend- not very close and same sex to you: ……………………………………………………………………………………… f If your colleague is a normal friend- not very close and opposite sex to you: ……………………………………………………………………………………… g If your colleague has higher position but younger than you: ……………………………………………………………………………………… h If your colleague has lower position but older than you : ……………………………………………………………………………………… 10 When you get married and have children, how will you address to greet your parents? a Address the same as unmarried time b Address the same as your children c Others: …………………………………………………………… 11 Do you often greet your parents by using their first name ? a Yes b No Other way to greet parents: …………………………………………… 12 When you meet your family’s members in the morning, how will you use the addressing forms to greet them? + Father: …………………………………………………………………………… + Mother: …………………………………………………………………………… + Brother(s): … …………………………………………………………………… + Sister(s): ………………………………………………………………………… Thank you very much for your help ! Bản điều tra (For Vietnamese native speakers) Bản điều tra thiết kế nhằm tìm hiểu cách xưng hơ lời chào hỏi người Việt Nam Dữ liệu thu thập sử dụng cho khoá luận tốt nghiệp Đại học chuyên ngành Tiếng Anh, thuộc khoa Ngoại Ngữ trường Đại học Vinh, khơng mục đích khác Xin q vị vui lịng dành cho thời gian trả lời giúp chúng tơi câu hỏi Sự đóng góp quý vị có ý nghĩa to lớn cho việc hoàn thành nghiên cứu khoa học Rất mong nhận giúp đỡ quý vị Xin chân thành cảm ơn ! • Xin q vị vui lịng cho biết số thông tin cá nhân * Quốc tịch: …………………………… * Giới tính: Nam Nữ * Tuổi: …………………………………… * Nghề nghiệp: …………………………… * Tình trạng nhân: a.Có gia đình b Độc thân * Trình độ học vấn: a Tiểu học c Trung học phổ thông b Trung học sở d Đại học e Các trình độ khác (Xin ghi rõ): …………………………… * Nơi quý vị thường sống từ trước đến nay: a Nông thôn b Thành thị * Trình độ ngoại ngữ: ………………………………………………………………… • Xin q vị vui lòng trả lời câu hỏi sau đây: 1a Theo quý vị, yếu tố sau ảnh hưởng đến cách chào hỏi a Tuổi tác e Nghề nghiệp b Giới tính f Thời gian quen biết c Địa vị xã hội g Hoàn cảnh lúc giao tiếp d Tình trạng nhân h.Vấn đề khác(Xin ghi rõ): ……… 1b Xin quý vị xếp yếu tố theo thứ tự từ 01 đến 08 ứng với thứ tự từ điều quan trọng đến không quan trọng a… b… c… d… e… f… g… h… Xin quý vị cho biết, lý mà đơi q vị khơng dùng cách xưng hơ lúc chào hỏi a Vì khơng biết tên người b Vì khơng biết chắn tuổi người c Vì lý khác(Xin ghi rõ): ……………………………………………………… Nếu quý vị rõ thông tin tên, tuổi, địa vị xã hội… q vị xưng hơ chào hỏi họ (Xin vui lòng ghi rõ) a Nếu họ nam, quý vị xưng hô lời chào là: ……………………………… b Nếu họ nữ, quý vị xưng hô lời chào là: ………………………………… Khi gặp thầy giáo mình, q vị có dùng tên thường gọi thầy cô để xưng hô chào hỏi khơng ? a Có b Khơng Xin giải thích lý do:……………………………………………………………… Khi quý vị gặp bạn mình, q vị xưng hơ chào hỏi a Nếu bạn thân: Nam: …………………………………… Nữ: ……………………………………… b Nếu bạn bình thường: Nam: …………………………………… Nữ: ……………………………………… 6a Quý vị gặp lần đầu tiên, q vị xưng hơ chào hỏi? Xin vui lòng nghĩ tên người viết q vị chào họ + Nam: ………………………………………………………………………… + Nữ: ……….………………………………………………………………… 6b Quý vị xưng hô chào hỏi quý vị gặp lại người đó? + Nam: …………………………………………………………………………… + Nữ: …………………………………………………………………………… 7a Giả sử quý vị nhà báo lần quý vị vấn Thủ tướng Nguyễn Tấn Dũng Quý vị xưng hô chào hỏi? ………………………………………………………………………………………… 7b Quý vị xưng hô chào hỏi với Thủ tướng quý vị đến vấn lại lần khác nữa? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 8a Khi quý vị gặp người bạn bố mẹ Quý vị xưng hô chào hỏi quý vị khơng biết tên họ gì? + Lần đầu tiên: ………………………………………………………………………… + Lần sau: ……………………………………………………………………………… 8b Khi quý vị gặp người bạn bố mẹ Quý vị xưng hô chào hỏi, giả sử quý vị biết tên họ Trần Văn An + Lần đầu tiên: ………………………………………………………………………… + Lần sau: ……………………………………………………………………………… Khi quý vị gặp đồng nghiệp, quý vị xưng hô chào hỏi ? Và lúc chào hỏi họ, quý vị có kèm theo cử xưng hơ khơng? Ví dụ như: mỉm cười, cúi đầu chào, ôm hôn, bắt tay, ngã mũ, khoanh tay… khơng có biểu kèm theo (Xin ghi rõ) a Nếu đồng nghiệp nhiều quý vị 10 tuổi: Nam:…………………………………………………………………………………… Nữ: …………………………………………………………………………………… b Nếu đồng nghiệp quý vị 10 tuổi: Nam: …………………………………………………………………………………… Nữ: …………………………………………………………………………………… c Nếu đồng nghiệp người bạn thân phái với quý vị: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… d Nếu đồng nghiệp người bạn thân khác phái với quý vị: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… e Nếu đồng nghiệp người bạn bình thường phái với quý vị: ………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… f Nếu đồng nghiệp người bạn bình thường khác phái với quý vị: ………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… g Nếu đồng nghiệp người có địa vị cao tuổi quý vị: ………………………………………………………………………………………… h Nếu đồng nghiệp người có địa vị thấp nhiều tuổi quý vị: ………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Khi quý vị lập gia đình có con, q vị xưng hơ chào bố mẹ mình? a Vẫn xưng hơ chưa lập gia đình b Dùng thay cho c Những cách xưng hô khác: ………………………………………………………… 11 Quý vị có thường chào bố mẹ tên thường gọi khơng? a Có b Khơng c Hay lựa chọn cách xưng hô khác: …………………………………………………… 12 Khi quý vị gặp thành viên gia đình vào buổi sáng, quý vị xưng hô chào hỏi người ta? + Bố: …………………………………………………………………………………… + Mẹ: …………………………………………………………………………………… + (Các) Anh: …………………………………………………………………………… + (Các) Chị: …………………………………………………………………………… Xin chân thành cảm ơn quý vị dành thời gian trả lời câu hỏi ! ... burial of the dead; a gesture, such as a handshake or an idea, such as democracy Following this understanding, cultural trait may be an act, such as greeting And addressing forms in greetings also... basic forms of address in English greetings 2.3 Addressing Forms in Greetings in Vietnamese and English 2.3.1 Addressing Forms 2.3.1.1 In Vietnamese In Vietnam, addressing forms is the meaningless... of addressing forms in greetings in English and Vietnamese As shown from the study that social status plays a more important role in addressing in English meanwhile in Vietnam, age is the thing