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Contrastive analysis of Cohesive devices in English texts and those in Vietnamese ones Acknowledgements On completion of this granduation paper, I am very grateful to Department of Foreign Languages for offering me a chance to do this thesis. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisior, Mr Lª §×nh Th¶o , M.A, Lecturer of English Department of Foreign Languages - Vinh University, who has brought his professional expertise and useful advice to guide me. My special thanks go to my friends and relative; without whose support and encouragement this paper would not have been translated into reality. I also wish to express my gratitude and thanks to the Science Council of Foreign Language Department for their helpful recommendations for thesis. Vinh, May 2004 Hå ThÞ Thuý H»ng - 41 A1 English Vinh University Contrastive analysis of Cohesive devices in English texts and those in Vietnamese ones Table of contents Page Acknowledgements Table of contents Part A: introduction 1 I. Reasons for choosing this topic 1 II. Aims of the thesis 2 III. Scopes of the study 2 IV. Methods of the study 2 V. Design of the study 2 Part b: investigation 3 CHAPTER 1 : background information 3 1. Text 3 1.1. Definition 3 1.2. Characteristic of a text 3 1.2.1. General features 3 1.2.2. Specific features of the text 4 2. The concept about cohesion-coherence in text 4 2.1. Cohesion in text 4 2.2. Coherence in text 5 3. The relationship among : cohesion - coherence- text 6 3.1. The relationship between : cohesion - coherence 6 3.2. The relationship between : cohesion - text 6 4. Cohesive devices in text 7 4.1. Definition 7 4.2. Types of cohesive devices 7 CHAPTER 2: Cohesive Devices in Engish texts 2.1. Reference 7 2.1.1. Reference items 8 2.1.1.1. Pronouns 8 2.1.1.2. Demonstratives 8 2.1.1.3. The articles 8 2.1.1.4. Proper nouns 8 2.1.1.5. Comparatives 9 2.1.1.6. Other items (such, such as, like, so, that, the fomer .) 9 Hå ThÞ Thuý H»ng - 41 A1 English Vinh University Contrastive analysis of Cohesive devices in English texts and those in Vietnamese ones 2.1.2. Types of reference 10 2.1.2.1. Personal reference 10 2.1.2.2. Demonstratives reference 11 2.1.2.3. Comparative reference 11 2.2. Substitution 13 2.2.1. Substitution items 13 2.2.1.1. Pronoun 13 2.2.1.2. One 14 2.2.1.3. Ones 14 2.2.1.4. The same 15 2.2.1.5. Adverbials 15 2.2.1.6. Process adjuncts 15 2.2.1.7. Do 16 2.2.1.8. So 16 2.2.1.9. Not 16 2.2.2. Types of substitution 16 2.2.2.1. Nominal substitution 17 2.2.2.2. Verbal substitution 17 2.2.2.3. Clausal substitution 17 2. 3. Conjunction 18 2. 3.1. Conjunction elements 18 2. 3.1.1. Enumeratives 18 2. 3.1.2. Reinforcing 18 2. 3.1.3. Equatives 18 2. 3.1.4. Transitional 18 2. 3.1.5. Summative 18 2. 3.1.6. Apposition 19 2. 3.1.7. Result 19 2. 3.1.8. Inferential 19 2. 3.1.9. Reformulatory 19 2. 3.1.10. Replacive 20 2. 3.1.11. Antithetic 20 2. 3.1.12. Concessive 20 2. 3.1.13. Temporal transition 20 2.3.2. Kinds of conjunction 20 2.4. Lexical cohesion 21 2.4.1. Reiteration 21 2.4.1.1. Direct repitition 22 Hå ThÞ Thuý H»ng - 41 A1 English Vinh University Contrastive analysis of Cohesive devices in English texts and those in Vietnamese ones 2.4.1.2. Indirect repetition 22 2.4.2 Lexical collocation 23 2.5. Summary 24 CHAPTER 3: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS of COheSIVE DeVICES IN ENGLISH TEXT and THOSE IN VIETNAMESE ones 3.1. Introduction 26 3.2. Definition 26 3.3. Cohesion 26 3.3.1. The differences of concepts about it in Vietnamese and in English. 26 3.3.2 The similarity 27 3.4. Cohesive devices inVietnamese texts 27 3.4.1. Form cohesion 27 3.4.1.1. Repetition 27 3.4.1.2. Contrary 28 3.4.1.3. Synonymous substitution 28 3.4.1.4. Associative relation 29 3.4.1.5. Pronoun substitution 30 3.4.1.6. Conjunction 31 3.4.2. Content Cohesion 32 3.4.2.1. Subject - Cohesion 33 3.4.2.2. Logical - Cohesion 34 3.5. Summary 35 CHAPTER 4: SOME CONFUSION AND MISTAKEs made by PUPILS WHEN USING THE COHESIVE DEVICES 4.1 . Reference 36 4.2. Ellipsis 36 4.3. Conjunctions 37 4.4. Substitution 38 CHAPTER 5: SOME exercises about cohesive devices 39 Part C : Conclusion 41 References 42 Hå ThÞ Thuý H»ng - 41 A1 English Vinh University