Asean và xã hội dân sự

phan minh, cd the tha'y, thdng qua cac APA va ACSC, XHDS ASEAN cam ket no lUc tham gia vao viec xay dUng Cong ddng ASEAN hudng ve nhan dan (people-ori- ented) va nhan dan lam dpng lUc[r]

L E T H A N H H U O N G

1 T r e n g vai t h a p ky qua, sU h i n h • t h a n h va b o a t ddng cua n h i e u td chflc xa hpi d a n sfl (XHDS) tai cac qudc gia Ddng N a m A cho t h a y cdng d a n cac qudc gia ASEAN ngdy cang q u a n t a m hdn den cac v a n de cua dia phfldng, qudc gia, khu vflc cflng t h e gidi H i n h thflc b e a t ddng va ket qua ciia cac h e a t ddng XHDS khdng giong n h a u d cac qudc gia, song, nhin chung, d mflc dp nao dd da lam t a n g trach n h i e m giai t r i n h d a n chu, giup cho nha nfldc va n h a n d a n den gan n h a u hdn va gdp p h a n lam cho xa hpi gan k e t hdn, gifla cac dan tpc, tdn giao cd sfl t h d n g nhat, hai boa hdn trdng sfl da dang'^'

2 Xet rieng biet tflng qudc gia t h a n h vien ASEAN, cho den nay, each n h i n n h a n va t h a i dp cua cac n h a nfldc dd'i vdi XHDS khdng giong n h a u Tuy n h i e n , chung t a cung n h a n t h a y n e t tUdng ddng chinh t h e hien d viec n h a nfldc cd t h a i dp p h a n biet rd ret ddi vdi hai n h d m X H D S : mpt mat, luon luon hd trd tai chinh va khuyen khich cac td chflc XHDS "cua minh", nghia la cac td chflc n h a nfldc trUc tiep hoac gian tiep lap ra, b o a t ddng theo dinh hfldng ciia n h a nfldc M a t k h a c , khdng k h u y e n khich, t h a m chi kiem che

cac b o a t ddng cua nhdm td chflc ddc lap, chu yeu cd ten gpi Td chflc Phi chinh p h u (NGO), va dac biet la cac NGO que'c te (cd nguon gdc va hd trd tai chinh tfl ben ngoai) Rieng d Campuchia, n h a nfldc k h u y e n khich cac NGO td chflc cac h e a t ddng dfldi nhieu h i n h thflc, k h a n g dinh vai trd tich cUc cua cac NGO dd'i vdi sfl p h a t trien xa hpi, d a n h gia cao sfl ddng gdp ciia cac N G O qudc te viec phuc hUng va t h u c day nen kinh te p h a t trien Hdn nfla, N h a nUdc cdn n h a n m a n h nhu cau cung cd' cac chinh sach hdp tac gifla N h a nfldc va cac td chflc XHDS lam nen t a n g chd dfldng loi qudc gia n h a m muc tieu d a n chii, tfl do, t r a t tfl xa hpi*^' Mac dfl vay, theo giai doan lich sii cua quo'c gia cung nhfl t h e gidi, thai dp cua n h a nfldc dd'i vdi XHDS cd the bien ddi

22 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 1/2010

ddi vdi Giao hpi Cdng giao, cung len xud'ng, thay ddi qua cac ddi tdng thdng Tdng thong ddc tai Marcos gan cho ca nhdm dn hda va cap tien Giao hgi la cpng san khien mpt so ngUdi bi bat bd tu day va chet, nhung Tdng thdng Aquino lai cay vao Giao hpi ma dai dien la Tdng Giam muc ciia Manilla, Hdng y Giao chii Sin Khdng dUdc sU iing hp cua Giao hpi cudc bau cit, Tdng thdng dac cit Fidel Ramos nhiem ky 1992-1998 khdng dUa vao, khdng chd'ng lai Giao hpi nhflng cung bd qua nhflng de nghi can thiep ciia Giao hpi Cdn vdi Tong thdng dfldng nhiem Gleria Arroyo, Giao hpi la chd dfla dang tin cay

O Xingapo tfl ddc lap nam 1965 den nay, Dang Nhan dan Hanh ddng (PAP) cam quyen nhat d Xingapd, sdng, quan he gifla XHDS va nha nfldc da bien chuyen qua may giai dean Cho den cudi nhflng nam 80 cua the ky trfldc, theo he tfl tfldng nha nfldc luan cua PAP, Nha nfldc lanh dao, khdng hi chi phd'i bdi nhflng Idi ich rieng le cung nhfl cac cudc trUng cau dan y, cd trach nhiem huy ddng va phd'i hdp mpi ngudn lUc nham muc tieu cao nhat la phat trien kinh te Chinh vi the, chi mpt bd phan nhd cac nhdm XHDS dUdc dUdc khich le vi dUdc coi la iing^hp md hinh phat trien kinh te-xa hpi cua nha nudc, khdng gian cho cac NGO van ddng hanh lang, cac hgi nghe nghiep, tri thflc va cdng dan hi bd hep va elite nha nfldc quan ly chat che<''\ Tuy nhien, tfl gifla nhflng nam 80 sfl phat trien kinh te dan den sU phan cap rd ret xa hpi va mpt bd phan thieu so' nhan dan cam

Hai ludng X H D S d Malaixia cflng gay cho chinh p h u nUdc t h a i dp tUdng t u nhfl Xingapd L u d n g NGO d a u t r a n h cho n h a n quyen, mdi trUdng, k h d n g n h a n dUdc sfl u n g hp cua n h a nfldc N h a nfldc khdng nhflng k h d n g dap flng nhflng yeu sach cua he, t h a m chi cdn dap lai b a n g viec b a t bd h a y h a m doa va xiet c h a t hdn nfla cac dad l u a t h a khac*^* Dd'i vdi cac NGO ve quyen p h u nfl n h u AW AM, SIS hay PSWS t h i t h a i dp cua n h a nUdc mang ddng thdi h a i sac t h a i dd'i lap Mpt mat, n h a nUdc lo ngai a n h hudng cua hp ddi vdi cac chinh d a n g va p h e p h a n chinh phu cac nfl bd trfldng p h a t bieu r a n g vi tri dau tien va hien n h i e n cua p h u nfl la xd hep; m a t k h a c , lai u n g hp chfldng t r i n h h a n h dpng cua hp n h a m t h u h u t phieu bau cua p h u nfl

d Inddnexia dudi che dp T r a t tfl Mdi

ciia Suhartd, X H D S cflng gay cho chinh phu hai t a m ly t r a i ngfldc: mpt m a t , h d a n nghenh, cd vfl cac h e a t ddng s a n se bdt nhflng g a n h n a n g phuc Idi tfl p h i a n h a nfldc hdac cac chfldng t r i n h p h a t t r i e n d quy md nho; m a t k h a c luon coi cac N G O la mdi tiem a n sU dd'i lap chinh tri, t h a m chi cd cdn hi quy c h u p la phong t r a o c a n h ta lien q u a n den cuoc chien tfl ben ngoai va bi dan Ap**^' Tfl s a u S u h a r t o hi lat dd den nay, he thdng chinh tri mdi c h a p nhan phong t r a o XHDS va q u a n niem ve XHDS da t h a y ddi, gan vdi phong trdo d a n chu hoa, ngudi t a ky vpng X H D S cd t h e giup n h a nUdc giai quyet va'n de x u n g dot sac tpc n a n giai cua nUdc Tiep t h e e ket luan cua ASEAN S u m m i t 14 T h a i Lan dang cai tai H u a Hin mdi day, Tdng

t h d n g Susilo B a m b a n g Yudhoyono ndi r a n g "Inddnexia da va dang lam t a t ca de lam ta'm gUdng viec khdng chi t a n g cUdng a n sinh xa hpi ma cdn tdn trpng n h a nUdc p h a p quyen, thuc day n h a n quyen va t u do, dd cd tU bao c h f '^'

O Viet N a m , k h o a n g 10 n a m sau k h i Viet N a m dfldc giai phdng, thdng n h a t d a t nfldc, khdng cd boat ddng cua cac N G O nfldc ngoai, nhflng tfl Doi mdi, q u a n g c a n h da t h a y ddi n h a n h chdng Den nay, chinh p h u Viet Nam da d a n h gia tich cflc ve nhflng ddng gdp cua cac NGO qudc te cung nhfl dia phUdng trdng linh vUc xoa ddi giam ngheo, dan sd va binh dang gidi Tuy nhien, cho den nay, da s d c a c b o a t ddng XHDS dUdc thflc hien bdi cac td chflc doan the (hay cdn gpi la cac td chflc chinh iri-xa hpi) va cac td chflc nghe nghiep, van hoa Cac td chflc n h a n met p h a n kinh phi boat ddng tfl n g a n sach n h a nUdc, da va dang tich cflc boat dpng de hd trd D a n g cpng san Viet N a m " ° ' Theo Ddnh gid ban ddu ve

XHDS tai Viet Nam, t h a p ky trfldc

va nha't la nhflng n a m dau cua the ky , XHDS Viet N a m cd nhflng tien be d a n g ke Tuy vay, XHDS Viet N a m cdn nhieu r a n g buoc vdi n h a nUdc va vi vay thieu tU chu, ca ve cd cau lan ngudn tai chinh

24 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 1/2010 Nam va Xingapo than hdn

viec mdi cac CSO tham gia qua trinh quyet dinh*'^'

3 Dd'i vdi ASEAN vdi tU each mot td chflc khu vUc, cd the ndi, den trfldc cugc khung hoang tai chinh chau A, cac CSO khdng cd y nghia gi Quan diem ve XHDS bat dau cd chuyen bien tfl y tfldng ve Dai hpi Nhan dan ASEAN (APA: ASEAN People's Assambly) lan dau tien dfldc ban den tren Kenh va Kenh 2'^^' Tiep de, ASEAN-ISIS da ban ve hinh thflc va trinh tfl td chflc APA Ngay 24-26 /11/2000, APA I dd CSIS, Trung tam Nghien cflu Chien Ifldc va Qudc te*^'^* tc chflc tai dao Batam, Inddnexia Dai hpi ndy da cdng viec quy tu nhieu vien cua cac nhdm XHDS, cac cd quan thudc Kenh va tham chi ca cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach den tfl ca 10 qudc gia ASEAN APA II td chflc vao thang 9/2002 tai Bali, Inddnexia vdi chu de "Chung ta, cdc ddn tdc ASEAN vd nhiing thdch thdc cua chung ta" Cac APA III, IV va V deu dien d Manila, Philippin, dd ISDS (Vien Nghien cflu Chien Ifldc va Phat trien tai Quezen City, Philippin) va ASEAN-ISIS Secretariat (thdng qua

CSIS) ddng td chflc, APA VI cung dfldc td chflc nam 2007 tai Manila Philippin va APA VII vfla dien tai Thai Lan 28/2-1/3 2009 (tri hoan theo ASEAN Summit) Cac APA dfldc td chflc tfl nam 2000 den dUdc cdi la khung khd chd ddi thoai gifla cac chinh phu, cac nhdm tfl van va CSO d ASEAN ve cac van de anh hfldng den cac dan tpc cflng nhfl cpng ddng ASEANO^)

Va'n de lien quan den XHDS bat dau dfldc nhae den met each chinh thflc trdng bai phat bieu cua Tdng thdng Inddnexia Megawati Sukarnoputri tai Le ky niem 36 nam lap ASEAN ndm 2003, ndi ASEAN nen tich cflc hdn, nen nhay cam hdn doi vdi cac gia tri va tfl tfldng chu dad trdng cac quan he qudc te, bao gdm ca dan chu va tdn trpng nhan quyen ^^^\ Tiep dd, nam 2004, ASEAN Summit 10 da thdng qua Chfldng trinh Hanh dpng (PoA) Vien Chan de xay dflng Cong ddng Van hda-Xa hgi (ASCC), khang dinh "nhan to mau chdt cua ASCC la "XHDS tham gia cung cap nhflng de xuat cho viec lUa chgn chinh sach" '"^' Quyet liet va thang than, Tong thdng Inddnexia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Le ky niem 38 nam ASEAN td chflc tai J a k a r t a 8/8/2005, ndi ve khia canh dan chu viec xay dflng Cong ddng ASEAN, da khang dinh: 'ASEAN cd the lam nhieu hdn nfla chd cac dan tpc ASEAN neu dam bao sfl tham gia nhieu hdn ciia nhan dan vao cac quyet dinh cua td chflc nay" va "Tat ca cac hiep dinh va khu vflc mau dich tfl do, cac tuyen bd va ke hoach hanh dpng deu cac nguyen thu, cac vi bd trUdng va cac quan chflc cad ca'p quyet dinh Thuc te la nhan dan chang biet gi ve nhflng sang kien vl dai ma ASEAN thay mat hp ban luan" *^^\

vdi sfl hd trd cua B a n thfl ky ASEAN td chflc tai B a n k d k va s a u dd la Hgi n g h i X H D S A S E A N (ACSC: ASEAN Civil Society Conference) lan thfl I vdi chu de "Ciing xdy diing mot tiicfng lai

chung" dfldc td chflc theo s a n g kien cua

chinh p h u Malaixia, tai Dai hpc Cdng n g h e MARA, t h a n h p h d S h a h A l a m , Malaixia tfl ngdy 7-9/12/2005 T u y e n bd cua Hpi nghi n a y dfldc t r i n h len ASEAN S u m m i t 11 tai K u a l a L u m p u r tfl 12/12/2005, bao gdm 10 va'n de q u a n t a m cflng vdi cac de x u a t , k h u y e n nghi<^^' Dac biet, Muc 57 t r o n g t u y e n bd' cua chu tich ASEAN S u m m i t 1 , d a n h r i e n g cho XHDS: "Chflng tdi n h a n t h a y XHDS ddng gdp vai trd cang q u a n trpng ASEAN c h u n g t a xay dflng mpt cdng ddng ASEAN lay n h a n d a n lam t r u n g tam Vi the, c h u n g tdi u n g hp viec td chflc Hpi nghi XHDS h a n g n a m song song vdi ASEAN S u m m i t , va T u y e n bd cua hpi nghi se dfldc de t r i n h len cac vi nguyen thd ASEAN'"<i9) T h e e t i n h t h a n dd, Hpi nghi ACSC Ian thfl II vdi sfl t h a m gia cua hdn 300 dai bieu da dUdc Nhdm Cdng tac cua SAPA (Solidarity for Asian Peeple's Advocacy) cung cac dd'i tac td chflc d Cebu, Philippin vao n g a y 10-12/12/2006 D a n g chu y la cac t u y e n bo' va chfldng t r i n h h a n h dpng cua ASEAN S u m m i t 2006 da cdng n h a n cac cudc hpp va m a n g lUdi cac CSO va NGO, n h u APA cac A S E A N -ISIS td chflc va Nhdm Cong tac de t h a n h lap mpt Cd che N h a n quyen ASEAN'^"*

Trong n a m 2007, A S E A N - I S I S cung da trieu t a p APA VI vao t h a n g 10 t a i Manila, Philippin Trong so' nhflng van de Hpi

nghi de cap den cd van de boa binh va xung dot xa hpi, tfl bao chi va cac phfldng tien thong tin dai chflng, cd che k h u vUc ve n h a n quyen, viec thUc hien xay d u n g cpng ddng ASEAN lay n h a n dan lam t r u n g tam Cac de x u a t va kien nghi cua hpi nghi da dUdc de t r i n h len ASEAN S u m m i t lan thfl 13 Xingapo lam chu tich vao t h a n g 11/2007 Cflng k h o a n g thdi gian dien APA VI, ACSC lan thfl III SIIA (Vien Cac van de Qudc te Xingapo) td chflc 27-28/10/2007 Hpi nghi tu hpp 50 dai dien tfl cac nUdc t h a n h vien ASEAN, den tfl cac NGO, cac nhdm chuyen gia tU van ( t h i n k - t a n k ) , cac CSO cung mpt sd quan sat vien cua chinh phu cac nUdc ASEAN va cac td chflc qudc te, dai dien cua Ban Thfl ky ASEAN va Tdng Thu ky ASEAN Ong Keng Yong cung t h a m du

26 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 1/2010

ASEAN cung da dfla "Nhiing nguyen tdc chi dgo ve quan he vdi cdc CSO" bao gdm 16 nguyen tac, dd nguyen tac thfl nhat la "td chflc phi Idi nhuan cua cac phap nhan ASEAN, nham thuc day, cung cd va giup hien thUc boa cac muc tieu va muc dich cua hdp tac ASEAN trdng cac linh vflc chinh tri, kinh te, xa hpi, van hda, khda hpc, y te va cdng nghe" *^^' Hien ASEAN thiet lap quan he chinh thflc vdi 58 CSO cua khu vUc, nhu cac Phdng Thudng mai va Cdng nghiep (ASEAN-CCI), cac td chflc nghien cflu chien Ifldc, qudc te va phat trien (ASEAN-ISIS), ma trudc bet la CSIS (Inddnexia), SIIA (Xingapo), ISDS (Philippin)

4 Nhfl vay, XHDS da cd dfldc vi tri cac tuyen bd'chinh thflc tfl nam 2005 den cua ASEAN, td chflc Idn nhat va vflng chac nhat cua Ddng Nam A Tinh than chung cua ASEAN la ung hp va khuyen khich cac td chflc, cac hoat dpng XHDS cflng vdi ASEAN hudng tdi nhflng muc tieu cpng ddng de Tdm nhin ASEAN 2020 va Cdc Muc tieu Thien Nien ky APA va ACSC da dUdc ASEAN chinh thflc cong nhan la cac dien dan xa hpi thfldng nien song song vdi ASEAN Summit, deu cd sfl tham gia cua Ban thfl ky va Tdng Thfl ky ASEAN Thang 1/2008, Tdng thfl ky ASEAN Surin Pitsuwan khang dinh: "Chung ta can phai md rdng va lam sau sac hdn nfla mdi quan he va sfl tfldng tac vdi cac NGO va CSO trdng khu vflc, vi cac td chflc boat dpng gan gfli vdl nhan dan va cd flu the nhat viec phat bieu nhflng nguyen vpng cua nhan dan ve mpt Cpng ddng ASEAN"^''^'^\ Ve

phan minh, cd the tha'y, thdng qua cac APA va ACSC, XHDS ASEAN cam ket no lUc tham gia vao viec xay dUng Cong ddng ASEAN hudng ve nhan dan ori-ented) va nhan dan lam dpng lUc (people-driven), ddng thdi keu ggi va dUa nhflng yeu cau ddi vdi ASEAN, chang ban nhu yeu cau lap nhflng cd che hieu qua dam bad sU sach, trach nhiem giai trinh va sU tham gia ciia nhan dan, yeu cau nhflng vi tri tat yeu cua XHDS tat ca cac qua trinh quyet dinh cua ASEAN, dam bao sU tham gia day du cua XHDS tien trinh soan thao cung nhfl ban dfl thao cud'i cung Hien chfldng ASEAN trfldc dfla trflng cau dan y va viec lap Cd quan Nhan quyen ASEAN (AHRB)

Tuy nhien, Hien chuang ASEAN dfldc ky ket vao thang 11/2007 sau thdi gian dai soan thao va dfldc cac qudc gia vien lan lUdt thdng qua trdng nam 2008 da khien XHDS that vgng Cai XHDS ASEAN ddi khdng phai la "Hien chfldng ASEAN", ma la "Hien

chuang Nhdn dan ASEAN" Nhflng de

cflng vdi B a n thfl ky ASEAN cua cac qudc gia t h a n h vien t a n g cfldng y thflc t r d n g n h a n d a n ve b a n sac ASEAN"^''^'^* N e u nhfl vay thi nhflng b a n k h o a n m a Tdng thdng Inddnexia Susilo B a m b a n g n e u r a n a m 2005 va sfl k h a n g dinh cua Tong Thfl ky ASEAN S u r i n P i t s u w a n vao t h a n g 1/2008 (da de cap d t r e n ) la ve nghia, bdi vi cd che b o a t dpng cua ASEAN v d n k h d n g he t h a y ddi, lay n h a nfldc Idm t r u n g t a m , tfl t r e n xud'ng, va ngfldi t a cd quyen nghi ngd y n g h i a cua c u m tfl "Hfldng ve n h a n dan" cda ASEAN X H D S va ASEAN ly giai cum tfl "Hfldng ve n h a n dan" theo hai each khac n h a u Vdi ASEAN, dieu dd dfldng nhfl cd n g h i a la lam cho n h a n d a n biet den ASEAN va xay dflng mpt b a n s i c ASEAN, cdn vdi X H D S , dd la viec t r a o quyen cho n h a n d a n va xay dflng t i n h da nguyen viec r a quyet d i n h ciia ASEAN SAPA p h a n flng lai Hien chfldng ASEAN b a n g each soan t h a o mpt Hien chfldng N h a n d a n ASEAN, t r o n g dd t h e hien y nghia cua "Hfldng ve n h a n dan" theo each hieu cua CSO Mac dfl b a n Hien chfldng N h a n d a n ASEAN chfla dflng nhflng dieu k h o a n "fldc mong" va se hi bac bd vi phi thflc te, nhflng nd da l a m cho B a n Thfl ky ASEAN va nhflng ngfldi dflng dau n h a nfldc tha'y dfldc k h a n a n g t h a m gia va ddng gdp cua X H D S vao viec giai quyet cac van de ciia k h u vflc

Hdn nfla, trdng H i e n chfldng ASEAN, cd che n h a n quyen chi dfldc n h a e den b a n g met cau: "ASEAN se ce mpt cd q u a n n h a n quyen (AHRB) m a dfl t h a e (TOR) se dfldc xac dinh tai Cuoc hpp Cac Bp trfldng Ngdai giad ASEAN" (25) T a i C h a - a m , T h a i

28 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 1/2010

nhfl Malaixia va Xingapo thi chi r a t h a c h thflc Idn n h a t la gifla cac nfldc t h a n h vien ASEAN tdn tai qua n h i e u k h a c biet, vi vay viec cai t h i e n v a n de n h a n q u y e n ddi bdi q u a t r i n h lau dai Thii tfldng Ly H i e n Long cua Xingapo v a n gifl q u a n diem "coi t r p n g thflc c h a t chfl k h d n g p h a i la h i n h thflc cua n h a n quyen Ndi each k h a c , c h u n g tdi d a m bao n h a n d a n cd cdm no, ao mac, cd trfldng hpc tot, cd cac cd hpi b i n h dang, dam bao cho hp dfldc tiep c a n cac dich vu sach, hieu qua cua c h i n h p h u va k h e n g cd t h a m nhung"*^^'

T r e n thflc te, nhflng k h a c biet gifla cac nudc ASEAN la khd k h a n Idn cho viec t h a n h lap mot cd che n h a n q u y e n A S E A N M p t so ngUdi cho r a n g H i e n chUdng ASEAN khdng giai quyet dUdc cac v a n de cd b a n (trdng dd cd n h a n quyen) m a cac t h a n h vien ASEAN d a n g p h a i ddi m a t , nhUng sd khac lai tin r a n g Hien chUdng la chia khda md r a tUdng lai cua ASEAN Cd le c a n t h e m thdi gian de biet chac c h a n b a n Hien chUdng ASEAN la mpt c a m k e t t h u c sU vi n h a n d a n h a y k h e n g Cdn vdi xa hpi d a n sU, theo Alan Collins, g i a n g vien cao ca'p Khoa C h i n h tri hpc vd Q u a n he qudc te, Dai hpc S w a n s e a , Vudng qudc Anh, canh cita cua ASEAN da md, nhflng chi mdi h e m6'-^^\/

C H U T H I C H

1 S t a t e m e n t of ASEAN Civil Society Conference to the 11th ASEAN Summit, http://www2.nesac.go.th/english/Main_hi ghtlight/pdf/ASEAN_Statement.pdf

2 Xem: Nguyen Sy Tuan "The Role of Civil Society in Cambodia" Bai tham luan tai Hpi thao Non-traditional Security Vien Chau A-Thai Binh Dudng, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc Trung Qudc td chflc tai Bic Kinh, Trung Quoc, 23/4/2004

3 Gillian Koh and Goi Giok Ling "Relationship between state and civil society in Singapore" In Lee Hock Guan ed Civil Society in Southeast Asia NIAS Press-ISEAS, Singapore, 2004, tr.l69 Ve viec nay, hai tac gia dUa mot ly quan khac la Chinh phu cua ong Ly Quang Dieu de chflng sflc manh xa hpi va kha nang huy dong quan chung cua XHDS Gillian Koh and Goi Giok Ling Bdd Tr

171-172

5 Chua Beng Huat "Domestic Politics The Relative Autonomies of State and Civil Society" In State-Society Relations, edit-ed by Gillian Koh and Goi Giok Ling Oxford and New York: Oxforrd University Press, 2000

6 Xem; Gillian Koh and Goi Giok Ling Bdd, tr.l69

7 Lai S u a t Yan "Participation of the Women's Movements in Malaysia" In Lee Hock Guan ed Civil Society in Southeast Asia NIAS Press-ISEAS, Singapore, 2004, p.121-143

8 Xem them: Thung J u Lan Ethnicity and the Civil Rights Movement in Indonesia In Lee Hock Guan ed Sdd., tr 217-9 RI to Incourage creation of ASEAN

H u m a n R i g h t s B o d y , http://www.antara.co.id/en/arc/2009/3/l/ri -to-encourage-creation-of-asean-human-rights-body 23/1/2009

10 Danh gia ban dau ve XHDS tai Viet Nam Du an CIVICUS-SAT CIVICUS, VIDS Vien Nhflng van de phat trien, SNV va UNDP tai trd Lien hiep cac hoi KH&KT Viet Nam (VUSTA) va VIDS xuat ban, Ha Npi, 2005

pp.313-331, d Indonesia, tfl sau Trat tu Mdi Sup dd den nay, sd litdng NGO da tang gap bay lan d Malaysia, tfl ong Badawi gifl chflc Thu tUdng, khong gian cho XHDS dUdc md rong hdn Hoi nghi XHDS ASEAN dau tien dUdc td chflc cflng thdi gian vdi ASEAN Summit 11 vao thang 12/2005 la sang kien cua chinh phu ong Badawi

12 Kenh la kenh chinh phu, Kenh la hoc gia va Kenh la XHDS

13 ASEAN-ISIS: Vien Nghien cflu Chien lUdc va Quo'c te thuoc ASEAN; Centre for Strategic & International Studies co tru sd tai J a k a r t a , Indonesia la mpt td chflc doc lap, phi Idi nhuan, lap nam 1971 NGO co quan he chinh thflc vdi Ban thu ky ASEAN

1 H t t p : / / w w w a s e a n i s i s a s e a n p e o p l e -sassembly.net (27/2/2009)

15 Megawati Sukarnoputri Remarks by the President of the Republic of Indonesia on the Occasion of the 36 Anniversary of The Association of Southeast Asian Nation, J a k a r t , 8/8/2003, http://aseansec.org 10/2007 16 ASEAN Secretariat, "ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Plan of Action", paragraph 1, 2004,http://www.aseansec.org/16833.htm 17 H.E.Dr.Susilo Bambang Yuhoyono "On

Building the ASEAN Community: The Democratic Aspect" Lectrure on the occa-sion of The 38 Aniversary of The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Jakarta, August 2005, http://aseansec.com 10/2007 18 Hoi nghi co hdn 120 dai dien den tfl

cac td chflc XHDS 10 nude ASEAN, phan tich chu de nhanh va dUa 10 van de, khuyen nghi: 1) Tiep can vdi thong tin; 2)Tham gia vao viec quyet dinh; 3) Khong CO cong dong nao khong co nhan dan; 4) Cac tam nhin khong thUc hien dUdc; 5) Thay doi ban chat cac thach thflc; 6) Quyen dan sU va chinh tri; 7) Cong bang va binh dang thUdng mai; 8)Trao quyen cho phu nfl, nien va ngUdi ban xfl va 10) Vai tro cua giao due va phUdng tien thong tin dai chung viec hun due mot ban sSc ASEAN Hoi

nghi cung cam ket tich cUc dong gop vao viec thuc hien cac muc tieu ASEAN de ra: xay dung mot ASEAN cong bang va hoa binh Statement of ASEAN Civil Society Confrence to the ASEAN Summit 11th, http://www2.nesac.go.th/english/Main_hi ghtlight/pdf/ASEAN_Statement.pdf

19 Chairmen's Statement of the 11th ASEAN Summit "One Vision, One Identity, One Community", Kuala Lumpur, 12/12/2005 Http://aseansec.org 20 ASEAN Civil Society Conference 2007;

C h a i r m a n ' s

Statement, http;//w WW.siiaonline.org/asea n _ c i v i l _ s o c i e t y _ c o n f e r e n c e _ o c t o -ber_26_28_2007 (27/2/2009)

21 The Eminent Persons Group (EPG) Report on the Proposed ASEAN Charter Http://aseansec.org

22 ASEAN Secretariat Guidelines On ASEAN's Relations with Civil Society Organisation, April 2006, http://www.aseansec.org/18362.htm

23 Gary Rodan, "Singapore's Founding Myths vs Freedom", Far Eastern Economic Review, October 2006, pp 13-17

24 Alan Collins Bdd

25 Chuyen din: Alan Collin Bdd

26 Http://www.gov.ph/news/default.asp?i=23 746 11/3/2009

27 RI to encourage creation of ASEAN

Human Rights Body http://www.antara.co.id/en/arc/2009/3/l/ri

-to-encourage-creation-of-asean-human-rights-body 23/1/2009

28 Lilian Budianto ASEAN makes right body toothless, http://www.thejakarta- post.com/news/2009/2/28/asean-makes-rights -body-toothless.html 10/3/2009 29 Pitchai Chuensuksawadi Better human

rights still a long way off, http;//www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/12 465/better-human-rights-still-a-long-way-off NTiU vay co nghia la nha lanh dao Singapore vin trung vdi quan diem TUdng doi ve nhan quyen