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SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY, REPUBLIC OF PHILIPPINES IN COLLABORATION WITH THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY, SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM _ IMPACTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON RESTRUCTURE OF EXPORTS IN THE NORTHERN COASTAL REGION OF VIETNAM DOCTOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BY DBA Candidate: NGUYEN THIEN SU (SUNT) Scientific Adviser: Dr TRAN DAI NGHIA July, 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT One of the joys of completion is to look over the journey past and remember all the friends and family who have helped and supported me along this long but fulfilling road I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to leaders of Thai Nguyen University in VietNam and Southern Luzon State University in the Philippines who created best conditions for me to complete the course generally and fulfill the disertation particularly My sincere gratitude also goes to professors in the Council of Examiners for Framework of the DBA namely Professor Cecilia N Gascon, Professor Walberto A Macaraan, Professor Melchor Melo O Placino, Professor Nordelina B.Ilano, Professor Do Anh Tai, Dr Hoang Thi Thu who provided encouraging and constructive feedbacks It is no easy task, reviewing a thesis, and I am grateful for their thoughtful and detailed comments I would like to send my special thanks to Professor Tran Dai Nghia who guided the direction of the work with his careful and instructive comments during the process of writing the DBA I could not have asked for better role models, each inspirational, supportive, and patient I could not be prouder of my academic roots and hope that I can in turn pass on the research values and the dreams that he has given to me My gratitude goes towards Professors directly gave me useful and memorable lectures in DBA namely Dr.Professor Cecilia N Gascon, Dr.Professor Walberto A Macaraan, Dr.Professor Melchor Melo O Placino, Dr.Professor Alice T Valerio, Dr Professor Do Anh Tai, and Dr Professor Tran Dai Nghia They provided me a rich and i fertile environment to study and explore new ideas They made my DBA life is ever fluid, and, in the course of it all, a warm and inviting place to work I am grateful to lecturers who managed the International Cooperation Program between Vietnam and the Philippines namely Professor Nguyen Tuan Anh, Professor Dang Xuan Binh and Mr Nguyen Thanh Hai Without their cooperation, I could not have chance to join and fulfill the course My thanks also send to the Hanoi College of Industrial Economics, functional ministries- Ministry of Industry and Trade, and my colleagues for their generous support I have been surrounded by wonderful colleagues; thank you for welcoming me as a friend and helping to develop the ideas in this thesis I would not have contemplated this road if not for my parents, my wife, my children, and all of my dear friends who instilled within me a love of creative pursuits, science and language, all of which finds a place in this thesis Nguyen Thien Su July, 2013 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT pager i TABLE OF CONTENTS iii ABSTRACT vi LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background information 1.2 Statement of the problem 1.3 Hypotheses of the study 1.4 Objectives of the study 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 Scope and limitations of the study 1.7 Definition of terms 1.8 Organization CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 FDI and Effects of FDI 10 10 2.1.1 Forms of FDI 10 2.1.2 Determinants of FDI 12 2.1.3 Effects of FDI 15 2.1.4 The FDI trend in the world 18 2.2 Export structure 21 2.2.1 Classification 21 2.2.2 FDI flows and export 24 2.2.3 Export quality 27 2.2.4 Comparative advantage existing in exports 31 2.2.5 FDI and Shifting exports struture 33 2.2.6 Methodology of some studies using models of assessing the impact of FDI on shifting exports structure 36 2.3 Theoretical framework 39 2.3.1 Quantity and quality of export structure 39 2.3.2 Shifting export structure 41 iii 2.3.3 Factors determining the export structure and shifting exports structure 43 2.3.4 FDI in shifting exports structure 46 2.3.4.1 FDI with restructuring export products 46 2.3.4.2 The impact of FDI on Shifting Exports structure 55 2.4 Conceptual Framework 56 57 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Locale of the study 57 3.2 Research Design 60 3.2.1 Research Methodology 60 3.2.2 Variables used in the research 61 3.2.2.1 Variables to measure exports structure of the region 61 3.2.2.2 A Measurement of shifting exports structure in the Northern Coastal Region of Vietnam 63 3.2.2.3 A measurement of the impact of FDI on shifting exports structure 63 3.3 Data sources used to analizing and testing models 64 3.4 The models used in the study "The impact of FDI on shifting exports structure in the Northern Coastal Region of Vietnam" 65 3.4.1 Formula of the impact of FDI on shifting exports structure (SE) in the Northern Coastal Region 65 3.4.2 Two models used in the study "The impact of FDI on shifting exports structure in the Northern Coastal Region of Vietnam" 67 CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 68 4.1 Role of the Northern Coastal Region in the economic development of the 68 country 4.2 The situation of enterprises and export goods: 4.2.1 Industrial development and Economic situations in period 1986-1995 72 72 4.2.2 Export analysis in period of 1995-2004 75 4.3 Impacts of FDI on restructuring exports in the Northern Coastal Region 79 in the period 2005 - 2012 4.3.1 Exports of the Northern Coastal Region 79 4.3.1.1 Export quality restructuring 79 4.3.1.2 Shifting exports structure in the Northern Coastal Region 83 4.3.2 FDI with shifting exports structure of the Northern Coastal Region 90 4.3.2.1 FDI actraction in Vietnam 90 4.3.2.2 The impacts of FDI on economic development 92 4.3.2.3 Impacts of FDI on shifting exports structure 95 98 4.4 Applying two theoretical models to test the impact of FDI on shifting exports structure in the Northern Coastal Region iv 4.4.1 The analytical model can be written as follows 99 4.4.2 The model can be written as follows 107 4.4.3 Assessments on the impacts of FDI on shifting exports structure of the 110 Northern Coastal Region CHAPTER V: SUMMARY OF FIDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 116 116 118 119 119 5.1 Summary of the findings 5.2 Conclusions 5.3 Recommendations 5.3.1 The solutions for attracting and effective use of FDI for Shifting Export Structure in the Northern coastal region 129 5.3.2 Basic conditions to attract and use FDI to promote shifting exports structure 130 5.3.3 Proposals for further research BIBLIOGRAPHY 138 APPENDICE 143 CURRICULUM VITAE 148 v ABSTRACT This study was carried out to explore the impact of FDI on shifting process of exports structure in the Northern Coastal Region of Vietnam Specifically, this study intended to answer questions of (1) influence of FDI on elements of the economy, (2) definition of shifting exports structure, (3) impact of FDI on shifting exports structure, and (4) solutions to attract FDI for shifting exports structure in the region The main objective of the research was to take route to shift exports structure, to attract FDI, to propose oriented solutions to best promote the specific role of FDI, to cater to shift exports structure in terms of quantity, and to improve the quality of exports structure The methodology of the thesis was to review the various relevant literatures Method of system analysis, method of fieldwork, method of comparison, quantitative research methods and forecasting method were also used in the study Findings showed that there have been visible changes in term of quantity of exports structure in the Northern Coastal Region Also, a new classification of the exports structure and of the exports structuring besides the traditional classifications such as SITC, VSIC was revealed from the study Additionally, the two analytical models used the study showed the accurate results about the impacts of FDI on shifting exports structure in the Northern Coastal Region Based on the scientific conclusions, solutions and policy implications relating for attracting and making the best uses of FDI in the region are given in the study The study confirmed the positive impact of FDI implementation including inputs and outputs to the region's exports restructuring both in terms of quantity and quality of the exports structure Specifically, the FDImade capital has a positive impact on both the quality and quantity of the exports structure However it showes a greater impact on the quality than that on the quantity; The impact of FDI on the exports of processed or refined goods was higher than that of raw material goods The FDI increases export value of private sector significantly; while it negatively influences to that of State Owned Enterprises; The exchange rate also has an significant effect on the quantity of export than on the quality vi LIST OF TABLES Table CONTENT pager 4.1 68 4.13 4.14 4.15 The economic indicators of the Northern Coastal Region and the whole country, in 2010 Industrial growth of economic sectors Registered businesses in international trade in the period of 1995-2004 Contribution of economic sectors to total export turnover The total export value in the Northern Coastal Region in the period 2005-2012 The total export value of provinces in the Northern Coastal Region in the period 2005-2012 Export value of 10 main items with largest proportion of the total export in the Northern Coastal Region in the period of 2005-2012 The Export structure of the Northern Coastal Region in the period of 20052012 Export situation in the Northern Coastal region in the period of 2005-2012 Shifting exports from raw materials to processed products in the Northern Coastal region in the period of 2005-2012 PROPY indicator of primary exports of the Northern Coastal Region in the period of 2006-2012 EXPY of the Northern Coastal Region in the period 2006- 2012 (For primary goods of the Northern Coastal Region) Proportion of exports goods with highest PRODY index Quality of some exports with high processed content in exports structure of the Northern Coastal Region Foreign investment (project implemented before December 2012) FDI licensed in the period 1988-2012 by regions FDI and economic growth in the Northern Coastal Region 4.16 4.17 Average wages in the Northern Coastal region in the period of 2005-2012 Average wages in FDI enterprises in the period of 2005-2012 96 97 4.18 97 98 100 102 4.22 FDI with changes in the proportion of export in FDI sector in the period 2005-2012 Export value of FDI with high level processed goods FDI and the Northern Coastal Region export performance FDI and the Northern Coastal Region export performance by category of exported goods Dependent variable Export value by Northern Coastal Region (Log EVt) 4.23 4.24 Variables used in the model Results of testing models 107 107 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5a 4.5b 4.6 4.7 4.8a 4.8b 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.19 4.20 4.21 vii 75 76 77 79 79 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 91 92 95 105 LIST OF FIGURES Figure CONTENT Pager 2.1 FDI input factors with shifting exports structure 52 2.2 Elements of FDI towards impacts on shifting exports structure 56 3.1 Map showing the survey areas, Northern Coastal Region of Vietnam, 2012 57 4.1 Export growth rate of the Northern Coastal Region in the period of 20052012 80 4.2 Comparing export value of groups of the Northern Coastal Region in the 85 period of 2005-2012 4.3 FDI attraction in Vietnam period of 1988-2012 90 4.4 FDI in total investment (%) 93 4.5 Contribution of FDI sector in GDP (%) 94 viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION Vietnam officially became a member of WTO five years ago Since then, Vietnam’s economy has undergone many changes and a lot of economic development strategies have been in effects to solve a problem considered as a key point after integrating into international economic arena, which is how to make gains more than " losses" In a simple term, the loss of revenue due to tariff cuts under WTO integration commitments must be offset by revenues earned from exporting goods, products, and services The economy of Vietnam has made many progresses as export has increased relatively stable However, the economy still faces very serious problems including high inflation rate and sharply increased in trade deficit According to the trade balance data, the growth rate of import has always been higher than that of export since 2006; Statistics from the General Statistics Office showed that trade deficit was US $5.07 billion and US $14.2 billion in 2006 and in 2007 respectively; import-export balance continued to be negative at US $12.9 billion in 2009, US $12.4 billion, and US $12.71 billion in 2011 Particularly, in the first quarter of 2012, the trade deficit was over US $251 million, equal to 1% of the total export value In which, the whole domestic sector was in deficit of US $2.75billion whereas foreign investment sector was in surplus of $2.5billion According to statistics from the World Trade Organization, in 2010, Vietnam became the largest importer in the Association of Southeast Asian countries (ASEAN), 1.5 times it equaled to imports of ASEAN countries combined Therefore, trade surplus target after joining WTO of Vietnam has not been reached Aiming at creating economic growth in a sustainable way, solving problems mentioned above and meeting the goals set when joining the WTO in particular and global economic integration in general, Vietnam has taken many measures to reduce trade deficit and the most radical measures are to accelerate the pace and to improve the 46 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (2005, 2006), ASEAN Statistical Yearbook 2005, 2006 47 Barro, R J and Sala-i-Martin, X (1995), Economic Growth, Mc Graw-Hill, Cambridge, MA 48 Dunning John H (1993), Multinational enterprises and the Global economy, Addison Wesley Publishing company, 1993 49 Dunning John H (2003), Economic analysis and the multi national enterprise, London George Allen & Unwin Ltd, UK 50 Freeman Nick J (2002), Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam: An Overview 51 Girma S, (2005), “Absorptive Capacity and Productivity Spillovers from FDI, A Threshed Regression Analysis”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 67 (3): 281-306 52 Haddad M and Harrison’s A.E (1993), “Are there positive Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment? Evidence from Panel Data for Morocco”, Journal of Development Economics, vol 42, no.1, pp.51-74 53 Hermes N, and Lensink R (2003), “Foreign Direct Investment, Financial Development and Economic Growth”, Journal of Development Studies, vol.40, no.1, pp 142-163 54 Ho (1982), “Economic Development and Rural Industry in South Korea and Taiwan”, World Development 10 (11): 973 – 990 55 Hua Wang, Yanhong Jin (2002), Industrial ownership and environment performance Evidence from China, World Bank Policy Reseach working paper 2936, December 2002 56 Hausmamn, R, Hwang, J and D Rodrik (2005), “ What you export matters “, NBER Working Paper no.11905 57 Hoekman, B and S Djankov (1997), “ Determinants of the Export Structure of Countries in Central and Eastern Europe”, The Word Bank Economics Review, Volume 11, No 3, pages 471-87 58 Kassicieh, Suleiman K.(2002), “ Technovation”, Volume 22, Issue 11, Pages 667674 59 Lall, S.,J Weiss and J Zhang (2005) the “ Sophistication’, Of Exports: A New Measure of Product Characteristics’, Working Paper Series-QEHWPS 123 Page 60 Mats, F (2005), Evaluating the Malaysian Export Processing Zones Economics Department, Master Thesis at Lund University 135 61 Mayer, J AND W Adrian(2001), South Asia’s Export Structure in a Comparative Perspective’, Oxford Development Studies, Vol.29, No.1 62 Moosa, I.(2002), Foreign Direct Investment: Theory, Evidence and Practice’’, New York Palgrave Maemillan 63 Multrap(2002),’Vietnam’s international trade regime and comparative advantage’, Discussion paper, No 37 64 Rodrik, D.(2006),’ What’s so special about China’s exports?’CEPR Discussion Paper no.5484 65 Wang, Z and S.Wei (2008), “ what Accounts for the Rising Sophistication China’s Exports?” NBER working Paper No.13771, Cambridge 66 Xu, B.(2007).” Measuring China’s Export Sophistication, “ working paper, China Europe International Business School 67 Xu, B and J Lu (2007), “ The Impact ß Foreign MNEs on Export Sophistication of Host Countries: Evidence from China,” working paper, China Europe International Business School 68 Zhang, X and W Liu (2008), The Study of the Use of FDI to enhance the Product Competitiveness of Integrated Circuits and Micro- electronic Components, International Business Research, Vol.1, No 69 Singh, H and K Jun (1999), The relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Trade: China as an example, The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, Blackwell Publishing, vol 66 (0), pages 62-88 136 APPENDIXES APPENDIXES 4.1 Appendix 4.1a: FDI and the Northern Coastal Region export performance Linear regression Number of obs = F( 12) = 184.33 Prob > F = 0.0054 R-squared = 0.7937 Root MSE | 3, 16 = 05484 Robust lnprive | Coef Std Err t P>|t| [95% Conf Interval] -+ -lnfdimade | L1 | 5802091 1830613 3.17 0.087 -.2074402 1.367858 time | -.3762039 0557841 -6.74 0.021 -.6162236 -.1361841 L1 | 3.896175 1.53856 2.53 0.127 -2.723716 10.51607 _cons | -30.51609 17.04777 -1.79 0.215 -103.8667 42.83455 lnexrate | Linear regression Number of obs = F( t P>|t| = 0.0206 = 0.8116 Root MSE Std Err 47.70 R-squared Coef 12) = Prob > F lnev_soe | 3, 16 = 02933 [95% Conf Interval] -+ -lnfdimade | L1 | -.4045265 152382 -2.65 0.117 -1.060174 2511205 time | 1158173 0295244 3.92 0.059 -.0112161 2428507 L1 | -3.638596 7006783 -5.19 0.035 -6.653371 -.6238209 _cons | 49.39465 8.816457 5.60 0.030 11.4605 87.3288 lnexrate | 137 Appendix 4.1b: FDI and the Northern Coastal Region export performance by category of exported goods Linear regression Number of obs = F( 12) = 37.89 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.6990 Root MSE | 3, 16 = 9.3e-07 Robust lnev_l | Coef Std Err t P>|t| [95% Conf Interval] -+ -lnfdimade | L1 | 0000965 5.54e-06 17.41 0.003 0000726 0001203 1.39e-06 -1.6e+05 0.000 -.2199675 -.2199555 | time | -.2199615 lnexrate | L1 | 1.000404 0000268 3.7e+04 0.000 1.000289 1.000519 _cons | 1.534236 0003317 4625.61 0.000 1.532809 1.535663 Linear regression Number of obs = F( 85.12 = 0.0021 R-squared = 0.7855 Root MSE lnev_c | 12) = Prob > F | 3, 16 = 03507 Robust Coef Std Err t P>|t| [95% Conf Interval] -+ -lnfdimade | L1 | 6548515 125776 5.21 0.014 254576 1.055127 time | -.0326981 0355431 -0.92 0.425 -.1458122 0804161 | -.5363827 9044847 -0.59 0.595 -3.414857 2.342091 _cons | 3.14567 10.40426 0.30 0.782 -29.96534 36.25668 lnexrate | L1 138 Appendix 4.1c Dependent variable Export value by Northern Coastal Region (Log EVt) Linear regression Number of obs = F( 3, 16 12) = 3164.18 Prob > F = 0.0003 R-squared = 0.8977 Root MSE = 00974 -| lnev | Robust Coef Std Err t P>|t| [95% Conf Interval] -+ -lnfdimade | L1 | 2208255 0261172 8.46 0.014 333199 1084521 time | 0357346 0087045 4.11 0.055 -.001718 0731872 lnexrate | L1 | -2.737507 2383337 -11.49 0.007 -3.762974 -1.71204 | _cons | 42.65141 2.611881 17.47 0.003 34.39339 56.86942 139 Appendix 4.2 Model EXPYmg = a + bFDImade + cEVFDI + dGOindustrial SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.899950612 R Square 0.899901227 Adjusted R Square 0.899753068 Standard Error 0.803421648 Observations 16 ANOVA df Regression Residual Total Coefficients Intercept FDImade EVFDI -65.69899791 0.098467019 0.031332121 GOindustrial -0.092665495 Significance SS MS F F 13068.84473 4356.281576 6748.836156 0.000148155 1.290972688 0.645486344 13070.1357 Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% TINV 2.92 Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% 2.434350912 26.98830213 0.001370111 -76.1731645 -55.2248313 -76.1731645 55.22483131 0.00234934 41.91263626 0.000568774 0.088358627 0.108575412 0.088358627 0.108575412 0.002487728 12.59467271 0.006245152 0.020628291 0.042035951 0.020628291 0.042035951 0.008780797 10.55319855 0.008859925 0.130446215 -0.05488477 0.130446215 0.054884774 140 APPENDIX 4.3 Appendix 4.3.1 Growth rate in using FDI and producing exports compared to the previous years No Group of goods 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Group (0-4) 64,2 85.6 38.9 26.6 -6.1 11.7 5.0 6.2 SITC0 Food and alive animals 52.8 69.3 45.4 28.6 -8.1 14.1 21.4 18.6 SITC1 38.9 35.3 82.6 51.6 -60.2 61.8 13.0 12.3 Materials, cruel form, not SITC2 used for eating, except for fuel 18.6 21.0 38.3 25.6 -10.3 11.1 15.7 18.7 Fuel, lubricating oil, and SITC3 related materials 16.5 20.1 30.3 23.2 -9.8 19.6 -8.5 12.8 26.2 28.6 22.2 86.2 3.7 17.9 9.1 18.3 46.3 72.5 8.5 56.5 3.9 26.9 4.8 15.2 18.6 53.5 10.4 12.3 6.7 21.8 8.0 7.8 A Raw materials and prelimilary goods Beverage and cigarette SITC4 Oil, fat content, wax Group (5-8) Processed or refined B goods Chemical substances and SITC5 related products SITC6 Major processed goods classifying materials 34.6 43.1 9.2 50.8 25.7 42.3 24.6 32.6 SITC7 Machince, equipments, parts 42.3 84.8 7.2 66.8 -2.1 23.2 -10.2 17.4 SITC8 Other processed goods 62.7 18.2 21.9 21.4 8.5 11.9 35.7 26.2 Goods not belongs to above groups 19.6 52.8 -2.1 10.0 1.7 3.3 2.0 4.6 52.8 75.6 20.5 37.9 -0.8 18.8 4.7 12.8 C Total of the Region 141 Appendix 4.3.2 Proportion of using FDI and producing exports by goods groups No Group of goods 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 30.5 42.8 49.4 45.3 42.9 41.0 40.4 40.2 SITC0 Food and alive animals 20.5 19.8 23.9 22.3 20.6 19.8 23.0 21.6 SITC1 Beverage and cigarette 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Materials, cruel form, not SITC2 used for eating, except for fuel 3.9 4.9 5.7 5.2 4.7 4.4 4.8 4.6 Fuel, lubricating oil, and SITC3 related materials 15.5 17.7 19.1 17.1 15.5 15.6 13.7 14.6 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 48.0 47.2 42.5 48.2 50.5 53.2 54.0 54.3 Group (0-4) A SITC4 Raw materials and prelimilary goods Oil, fat content, wax Group (5-8) B Processed or refined goods SITC5 Chemical substances and related products 4.9 4.3 3.9 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8 SITC6 Major processed goods classifying materials 10.9 8.9 8.1 8.8 11.2 13.4 15.9 16.2 SITC7 Machince, equipments, parts 30.3 31.9 28.4 34.3 33.9 35.1 30.1 30.2 SITC8 Other processed goods 1.7 2.1 2.1 1.8 2.0 1.9 4.3 4.4 Goods not belongs to above groups 11.5 10.0 8.1 6.5 6.6 5.8 5.6 5.5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 C Total of the Region 142 Appendix 4.4 Inductrial production value by sitc of the northern coastal region in 2005 – 2012 (Calculated on real prices) Unit: 1000 USD No Group of goods 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 4,551,070 4,665,246 5,364,756 1,896,645 1,976,369 2,268448 Group (0-4) Raw materials A and prelimilary 1,292,841 1,525,552 2,105,261 3,368,418 3,856,839 goods SITC0 SITC1 Food and alive animals Beverage and cigarette 620,564 627,265 825,621 1,368,478 1,598,632 17,846 21,415 28,456 32,168 46,789 54,085 38,667 44,506 102,268 185,128 306,123 421,145 456,369 499,738 501,298 574,487 542,993 701,593 912,106 1,498,689 1,696,678 2,048,456 2,102,147 2,413,264 9,170 9,849 32,955 52,146 46,765 64,501 5,465,345 5,879,306 6,832,756 Materials, cruel SITC2 form, not used for eating, except for fuel Fuel, lubricating SITC3 oil, and related materials Oil, fat content, SITC4 wax 47,938 58,370 Group (5-8) B Processed or 1,415,969 1,699,163 2,580,778 3,638,897 4,221,121 refined goods Chemical SITC5 substances and 71,018 84,654 206,071 153,274 202,986 217,479 369,623 427,671 408,269 366,146 428,261 762,226 1,176,362 1,589,678 1,868,958 2,159,406 728,626 1,016,127 1,518,268 2,241,134 2,505,345 3,278,642 3,254,589 3,725,568 related products Major processed SITC6 goods classifying materials Machince, SITC7 equipments, parts SITC8 Other processed goods 208,056 232,236 428,178 482,245 336,428 379,546 386,136 520,111 369,385 468,550 628,086 469,155 637,385 662,491 707,634 808,118 Goods not C belongs to above groups Total of the Region 3,078,195 3,693,265 5,314,125 7,476,470 8,715,345 10,678,906 11,252,240 13,005,630 143 Appendix 4.6 Calculation of PRODY of The value of Aquatic product exports of the norther coast region in 2008 The value of Aquatic product exports in 2008 (1000 USD) The value of exports of the province in 2008 (1000 USD) 72.970,28 1,196,200.0 0.06 0.160 19,096.3 3,057.1 Hải Phịng 73,370.0 1,139,500.0 0.06 0.169 21,170.0 3,577.2 Ninh Bình 36,834.14 462,000.0 0.08 0.209 8,200.6 1,715.8 Nam Định 60,450.15 561,700.0 0.11 0.282 9,235.9 2,608.5 Thái Bình 36,875.43 539,800.0 0.07 0.179 10,280.3 1,843.0 280,500.00 3,899,200.0 0.38 1.000 67,983.100 12,801.6 Source: Calculated by the author Province Quảng Ninh Total Proportion of export value of goods / province (%) Index of exports in 2008 GDP average in 2008 (1000VND) Prody 2008 144 Appendix 4.7 Laws concerning FDI activities in Vietnam Year of publishment Content 26/12/1987 Law of foreign investment in Vietnam 30/6/1990 Law of amending and supplementing some articles of the Law of Foreign Investment in Vietnam No 41 LCT/HDNN8 23/12/1992 Law of amending and supplementing some articles of the Law of Foreign Investment approved by IX National Assembly (no number) 1/1/1995 Decree No.191-CP on issuing Regulation of establishing, appraising, and exercising FDI projects 12/11/1996 Law of foreign investment in Vietnam newly issued by IX National Assembly (no number) 18/2/1997 Decree NO12/CP of the Government on implementing the Law of Foreign investment in Vietnam 24/4/1997 Decree No.36/ND-CP concerning regulations in industrial zones, export processing zones and high technology zones 1/9/1997 Circular No 60-TC/CDKT on guiding accounting and auditing practice for FDI enterprises and organizations in Vietnam 20/2/1998 Decision No 41/1998/QD-TTg on licensing investment for FDI projects 15/8/1998 Resolution No.62/1998 ND-CP on issuing regulations of investment of construction- business-transformation contract 26/3/1999 Decision No.53/1999/QD-TTg on some solutions to encourage FDI 1/9/1999 Decision No.1021/1999/QD-BTM on abolishing the approval of export plans of FDI enterprises 6/3/2000 Resolution No.06/2000/ND-CP on foreign investment cooperation in the fields of healthcare, education and training, scientific research 9/6/2000 Law of amending and supplementing some articles of Law of Foreign Investment in Vietnam No.18/2000/QH10 31/7/2000 Resolution No.24/2000/ND-CP on implementing Law of Foreign Investment in Vietnam 2001 Instruction No.19/2001/CT-TTg on implementing Resolution No.09/2001/NQ-CP dated 28/8/2001 of the Government on improving attraction and enhancing FDI effectiveness in the period of 2001-2005 19/3/2003 Resolution No 27/2003/ND-CP of amending and supplementing some articles of Resolution No.24/2000/ND-CP on implementing Law of Foreign Investment in Vietnam 15/4/2003 Resolution No.38/2003/ND-CP of the Government on transform some FDI enterprises into joint-stock enterprises 145 17/6/2003 Law of corporate income tax No.09/2003/QH11 effective from 1/1/2004 28/8/2003 Resolution No.99/2003/ND-CP on regulations in high technology zones 5/4/2004 Decision No.53/2004-TTg of the Prime Ministere on some policies to encourage investment on high technology zones, foreign investors to research on high technology and training human resources for science of high technology 14/6/2005 Law of Commerce No.36/2005/QH11 29/11/2005 Law of Investment No.69/2005/QH11 13/12/2005 Ordinance on Foreign Exchange No.28/2005/PL-UBTVQH11 14/11/2005 Resolution NO.142/2005/ND-CP on renting land and ground 29/11/2005 Law of Intellectural Property No.50/2005/QH11 29/11/2005 Law of Enterprise No.60/2005/QH11 Tháng 7/2006 Development plan of industrial zones in Vietnam to 2015 and orientation of 2020 approved by the Prime Minister by Decision No.1107/QD-TTg 22/9/2006 Resolution No 108/2006/ND-CP on guiding implementing some articles in Law of foreign investment in 2005 22/9/2006 Resolution No.103/2006/ND-CP on guiding implementing some articles of Law of Intellectural Property 12/2/2007 Resolution No.23/2007/ND-CP on Law of Commerce on trading goods of FDI enterprises 14/2/2007 Resolution No.24/2007/ND-CP of the Government on implementing corporate income tax 2/4/2007 Law of amending, supplementing some articles of Labour Code 18/6/2009 Decision No 88/2009/ QD0TTg on issuing regulations of contributing capital, purchasing share of foreign investors in Vietnam enterprises 14/7/2010 Resolution No.28/2010/ND_CP regarding foreign investment cooperation in the field of Science and Technology 13/8/2010 Resolution No.87/2010/ND-CP concerning implementing Import-Export Law detailed regulation of Source: summary of the author 146 Appendix 4.8: Enterprises getting corporate income tax-exemption and reduction Enterprises receiving preferential Tax exemption duration Business units is newly established from investment projects and moved out of the urban areas as approved planning Tax reduction Tax reduction level Duration years 50% years Business unit is newly established from investment projects of sectors, fields of preferential investment years 50% years Business unit is newly established from investment project in areas facing difficulties in socio-economic conditions or moving to those areas years 50% years Business unit is newly established from investment project in areas receiving preferential and facing difficulties in socio-economic conditions or moving to those areas years 50% years Business unit is newly established from investment project in areas receiving specially preferential and facing special difficulties in socio-economic conditions years 50% years Source: Resolution No 24/2007/ND-CP dated 14/02/2007 of the Vietnamese Government 147 CURRICULUM VITAE I Personal Information Name: Sunt (Nguyen Thien Su) Sex: Male Date of birthday: 04/02/1960 Birthplace: Thai Bình province, Vietnam Civil Status: Vice rector - The Hanoi College of Industrial Economics, Vietnam Father: Nguyen Thien Kinh (Passed away) Mother: Huu Thi Chinh (retirement) Wife: Tran Thi Phuong Thuy Date of birthday: 17/8/1974 Daughter: Nguyen Thien Phuong Thao Date of birthday: 02/10/1994 Daughter: Nguyen Nam Oanh Date of birthday: 26/5/2000 II Educational Qualification 2006: Politics senior - Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration 2002: MA in Economics- Hanoi University of Science and Technology 1987: Economic Engineer - Hanoi University of Mining and Geology III Civil service, eligibility and Government 1978-1982: Served in the Army IV Experiences Year employed: 1987 Employer: The Hanoi College of industrial economics, Vietnam Address: Trung Hoa Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi City, Vietnam Current Position: Vice rector 148 i ... reform strategy of exports of Vietnam 1.1 Background information The Northern Coastal Region of Vietnam includes five provinces, i.e., Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, and Ninh Binh According... business environment assessment in Vietnam is higher than that in other countries If given the scale of 10, Vietnam scored 78 In fact, FDI inflow in Vietnam in 2010 was the new positive action... export goods However, in recent years, the export value of Vietnam has been very low, one of the reasons is that the structure of Vietnam''s trade has been changed slowly, the structure of exports