Chuyên đ Luyn thi Tt nghip THPT và Luyn thi i hc, Cao đng 2009 CHUYÊN  LUYN THI TT NGHIP THPT VÀ LUYN THI I HC, CAO NG 2009 Môn: TING ANH Chuyên đ: PHÂN LOI GII T VÀ MT S GII T THNG DÙNG I. MC ÍCH CHUYÊN  – Có th nói vic dùng các gii t không phi d, vì mi nc có cách dùng gii t đc bit; vy ta phi rt chú ý đn nó ngay t lúc mi hc môn ngoi ng đó nói chung và ting Anh nói riêng. Trong ting Anh, ngi ta không th đt ra các quy lut v các phép dùng gii t mang tính c đnh cho mi gii t đó - cùng mt gii t, khi đi vi t loi khác nhau thì to ra ngha khác nhau. Vy chúng ta nên hc thuc mi khi gp phi và hc ngay t lúc ban đu. Chuyên đ này s cung cp cho các em nhng hiu bit c bn v gii t và mt s gii t thông dng. II. KIN THC C BN 1. nh ngha – Gii t là t dùng đ ni danh t hay đi t vi t đng trc nó. 2. V trí ca gii t Ü Gii t thng đt trc danh t hoc đi t. Ví d: She went to school at the age of six He usually visits me on Sundays. Ü Gii t cng có th đng sau đng t (tr sau “but” và “except”) và đng t phi đ  dng V-ing. Ví d: They succeeded in escaping. Ü Trong nhng trng hp di đây (dùng đi t quan h), gii t có th đt trc đi t hoc đt  cui câu: To whom were you talking to? Who were you talking to? The people with whom I was travelling The people I was travelling with Ü Gii t có th là mt t riêng l nh: at, after, before, during, until, in, on, to,by, . Ü Gii t cng có th là mt cm t nh: in spite of, on account of, in front of, for the sake of…. Ü Chú ý: lc b “to” và “for” trc tân ng gián tip. So sánh 2 câu di đây. I gave the book to Tom. I gave Tom the book. Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trng chung ca hc trò Vit Trang 1 Chuyên đ Luyn thi Tt nghip THPT và Luyn thi i hc, Cao đng 2009  Tân ng gián tip có th đt trc và gii t “to” b lc b.  Chúng ta có th s dng cu trúc này vi các đng t sau: bring, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, pay, promise, send, show, sing, take… I showed the map to Bill = I showed Bill the map They sent $5 to Mr Smith = They sent Mr Smith $5.  Tng t, chúng ta cng có th lc b “for”. Cu trúc này có th đc s dng vi các đng t sau: build, buy, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, leave, make, order… I’ll get a drink for you = I’ll get you a drink I bought a book for James = I bought James a book. 3. Phân loi gii t Ü Gii t ch thi gian: at, on, by, before, in, for, during… Ví d: The train starts at 6.10, so you had better be at the station by 6.00. We arrived on the morning of the sixth. By the end of July, I’ll have read all those books. Before signing this contract, he had to consider a lot. Most people work from 9 to 5. Bake it for two hours. Ü Gii t ch ni chn: in, on, at, above, under, below… Ví d: They arrived in Spain. You can do this sort of work at home. She put the letter under her pillow. We camped beside a lake. Ü Gii t ch nguyên nhân: for, from, by, on, of… The streets are lighted by mistakes. Thank you very much for your help. He trembled from fear. He died of tuberculosis many years ago. Ü Gii t ch mc đích: for, to, at… What do you want the paper for ? I’ve sent a letter to you. Ü Gii t ch th cách: by, with, … We can learn English by listening to the radio. She cut the bread with a sharp knife. Ü Gii t ch phng tin: by, in… He goes to school by bus. She goes to work in her own car. Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trng chung ca hc trò Vit Trang 2 Chuyên đ Luyn thi Tt nghip THPT và Luyn thi i hc, Cao đng 2009 Ü Gii t ch s tng quan: by, next to, on, under, below… They live below us. Tom is in front of Mary. My house is next to a cinema. 4. Ngha ca mt s gii t thng dùng Ü About – v: This is a story about elephants. – khong: He is about ten years old. Ü Above – trên, cao hn: The plane flew above the clouds. – phía trên: There is a heading above each diagram. Ü Across – t bên này sang bên kia (qua): We walked across the field. – phía bên kia: There is a store across the street. Ü After – sau, sau khi: after ten o'clock; after lunch – đng sau: Q comes after P in the alphabet. – theo sau: The dog ran after the cat. Ü Against – chng li, làm trái: Theft is against the law. – giáp, tip xúc, da vào: I leaned my bicycle against the wall. Ü Along – dc theo: We walked along the road. Ü Among – gia, trong s (mt nhóm ngi): The money was shared among three people. Ü Around – vòng quanh: We walked around the block. – vây quanh, bao quanh: There is a fence around the garden. – khp: I looked around the house for the keys. – quay sang mt hng khác: We turned around and went back home. – khong: He is around six feet tall. Ü At – mt đa đim c th: at 23 Chestnut Street; at the park – mt đim thi gian: at 5 o'clock; at Christmas – mt hoàn cnh: at peace; at war; at rest – mt hot đng: at work; at school; at play – hng ti, hng vào: Look at someone; wave at someone Ü Before Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trng chung ca hc trò Vit Trang 3 Chuyên đ Luyn thi Tt nghip THPT và Luyn thi i hc, Cao đng 2009 – trc khi, trc: before two o'clock; before Christmas – đng trc: S comes before T in the alphabet. Ü Behind – đng sau, phía sau: The little girl hid behind her mother. – mun: I am behind in my work. – nguyên nhân, ngun gc: Who was behind that idea? Ü Below – bên di, thp hn: below freezing; below sea level – phía di: Footnotes are provided below the text. Ü Beside – bên cnh: I sit beside her in class. Ü Between – Gia hai đim trong không gian: Toronto lies between Montreal and Vancouver. – Gia hai đim thi gian: between Christmas and New Year's Day – trong mt nhóm hai ngi: The money was shared between two people. Ü Beyond – trên: The mountains lie beyond the horizon. – vt quá: That was beyond my expectations. Ü By – gn: a house by the sea – vt qua: He waved as he drove by the house. – trc: Try to finish the work by next week. – theo mt đn v nào đó: cheaper by the dozen; sold by weight – bng, bi: travel by plane; written by him Ü Concerning – v, liên quan đn: He studies everything concerning trees. Ü Despite – mc dù: We walked downtown despite the rain. Ü Down – xung phía di: The ball rolled down the hill. – cui: He lives down the street. Ü During – sut mt khong thi gian: She works during the day. – mt thi đim nào đó trong mt khong thi gian: An accident occurred during the night. Ü For – trong khong thi gian: We walked for two hours. – khong cách: I walked for five kilometers. – mc đích: I bought this jacket for you. Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trng chung ca hc trò Vit Trang 4 Chuyên đ Luyn thi Tt nghip THPT và Luyn thi i hc, Cao đng 2009 – ti đâu đó: She left for New York. – tán thành, ng h: We are for the proposal. – so vi: The boy is clever for his age. Ü From – t mt ni nào đó: We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico – bt đu t mt thi gian nào đó: from now on; from yesterday until today – t mt lng nào đó: From 20 to 30 people were present. – nguyên nhân: He suffers from nervousness. – ngun (t ai đó): I first heard the story from you. Ü In –  mt ni nào đó: in London; in Europe – trong mt đa đim: in the room; in the building – vào tháng, nm: That happened in March, in 1992. – trong mt khong thi gian nht đnh: I will return in an hour. – bng: write in pencil; speak in English – tình trng, điu kin: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret – thành viên ca…: He is in the orchestra; in the navy – mc: the boy in the blue shirt – v, có liên quan đn: lacking in ideas; rich in oil Ü Into – vào bên trong We stepped into the room. – thay đi tình trng: The boy changed into a man. Ü Like – ging: That looks like him. – nh th: It looks like rain. Ü Of – v trí: east of here; the middle of the road – s hu: a friend of mine; the sound of music – mt phn ca mt nhóm: one of us; a member of the team – đo lng: a cup of milk; two meters of snow Ü On – trên (chm vào nhau): on the table; on the wall – ngày xác đnh: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June. – con đng xác đnh: on South Street – v: a book on engineering – mt trng thái hoc tình trng: on strike; on fire; on holiday – nh, bng: live on a pension; shown on television Ü Out of – ra khi: She went out of the room. – trong s: We won two games out of three. Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trng chung ca hc trò Vit Trang 5 Chuyên đ Luyn thi Tt nghip THPT và Luyn thi i hc, Cao đng 2009 – cht liu: The bridge is made out of steel. – ra khi: out of control; out of danger Ü Over – cao hn, trên: There are cupboards over the sink. – bao ph: We spread an extra blanket over the bed. – qua: I jumped over a puddle. – nhiu hn: It cost over ten dollars; it took over an hour – trong khong: I saw him several times over the past week. – bng: We made plans over the telephone. Ü With – cùng vi: He came with her; I have my keys with me. – có, cha: Here is a book with a map of the island. – bng, s dng: I repaired the shoes with glue. – cách thc: with pleasure; with ease; with difficulty – bi vì: We were paralyzed with fear. Ü Within – trong vòng: within twenty minutes; within one kilometer Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trng chung ca hc trò Vit Trang 6 Chuyên đ Luyn thi Tt nghip THPT và Luyn thi i hc, Cao đng 2009 III. CNG C KIN THC Bài tp: in mt gii t thích hp vào mi ch trng trong nhng câu sau: 1. He lives Ha Tay. 2. He went . his friend's house. 3. I'm going to stay home this weekend. 4. Joanna works the hospital. 5. Why don't we go the movies tonight? 6. We stayed .the Mieszko Hotel. 7. I'll be .school later today. 8. He's been working three weeks. 9. I fell asleep .the film. 10. We talked an hour. 11. Let's meet .seven o'clock. 12. He was born .July. 13. I went there 1998. 14. She'll be at work .Thursday. 15. We met Christmas day. 16. They drove to Barlinek September 15th. 17. We arrived in this country .September. 18. I love to go shopping Christmas time. 19. What do you like doing .weekends. 20. I lived in Holland the 1990s. 21. I'll see you .a few weeks. 22. She wasn't short, she wasn't tall; she was .average height. 23. What are you going to buy Hania .her birthday? 24. The police are looking a tall, black man who was seen standing outside the bank just before the robbery took place. 25. The teacher asked the class to do the exercise . the bottom of page 12. 26. As a child I was always ashamed my parents because they were uneducated. 27. I was always very good . Geography when I was at school. 28. We arrived Gorzów at 3.30 in the morning. 29. I didn't see you the party on Saturday. 30. He saw her as the most attractive woman .the world. áp án: 1. in 2. to 3. at 4. in 5. to 6. in/ at 7. at 8. for 9. during 10. in 11. at 12. in 13. in 14. on 15. on 16. on 17. in 18. at 19. at 20. in 21. in 22. of 23. for 24. for Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trng chung ca hc trò Vit Trang 7 Chuyên đ Luyn thi Tt nghip THPT và Luyn thi i hc, Cao đng 2009 25. at 26. of 27. at 28. at 29. at 30. in IV. BÀI TP V NHÀ Bài tp: in mt gii t thích hp vào ch trng: 1. Mr. Martin is responsible ………………. recruitment. 2. I'm sorry but I don't understand the reason …………… the increase …………. price. 3. In this company, salaries depend ………… the level of responsibility. 4. You have to pay ………… the tickets the day you order them. 5. Our new Chairman reminds me …………… my old history teacher. 6. Do you think the report could be translated ………… English for the meeting tomorrow? 7. Thank you for offering to help. It's very kind …………… you. 8. Look ………… the woman …………. the picture. Who is she? 9. The manager didn't take part …………. the discussion. He didn't want to intervene. 10. It's no use taking him to the Louvre. He isn't interested …………… art. 11. The food in Japan is very different …………… European food. 12. I don't agree ……………. you. …………… my opinion you're wrong. 13. John was late for the meeting as usual. That's typical ……………. him. 14. We should invite Pete to the party. He's very good ………… telling jokes. 15. The car crashed ………… a fence ……………. the other side of the road. Giáo viên: Nguyn Th Tâm Ngun: Hocmai.vn Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trng chung ca hc trò Vit Trang 8 . Chuyên đ Luyn thi Tt nghip THPT và Luyn thi i hc, Cao đng 2009 CHUYÊN  LUYN THI TT NGHIP THPT VÀ LUYN THI I HC, CAO. fear. Ü Within – trong vòng: within twenty minutes; within one kilometer Hocmai.vn – Ngôi trng chung ca hc trò Vit Trang 6 Chuyên đ Luyn thi Tt