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Viec "trfl Man" kheng chi phai lat dd sfl thdng tri cua chinh quyen quy tec Man Chau ma ddng thdi cung lat dd che dp quan chu chuyen che da trd nen lei thdi, xay dUng mdt Nha[r]
(1)Cac giai doan phat trien he tirtucfng chinh trj dan toe cua Ton Trung Sdn
T A N G T H A N H SANG* N G U Y E N THI H U d N G * *
Tdn T r u n g Sdn la dai dien kiet xua't t r e n g p h a i each m a n g d a n chu ciia giai cap tfl s a n , suot ddi lay viec c h a n hflng T r u n g Hoa l a m n h i e m vu Vi the ong k h d n g ngflng no Iflc p h a n d a u n h a m hoan t h a n h n h i e m vu ay Tfl q u a t r i n h dau t r a n h each m a n g lau dai da h i n h t h a n h n e n tfl tfldng each m a n g vl dai cua Tdn T r u n g Sdn T r o n g dd, tfl tfldng chii nghia c h i n h t r i d a n tdc ddng vai trd tien phong t r o n g lich sii p h a t t r i e n chinh tri va lich sfl p h a t t r i e n N h d nfldc T r u n g Qudc T r o n g b a i viet nay, chflng tdi di s a u tim hieu ve b a giai doan p h a t t r i e n t r o n g t u t u d n g chii n g h i a c h i n h tri d a n tpc ciia Tdn T r u n g Sdn
1 Tif tvidng c h i n h tri d a n t o e "Han t o e " Cudc Chien t r a n h T r u n g - P h a p (1884-1885) dien r a , m a c dfl t r i e u d i n h M a n T h a n h da g i a n h dfldc nhflng t h a n g Idi n h a t d i n h ve m a t q u a n sfl, nhflng v a n chap n h a n ky Hoa fldc thfla n h a n dac quyen ciia P h a p N g a y s a u dd la nhflng t h a t bai lien tiep cua T r u n g Quoc t r o n g cac cugc chien vdi nfldc ngoai, t i n h h i n h nfldc c a n g trd n e n roi r e n C h i n h
quyen M a n T h a n h cang hii bai va k h d n g cdn k h a n a n g flng phd vdi cac nguy cd xa hpi Ddng thdi, d a n tpc M a n vdi tfl each la mpt d a n tdc thieu so du n h a p vao T r u n g n g u y e n , t r o n g lich sU T r u n g Qudic, dia vi c h i n h t h d n g ciia hg mpt thdi gian dai gap p h a i t h a c h thflc tfl phia n h a n si ngfldi H a n Den giai doan nay, trieu T h a n h chii dpng thi h a n h chinh sach mdi n h a m bao ve Idi ich cua ngfldi Man, khien m a u t h u a n gifla cac tpc ngUdi cang t h e m gay gat Ben c a n h dd, cflng vdi viec t r u y e n b a c h u nghia d a n tpc can dai phUdng Tay, t r i e u T h a n h dan m a t di uy quyen t h d n g t r i hdp p h a p The ma van cd khdng it cac lUc lUdng xa hpi muon tri c h i n h quyen ay t r e n cd sd ciia nhflng cai each t h a y ddi
Chflng kien toan bp ngich canh dd, tiem thflc ciia Tdn T r u n g Sdn, tU tudng "danh dd M a n T h a n h , t h a n h lap d a n qudc" tflng bfldc h i n h t h a n h va hoan thien Trong cud'n "Bac bao h o a n g phai thu", Tdn T r u n g Sdn da chi r a mpt each ro r a n g rdng: "Nay chinh p h u M a n T h a n h da lam t a y sai b a n nUdc, ngUdi ngoai qudc lai m u o n chiem nUdc ta, t a t yeu hp se y * Ths Tang Thanh Sang, NCS TrUdng Dai hgc Nam Kinh, Trung Quoc
(2)56 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 1/2010
chiem dUdc Vi vay, de tranh bi chia cat, ngoai viec dau tien phai danh chinh phu Man Thanh, khdng cdn each cflu van nao khac"'" Khi lap Hung Trung Hpi, Tdn Trung Sdn dua tdn chi: danh dudi giac That, khdi phuc Trung Hoa, lap chinh phu hdp quan Nam 1905, Ddng Minh Hpi lap cung dUa bdn cUdng linh ldn: Danh dudi giac That, khdi phuc Trung Hda, lap Dan qudc, binh quan dia quyen Vdi vi tri dau tien la danh dudi giac That da trUc tiep bieu minh cho yeu cdu trUdc bet cua each mang la "trfl Man" Tat nhien, d day Tdn Trung Sdn da phan biet rd ngUdi Man Chau vdi giai cap thdng tri Man Chau nham cd lap chinh phu Thanh d mflc cao nha't, phat trien md rong Iflc lfldng each mang Viec "trfl Man" kheng chi phai lat dd sfl thdng tri cua chinh quyen quy tec Man Chau ma ddng thdi cung lat dd che dp quan chu chuyen che da trd nen lei thdi, xay dUng mdt Nha nUdc dan chu cpng boa: "Chung ta phai lat dd chinh phu Man Chau, xet ve phudng dien phai loai trfl ngfldi Man thi dd la each mang dan tpc, neu xet ve phUdng dien lat chinh the quan chu thi dd la each mang chinh tri, nhung dieu dd khdng cd nghia phai chia viec lam hai lan"'-' Vi the dUa khau hieu tren thUc cha't la mud'n tien hanh dau tranh hdp phap vdi chinh quyen nha Thanh, dieu chinh cac dan tdc nUdc, dac biet Id xay dung Nha nUdc vdi ngUdi Han la trung tam Cach mang Tan Hdi da dUdc phat dgng dUa tren sU kich thich tinh than ciia Chu nghia dan tgc Dang vien each mang lay viec lat VUdng trieu nha Thanh la dudng phat
trien tien bd nha't cua Trung Qudc Mac dfl k h a u hieu ndy cdn mang nhflng ban sac nhat dinh cua Chii nghia dan tgc dai Han, chi chu trgng vao viec lat dd chinh quyen Man Thanh ma chUa tha'y dUdc mdi nguy hai ciia chu nghia de qudc, xong nd lai dac biet phfl hdp vdi hien thUc xa hgi Trung Qudc luc dd Dan tgc Trung Hoa ay dang phai chiu hai tang ap bflc dan tpc, vfla chiu sU xam lUdc, de nen cua chu nghia de qudc nUdc ngoai, lai vfla chiu ach thdng tri va ap bflc cua quy tpc phong kien Man Chau nUdc, quy tgc phong kien Man Chau lai da la cdng cu thdng tri ciia chii nghia de qudc, trd phUdng dien chii yeii cua mau thuan dan tpc nUdc Do dd, mud'n cflu dan tpc Trung Hoa dang cdn nguy khdn, trfldc het phai lay nhiem vu lat dd chinh phii trieu Thanh cua quy tpc phong kien Man Chau Idm nhiem vu chinh nham giai quyet phUdng dien chu yeu cua mau thuan dan tpc Tu tudng chii nghia chinh tri dan tpc ciia Tdn Trung Sdn chinh la cUdng Hnh chinh tri va vu tinh than quan trpng de giai quyet mau thuan ^ „, ,
2 Tvf txi&ng c h i n h tri dan t9>c,"ng^ toe c o n g h o a " ^ -;; -, • • -.-or
(3)Tdng Thanh Sang Nguyen Thi Huong - Cdc giai dogn phdt tri en 57
nay len cao t a t yeu d a n den sU chia re cang n g h i e m t r p n g gifla cac d a n tpc l a n h thd
Trfldc va s a u Cach m a n g T a n Hdi, cac nfldc de qudc da d u n g n h i e u t h u doan , tao nhflng bien ddng chinh tri d k h u vflc bien gidi p h i a Bac, Ddng Bdc, T a y Bdc va Tay N a m T r u n g Qudc (day von la k h u vflc cU t r u ciia d a n tpc Mdng Cd, Hdi, Tay T a n g va la ndi sinh sdng cua td tien ngUdi M a n Chau) n h a m kich dpng q u a n he npi bp va m a u t h u a n d a n tpc, nguy cd chia re cang n g h i e m trpng
c a n cfl vao t i n h t h e d a u t r a n h chinh tri dfldng thdi va t i n h h i n h thflc te cua q u a n he dan tec, Tdn T r u n g Sdn n h a n t h a y t u tudng chu n g h i a c h i n h tri d a n tdc thdi ky ddu k h d n g cdn p h u hdp, dng dan chuyen h u d n g s a n g tU tUdng Chii nghia chinh tri d a n tpc "ngu tpc cpng boa" (gpi t a t la Chu n g h i a "Ngu tpc cpng boa") Day la giai doan thfl h a i q u a t r i n h p h a t trien tfl tfldng chu nghia chinh t r i d a n tpc cua Tdn T r u n g Sdn Npi d u n g chu yeu cua nd la: kien t r i binh ddng d a n tpc "ngfl tpc cpng boa" "Ngfl tpc" d day m a n g mdt bdm y ra't ro, ngoai d a n tpc H a n la d a n tpc chu the sinh sd'ng t a i k h u vflc T r u n g nguyen, chiem dai da sd n h a n k h a u T r u n g Qudc, cdn cd bd'n d a n tpc Mong Co, Hdi, Tang, Man vdn d a n g sinh sdng d nhflng vflng cd nguy cd bien gidi cao T r e n cd sd dd, Tdn T r u n g Sdn de xfldng tfl tfldng b i n h ddng dan tpc Dieu n a y da dfldc dng k h d n g dinh "Udc p h a p l a m thdi T r u n g Hda dan qudc": " N h a n d a n T r u n g Hoa d a n qudc nha't loai b i n h ddng, k h d n g p h a n biet chung tpc, giai cap, tdn giao"'" Sfl binh
d a n g t h e hien t r e n cac phfldng dien chii yeu nhfl chinh tri, k i n h te, van boa, tdn giao Ddng thdi kien lap "Nha nfldc ngfl tpc cpng hoa" vdi chu trfldng chu quyen thupc ve n h a n dan, thdng n h a t d a n tpc, thong nha't l a n h thd
Tfl tfldng binh ddng d a n tpc thdi ky cua Tdn T r u n g Sdn da t h u c day t i n h doan ket, kich thich nhiet t i n h each m a n g cua cac dan tpc, dac biet la cac dan tdc thieu so' Ngay tfl thdi ky dau cua Ddng Minh Hpi, Tdn T r u n g Sdn de xfldng each m a n g "trfl Man" n h a m thflc hien binh d a n g d a n tpc, da cd khdng it chi si yeu nudc ngUdi dan tpc thieu sd h a n g hai t h a m gia cac td chflc each mang Ve sau khdi nghia Vfl Xfldng va qua t r i n h dpc lap d cac tinh, tfl tfldng binh d a n g dan tpc cang di sau vao long ngfldi N h a n dan cac dan tpc Man, Mong Cd, Hdi, Tang, Mieu khong chi tich cflc t h a m gia ma cdn t a p hdp t h a n h mpt dpi ngu khdng t h e xem t h u d n g Tfl dd khien Cach m a n g T a n Hdi tfl chd ddn t h u a n Id ngUdi H a n p h a n Man, trd t h a n h ngfldi H a n Id chu the, dean ket cac dan tpc thieu so', cflng tien h a n h each m a n g tU s a n p h a n do! phong kien chuyen che Khi tdng ket ddng gdp cua cac d a n tpc thieu sd vdi Cach m a n g T a n Hdi, Tdn T r u n g Sdn tflng ndi: "Khdi nghia Vu Xfldng T a n Hdi ca nudc hUdng flng, ngfl tpc cpng boa Thoa long bdn t r a m trieu ddng bao"'^'
(4)58 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 1/2010
phuc" Dieu dd cho thay hp da nhan thflc cac dan tpc la mpt nhflng vien cua dan tpc Trung Hoa, la mpt phan cua Trung Qudc Dong thdi, vao thdi diem nay, viec khoi phuc ngai vang la hoan toan khdng the, bat luan la chinh quyen Bac Kinh hay Nam Kinh deu lay chinh the cpng hoa lam chieu bai Hai chfl "ngu tpc" khau hieu "ngu tpc cdng hoa" da dan mat di y nghia thflc te ban dau Cac dan tpc sinh sdng tren dat nfldc Trung Qudc da tflng bfldc tham gia vao qua trinh giac ngd, cflng dau tranh, cung cd gdng het trach nhiem vinh quang cua minh de cd cudc sd'ng tdt dep hdn
O giai doan nay, Ton Trung Sdn cung rat chu trpng vao phfldng dien del ngoai Ong nhan thay nguy cd ciia dan tpc Trung Qudc khdng chi la sfl md't binh ddng gifla cac dan tdc nfldc ma cdn cd sfl tho'ng tri cua cac the Iflc ben ngoai Mac dfl hieu rat ro cac nfldc de qudc dang md rdng the Iflc xam Ifldc va Trung Quo'c chfla the gianh dfldc dpc lap hoan toan, nhflng Tdn Trung Sdn lai khdng dfla chii trfldng phan dd'i chu nghia de qudc, md mud'n dung bien phap boa binh de cai thien mdi quan he dd'i ngoai, nang cao dia vi qudc te cua Trung Qudc
3 Tvf tudfng chinh tri dan toe "dai Trung Hoa"
Sau Cach mang Tan Hdi tha't bai, Trung Qudc cang lun sau hdn vao cudc hdn chien cat cfl quan phiet nfldc va sfl khdng che cua chii nghia de qudc Dudi ach thdng tri phan dpng cua giai ca'p dai dia chu dai tU san va chu
nghia de qudc, nhan dan da nem du mpi ndi khd dau Nguy cd dan tpc cang trd nen tram trpng Ten Trung Sdn da tflng Idm "each mang Ian hai", "van dpng hp quo'c", "van dpng hg phap" nhflng van chfla tim dflgc dfldng chan chinh cho each mang Trung Qudc Trong tinh hinh dd, chinh nhflng dien bien dien va ngoai nfldc da la nhflng nhan to tac dgng den sfl phat trien tfl tfldng chu nghia chinh tri dan tgc cua Tdn Trung Sdn
Thfl nha't, Chien tranh the gidi lan thfl nhat dien da thuc day sfl phat trien cua phong trao giai phdng dan tgc tren the gidi, dan den viec thdnh lap hang loat qudc gia dan tgc mdi Tinh hinh dd huge cac nfldc de qudc phai cd thai dp dieu chinh lai mdi quan he vdi cac nUdc thupc dia va nUa thupc dia Vao nam 1918, Tong thdng My da Ian dau tien de cap den quyen tU quyet dan tpc'°' Trdo lUu mdi ciia the gidi la dpc lap dan tpc da khdi day cho Tdn Trung Sdn niem tin ve viec kien lap mdt qudc gia dan tpc chan chinh Ong nhan tha'y: "Chien tranh chau au ket thuc, tinh hinh the gidi thay ddi, mpt xu hudng mdi dUdc dac biet chu trpng la quyen tU quyet dan tpc Dac biet, nUdc ta la va'n de ldn nha't cac dan tpc tren the gidi", dd, "bay gid khdng nhflng la can thflc hien hai chu nghia dan quyen va dan sinh, ma cdn can phai thich flng vdi trao lflu hien dai" Ndi mpt each ro rang, neu nhu chau au "thiet lap dUdc ra't nhieu qudc gia dan tgc ddc lap mdi", cung la "trdo luu tu tudng dan tgc hien dai"'*'
(5)Tdng Thanh Sang, Nguyen Thi Huong - Cdc giai dogn phdt trieii 59
m a n g T h a n g Mfldi N g a nd r a k h i e n Ton T r u n g Sdn n h u d a n g m a n dem n h i n tha'y a n h s a n g ciia each m a n g L a n dau tien lich sU d nUdc Nga, chinh quyen da ve t a y nhflng ngfldi cdng n h a n va ndng dan mac ao linh C h i n h quyen mdi thi hanh chinh sach boa binh, b a n cho cac d a n tgc quyen tfl quyet va cac quyen tfl dan chu cho t a t t h a y nhflng ngUdi lao dpng Cd tieng v a n g ldn n h a t \a chinh sach dd'i ngoai boa binh, t h a i dp chinh nghia cua chinh quyen Xd Viet ddi vdi cac dan tpc bi ap bflc dUa t r e n nguyen tac binh dang va tdn t r p n g l a n nhau''' Do'i vdi T r u n g Qudc, chinh quyen Xd Viet da tuyen bo' bai bd t a t ca nhflng Hiep udc va nhflng khoan nd ma Nga Hoang da ap dat Dieu tUdng p h a n sac n e t vdi thuc te cac nfldc de qudc x a m Ifldc, cho nen da cd tac dpng to ldn den tfl tfldng cua Tdn T r u n g Sdn, khich le dng hfldng den nfldc Nga de tim kiem k i n h nghiem va dfldng dau t r a n h each m a n g mdi Tdn T r u n g Sdn la ngfldi d a u tien t r e n g sd nhflng Iflc lfldng yeu nfldc cua T r u n g Qudc de nghi cac nUdc c h a u A thfla n h a n nudc Nga Xd Viet, de nghi t u y e n t r u y e n rdng rai nhflng t h a n h q u a cua Cach m a n g T h a n g Mfldi Ddng thdi, dng gifi t h u cho Lenin va ndi: T u y e n b d c u a Lien Xd do'i vdi T r u n g Qudc, "khien cho n h a n d a n nUdc tdi t r a n day by vpng Tfl dd, T r u n g Qudc t h o a t khdi ach thdng tri cua cac nitdc de qudc chu nghia, p h o n g t r a o giai phdng dan tpc cung hoan thanh"'^' Tdn T r u n g Sdn cung d a n h gia r a t cad ly l u a n quyen tu quyet d a n tpc L e n i n de Ong n h a n tha'y, "Lenin da khdi xUdng quyen tU quyet cho cac d a n tpc hi ap bflc, vi nhflng
ngfldi hi a p bflc t r e n the gidi chd'ng lai sfl b a t cdng"'^'
Thfl ba, Chien t r a n h t h e gidi ldn thfl n h a t da t a o r a cd hdi cho N h a t Ban gan nhfl gidnh dfldc quyen dec chiem T r u n g Qudc, s a u chien t r a n h , cac nfldc de qudc lai thoa hiep vdi n h a u de cung n h a u chi phd'i, "cflng n h a u cai q u a n T r u n g Qudc" Dong thdi, sfl thao t u n g va can thiep cua hp, chien t r a n h q u a n phiet dien lien mien, cue dien chinh tri hon loan, quo'c gia bi p h a n liet nghiem trpng Hoat dpng chia re mdt thdi gian dai cua cac nudc de qudc cung khien cho cac khu vflc bien cfldng cua T r u n g Qudc thdi ky khong on dinh P h a i quan phiet Bac Dfldng dfldi sfl ung hp cua chu nghia de qudc da thUc hien chinh sach ap bflc dan tpc mdi, "ngu tpc cpng boa" chi cdn tdn tai t r e n d a n h nghia Niem by vpng va ao tudng cua Tdn T r u n g Sdn do'i vdi cac nfldc Au My da d a n m a t di dng n h a n thflc sau sac r a n g , T r u n g Qudc hien dang "nhu ca n a m t r e n thdt, dia vi cua c h u n g ta dang d thdi ky nguy hiem n h a t dieu lo lang dd la hpa ma't nUdc"°' Do dd, Tdn T r u n g Sdn da neu rd yeu cau cap bach ciia cac dan tpc T r u n g Qudc la phai thdng n h a t t h a n h mpt d a n tpc ldn m a n h khong the lay chuyen Ong lai mpt lan nfla n h a n m a n h can phai xuc tien muc dich ma chu nghia dan tpc da de xUdng Ro rang, Tdn T r u n g Son da cd sU n h a n thflc mdi ve chu nghia de qudc, tflng bfldc n h a n ddi tfldng trflc tiep cua each m a n g
(6)60 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 1/2010
kinh te d Trung Qudc, tao dieu kien thuan Idi cho sU phat trien cua cong nghiep tU ban dan tpc Trung Qudc: "Su phat trien cua cdng nghiep tU ban dan tpc Trung Qudc thdi ky dUdc ggi la "thdi dai hoang kim"'"' Luc lUdng ciia giai cap tU san tiep tuc Idn manh, yeu cau tho'ng nha't qudc gia va dan tgc cang tang Sau chien tranh, tU ban phUdng Tay r a t nhanh chdng quay trd lai, ddy manh xam nhap kinh te'vad Trung Qudc Kinh te ciia tu ban dan tgc Trung Qudc hi canh tranh va chen ep gay gat Kinh te cua hg muon phat trien dUdc nha't thiet phai thoat khdi sU ap bflc kinh te cua cac nfldc de qudc thdng qua viec xay dflng mdt the che chinh tri td't hdn Tdn Trung Sdn cud'i cung cung da chu y va nghien cflu ti mi ve van de Ong dau long canh bao vdi qudc dan: "Trung Qudc hien dang chiu canh dan ngheo tai kiet rdi, neu khdng thay ddi, tat yeu ap Iflc kinh te gia tang se dan den hpa md't nfldc md thdi""-' Thfl nam, va sau Chien tranh the gidi thfl nhat, sfl giac ngd chinh tri cua cdng nhan va ndng dan Trung Qudc da phat trien nhanh chdng Hp tham gia ngdy cang nhieu vao cac cudc da'u tranh chd'ng de qudc, chd'ng phong kien TrUdc sU thoa hiep "cflng cai quan Trung Qudc" ciia cac nUdc de quo'c tai Hpi nghi dien d Pari nam 1919, mpt lan song phan do'i ram rd ciia nhan dan Trung Quo'c da dien va trd thdnh mpt phong trao manh me vao 4/5/1919 Chflng td dan tpc Trung Hoa bat dau thflc tinh mpt each rdng rai Thong qua cao trao a'y, Tdn Trung Sdn da nhin tha'y nhan dan Trung Qud'c chinh la mpt luc lUdng to ldn
de chdng de qudc, chd'ng phong kien Va dudi sU giup dd cua Dang cpng san Trung Qudc, phat trien van dgng cdng ndng, khien Tdn Trung Sdn nhin thay lUc lUdng tien phong thUc hien cugc van dgng giai phdng dan tgc Qua dd, ong rut dfldc bai hpc each mang ciia nhflng lan that bai va di den quyet dinh ba chinh sach ldn: "Lien Nga, lien cdng, phu trd cdng ndng"
(7)1 ~ ^ ;
Tdng Thanh Sang, Nguyen Thi Huong - Cdc giai dogn phdt trien 61
nfldc phfldng Taỵ C u n g vdi sfl p h a t t r i e n cua t i n h h i n h each m a n g , thflc te t a n khdc da k h i e n Tdn T r u n g Sdn md r d n g t a m m a t va n h a n r a dfldc m a u chdt ciia v a n dẹ Tfl đ ong kien quyet d a u t r a n h chd'ng lai chu nghia de qud'c va Iflc lfldng q u a n phiet tay saị C h u trfldng " p h a n dế da bfl d a p dfldc p h a n t h i e u set t r d n g tfl tfldng chu nghia chinh tri d a n tpc thdi ky d a u ciia Tdn T r u n g Sdn Nd vfla la k e t q u a dng t h u dfldc s a u mpt thdi gian dai h o a t đng each mang, cflng vfla la Ifla chpn chinh xac cua dng theo đng chay lich siị Day la sfl t h a y VI dai nhát t r o n g cudc b o a t dpng each m a n g cua Tdn T r u n g Sdn
4 Ti:^ tUcfng c h u n g h i a c h i n h tri d a n t o e c u a T o n T r u n g Stfn c o m o t q u a t r i n h p h a t t r i e n b a n d a u tii "bai M a n " d e n s a u n a y la "ngii t o e c o n g h o a " v a e h u n g h i a d a n t o e t r o n g C h u n g h i a t a m d a n m d i
Qua t r i n h p h a t t r i e n n a y mpt chin mudi cflng vdi sfl chin mudi t r o n g tfl tfldng chinh tri ciia Tdn T r u n g Sdn Mac dfl cd gap trdc trd, nhflng tdng t h e m a ndi, tfl tfldng chu nghia chinh t r i d a n tdc cua Tdn T r u n g Sdn vdn tien len t h e e mpt dfldng t h d n g Vi vay, dng dfldc xem la n h a tfl tfldng cau tien Tdn T r u n g Sdn da cdng hien cho qud'c gia va d a n tdc sfl nhiet b u y e t c h a n t h a n h , tflng bfldc tfl bd nhflng sai lam, t h i e u sot tfl tfldng cua m i n h de di tdi diem dau tfl tfldng cua thdi dai Sfl flu viet trdng tfl tfldng chu nghia chinh tri d a n tdc ciia Tdn T r u n g Sdn da trd t h a n h tai s a n t i n h t h a n quy b a u cua n h a n d a n T r u n g Qud'c, cd vu cac t a n g ldp
n h a n si tiep tuc p h a n dau de hoan t h a n h sU nghiep cdn d a n g dd cua dng Dieu dd cung k h a n g dinh, nhflng ly l u a n cua ong k h d n g he vi lich sU lau dai md m a t di sU h u y hoang, ngUdc lai, nd van ludn sang lap l a n h vang sang cua sU nghiep xay dUng mot N h a nudc dan tdc dan chu hien dai./
C H U T H I C H
1 Dan theo Luu Kiet "Chu nghia ddn tgc cua Ton Trung Son", Hpc vien quan ly, Trung Quoc, tr 95
2 Ton Trung Son Tuyen tap, quyen thUdng, Nxb Nhan dan, Trung Qudc, 1985, tr 75 3 Ton Trung San Todn tap, tap 5, Cue sach
Trung Hoa xuat ban, 1981, tr 87
4 Ton Trung Sc/n Todn tap, tap 3, Cue sach Trung Hoa xuat ban, 1981, tr 283 5 Hai Tu, Sie the gidi, quyen [M], Hieu
sach Tam Lien, 1975, tr 1147
6 Ton Trung Scfn Todn tap, tap {M|, Bdc Kinh, Cue sach Trung Hoa xuat ban, 1985, tr 480
7 Lich s(/ can dgi Trung Qudc, Nxb Khoa hpc, Matxcdva, 1976 (ban dich viet tay cua Phan Van Ban), tr 561-562
8 Ton Trung Sctn ngogi tap {M), Thudng Hai, Nxb Nhan dan, 1990, tr 403-404
9 Ton Trung San Todn tap, tap {M}, Cue sach Trung Hoa xuat ban, 1981, tr 631 10 Ton Trung SOn Todn tap, tap {M}, Bdc
Kinh, Cue sach Trung Hoa xuat ban, 1986, tr 326
11 Nghe Kien Trung, Trung Qudc tren bdn cdn, NXB Chinh tri qudc gia Ha Noi ,
1998, tr 414
12 Ton Trung Son Todn tap, tap (M|, Bde Kinh: Cue sach Trung Hoa xuat ban,