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1/ Khi động từ tường thuật ở các thì hiện tại (simple present/ present continuous/ present perfect ) hay tương lai thì ta không đổi thì của động từ cũng như các từ chỉ thời gian và nơi [r]
(1)GRAMMAR STRUCTURES ENGLISH 9
UNIT 1: A VISIT FROM A PEN PAL A/> USED TO: (Đã từng)
1/ Affirmative: S + used to + bare infinitive My father used to be a high school teacher
2/ Negative: S + didn’t use to + bare infinitive
We didn’t use to go to school by bus, but now we 3/ Questions: Wh-word + Did + S + use to + bare infinitive? Where did you use to live when you were a child?
B/> Be/ Get + used to + Noun / V+ ing = Quen với = Be / Get + accustomed to + Noun / V+ ing
Mr Brown has lived in Vietnam for years He is used to the hot weather Mr Lam is a farmer He gets used to getting up early
C/> S + be + used to + infinitive/ S + be + used for + V+ ing = Được dùng để
This knife is used for cutting meat It is used to cut meat D/> Sentence structures with Wish and If only ( giá mà, ước gì)
1/ For present actions
S1 + wish + S2 + unreal past ( Ved / V2 / be were / can could)
If only + S + unreal past ( Ved / V2 / be were / can could)
I can’t speak Chinese I wish / If only I could speak Chinese
Lan doesn’t understand the grammar lesson She wishes she / If only she understood the grammar lesson
2/ For future actions
S1 + wish + S2 + would / could / were going to + infinitive
If only + S + would / could / were going to + infinitive
We are going to a test tomorrow We wish we/ If only we weren’t going to a test tomorrow Tom won’t come with us on the trip to the countryside We wish he/ If only he would come with us on
the trip to the countryside 3/ For past actions
S1 + wish + S2 + had / could have + p.p
If only + S + had / could have + p.p
Tom didn’t go to Mary’s birthday party last night Tom wishes he/ If only he had gone there
I could,’t come to the meeting last night I wish I / If only I could have come to the meeting last night E/> Structures with It’s time / I’d rather
1/ It’s time + S + past subjunctive
It’s time you studied your lessons./ it’s midnight It’s time we went home 2/ I’d rather + S + past subjunctive
I’d rather you cooked dinner / I’d rather he didn’t go
*************** UNIT 2: CLOTHING A/> Passive voice
I/> Some ordinary Passive Forms 1/ Modal passive: S + modal verb + be + p.p
Ex: Our house will be repainted by my mother./ A new house is going to be built in this area. 2/ Present simple passive: S + am/ is/ are + p.p
Ex: A lot of rice is grown in Asia. 3/ Simple past passive: S + were / was + p.p
(2)Ex: I can’t use my car today It is being serviced in the garage. 5/ Pass continuous passive: S + was/ were + being + p.p
Ex: When we came, a new market was being built in the town center. 6/ Present perfect passive: S + has/ have + been + p.p
Ex: The car can work now It has just been repaired. II/> Some special passive forms
1/ Questions
Who wrote that play? By whom was that play written? Have they read the letter? has the letter been read? 2/ Material agent
Smoke filled the room the room was filled with smoke 3/ Negative pronoun agent
Nobody can unlock the case the case can’t be unlocked
No students can this execise this execise can’t be done by any students 4/ Sentences with two objects
Mary’s parents gave her a birthday present Mary was given a birthday present by her parents A birthday present was given to Mary by her parents 5/ Sentences with: People think/ consider/ believe …
People think that he is living abroad It is thought that he is living abroad He is thought to be living abroad B/> The present perfect tense
I/> Form:
Affirmative: S + has/ have + p.p Negative: S + has/ have + not + p.p
Interrogative: Wh- word + has/ have + S + p.p? II/> Use:
1 Repeated events Ex: We have often seen Jim and his dog in the park. Indefinite past events Ex: I have met that man.
3 Unfinished actions with Since/ For Ex: She has worked for this company for years.
4 Expriences Ex: Have you ever eaten Japanese food? – No, I’ve never eaten it We have visited countries so far
5 Completion Ex: we have already done our homework.
6 Recent events Ex:Mary has just phoned from the airport./ My grandma hasn’t felt well recently. ***************
UNIT 3: TRIP TO THE COUNTRYSIDE A/> Modal Could / Would with Wish ( Review Unit )
B/> Adverb clauses of results
1/ Main clause + so + Result clause
Our suitcases were very heavy, so we took a taxi The teacher was ill, so the class was cancelled 2/ S + V + so + Adjective / Adverb + that + S + V
He was so ill that we had to send for a doctor She spoke so softly that I could hardly hear her
3/ S + V + so + many + countable noun / (much + uncountable noun ) + that + S + V She put so much sugar in the coffee that she couldn’t drink it
I have so many books that I can’t read them all
(3) There were so few students that the class had to be cancelled I had so little free time that I could hardly see any films 5/ S + V + such + (a / an) + adjective + noun + that + S + V
I saw such a funny cartoon that I couldn’t help laughing C/> Prepositions of time
IN:
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening in march, in 1999, in the winter, in the 20th century in an hour, in a minute, in a week, in a moment in the beginning, in the end, in a day
ON:
on August 8th, on Tuesday, on weekdays, on Christmas day on Monday morning, on a fine sunny day
AT:
at o’clock, at midnight, at noon, at dawn, at lunchtime at Christmas, at Easter, at Ramadan, at the beginning at the end, at least, at the moment, at present, at times
***************
UNIT 4: LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE A/> Modal verbs with conditional sentences ( Type 1)
Form: If clause + Main clause
If clause (Present tenses: simple present/ present continuous/ present perfect) + Main clause ( will, can/ may, might/ must, have to/ should, ought to + infinitive)
Ex:
If Tom studies harder, he will past the exam If father is sleeping, you can go out
If you give me your willing help, I may get success If Mary has finished her work, she may go home If you want to get good marks, you must study harder
If you want to become a doctor, you have to go to University of Medicine If you want to be healthy, you should/ ought to morning execises regularly B/> Reported speech
1/ Statements
Form: S + said that/ said to/ told + Object + that + S + V( changed) + O Direct : He said, “ I’ll lend you my book, Alice”
Reported : He told Alice that he would lend her his book 2/ Wh- questions:
Form: S + asked /wanted to know + O + wh- word + S + V( changed) + O. Direct : She said, “ Where are you going now, Tom?”
Reported : She asked Tom where he was going then 3/ Yes- No questions:
Form: S + asked /wanted to know + O + if / whether +S + V( changed) + O. Direct : She said, “ Do you go to school today, my son?”
Reported : She asked her son if he went to school that day 4/ Imperatives:
Form: S + asked/ told/ ordered/ forced / advised / begged + Oject + To- infinitive/ Not to- infinitive Direct : She said,” Open the windows, please”
Reported : She told me to open the windows
(4)Reported : He advised Alice not to be late for school NOTES:
1/ Khi động từ tường thuật (simple present/ present continuous/ present perfect ) hay tương lai ta khơng đổi động từ từ thời gian nơi chốn
Ex : She says “ I will go there with you today” Reported : She says that she will go there with me today
2/ Khi động từ tường thuật khứ ta tiến hành đổi động từ từ thời gian nơi chốn từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp sau
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Simple present Simple past
Present cotinuous Past cotinuous
Present pefect Past pefect
Simple past Past pefect
Past perfect Past pefect
Present pefect cotinuous Past pefect cotinuous
Will/ can/ may Would / could / might
Would / should / could Would / should / could Used to / ought to Used to / ought to
Today That day
Yesterday The day before/ the previous day
Tomorrow The next day/ the following day
Now Then, at once
Ago Before
Last week The previous week
Here There
This That
These Those
* Sentences with: Wish / If only/ It’s time + S + past subjunctive / would rather + S + past subjunctive / conditional sentences ( Type 2, 3) Không đổi
*************** UNIT 5: THE MEDIA A/> Tag questions
1/ General rule:
Affirmative statement, negative tag-question./ Negative statement, affirmative tag-question
Ex: Your brother likes watching foreign films, doesn’t he?/ Mary has never been late for class, has he? 2/ Some exceptions
a) Let’s go to the cinema, shall we? b) Open the windows, will you?
c) Somebody came here yesterday, didn’t they? d) Everything will be all right, won’t it?
e) I am always on time for class, aren’t I? B/> Gerund ( V+ ing ) after some verbs
1/ mind, enjoy, finish, like, dislike, love, hate, avoid, practice, feel, imagine, deny, admit, keep, suggest, risk Ex: Tom enjoys watching TV, he dislikes playing football.
2/ Phrasal verbs: give up, go on, keep on, insist on …
Ex: Mr John gave up looking for a new job He insisted on doing his old job again. 3/ Prepositions + V+ ing Ex: I am interested in listening to pop music
4/ Expressions + V+ ing
(5)*************** UNIT 6: THE ENVIRONMENT A/> Adjectives and adverbs
I/>Adjectives: Modifying Nouns and Pronouns 1/ Attributive adjectives
a Before nouns: Ex: Tom is a happy boy./ We are looking at a beautiful girl
b After pronouns: Ex: Something strange happened./ He found nothing valuable in the house c After liking verbs:Ex: My father becomes old and weak
2/ Predicative adjectives
a Afetr nouns: Ex: I saw a baby asleep
b After liking verbs: Ex: The girl was alive and well II/ Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs
1 After verbs, after objects: Ex: He runs fast./ He always drives his car carefully Before adjectives: Ex: I’m terribly sorry./ You are absolutely right
3 Before adverds: Ex: He ran very fast./ He ran extremely fast Adverbs of manner: Adjective + ly = Adverbs of manner
Ex: Careful – carefully; happy – happily; quick – quickly Some adverbs have the same form with adjectives: fast, late, hard
Ex: Work hard and you will succeed. * Note: well/ good well
B/>Adverb clauses of Reason
Main clause + Adverb clause of Reason ( As/ Since/ Because + S + V ) Ex: John wants to go home as / since / because he feels sick.
C/> Adjectives + that + clause Ashamed / Sorry / Afraid / Disappointed that + clause
Ex: I’m afraid that I can’t join the trip to the zoo with you tomorrow / Tom isn’t sure that he will win. S + be + important / essential / necessary/ anxious + that + S + should + infinitive
V ( base form) (present subjunctive) Ex: it’s necessary that she (should) her duty.
D/> Conditional sentences 1/ Type 1:
Main clause (will/ can/ may + infinitive) If clause (present tense: simple present/ present perfect/ present continuous)
Conditions: real, probable Time: present or future
Ex: Tom will pass the final exam if he studies harder.
2/ Type 2: Main clause ( would/ could / might + infinitive) If clause ( Past subjunctive) Conditions: unreal, impossible
Time: present
Ex: If my mother were here now, she would help me.
*************** UNIT 7: SAVING ENERGY A/> Connectives
1/ Coordinating conjunctions
(6)yet ( ) :Tom is unsocial yet he loves to go to party 2/ Transition words
Moreover, futhermore ( ) Ex: the dinner was delicious; moreover, it wasn’t expensive
However, nevertheless ( ) Ex: The main course was wonderful; however, we didn’t like the desert Therefore, thus ( ) Ex: Tom didn’t come; therefore, we went without him
B/> Phrasal verbs
1/ Type 1: Verb + adverb = ( no object ) Ex:
get up ( thức dậy), break down ( hư, hỏng máy), break out (bùng nổ), take place (xảy ra) The car broke down and we had to walk
2/ Type 2: Verb + adverb + object Ex:
put off (hoãn lại),bring in(đưa ra, giới thiệu),call off (huỷ bỏ),carry on(tiếp tục), give up (từ bỏ) The doctor told Jane to give up sweets to lose weight
3/ Type 3: Verb + preposition + object Ex:
take after (giống ai), live out (bỏ sót), fill in (điền vào), look into (điều tra), look for (tìm kiếm) I’m looking for a suitable hotel Can you suggest one?
4/ Type 4: Verb + adverb + preposition + object Ex:
put up with (chịu đựng), look up to (kính trọng), look down on (coi thường), run out of (cạn, hết), go down with (mắc bệnh)
Our holiday was fine until John went down with a bad cold C/>Making suggestions
1 Suggest + V+ ing Ex: I suggested walking to the station
2 S1 + suggest + that + S2 + should + infinitive Ex: I suggested that we should walk to the station
3 Why don’t we + infinitive … ? Ex: why don’t we walk to the station? Shall we/ Let’s + infinitive …? Ex: Shall we / Let’s walk to the station?
5 What about / How about + V+ ing …? Ex: What about / How about walking to the station?
*************** UNIT CELEBRATIONS A > Relative clauses.(Adjective clauses)
I/> Restrictive relative clauses.(Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn) Relative pronouns: who, whom, which, that, whose Ex1: The man is my uncle He is standing near the window. The man who/that is standing near the window is my uncle subject
Antecedent Relative clause (adjective clause) Ex2: The man is my uncle You met him yesterday. The man (whom/that) you met yesterday is my uncle Object
The man you met yesterday is my uncle Ex3: The bike is nice It is blue and white. The bike which/ that is blue and white is nice
subject
Relative clause
(7)Object
The bike you are riding is nice
Ex5: The woman is beautiful Her daughter won the first prize English speaking cotest. The woman whose daughter won the first prize English speaking cotest is beautiful
Relative clause Ex6: The book is mine The cover if the book is pink.
The book of which the cover/ the cover of which is pink is mine or: The book whose cover is pink is mine
II/> Non-restrictive clauses.(Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn) Relative pronouns: who, whom, which, whose.
Ex1: My teacher is going to Ha Noi next Sunday You met her yesterday morning. My teacher, whom you met yesterday morning, is going to Ha Noi next Sunday
Non-restrictive clause
Ex2: Ba is a student in my class He has just won the school scholarship Ba, who has just won the school scholarship , is a student in my class Ex3: That hotel is near the beach It’s the most expensive.
That hotel, which is the most expensive, is near the beach Ex4: Charlie Chaplin died in 1977 his firms amused millions. Charlie Chaplin, whose firms amused millions, died in 1977 Ex5: Nam has three brothers All of them are married.
Nam has three brothers, All of whom are married Ex6: Mai has lot of books She hasn’t read most of them. Mai has lot of books, most of which she hasn’t read III/> Relative Adverbs: where, when, why.
Ex1: I’ll nerver forget the day We first met on that day. I’ll nerver forget the day when we first met
Ex2: He has just come back to the village He was born there. He has just come back to the village where he was born
Ex3: She didn’t tell us the reason She gave up her job that reason. She didn’t tell us the reason why she gave up her job
IV/> Relative pronoun “THAT”.
<1>That can’t be used after a comma, after a preposition Ex: Those men, who pulled me from the burning car, saved my life. She is the woman that I wrote to
She is the woman to whom I wrote <2>That must be used
a) After mixed antecedent.( tiên hành tự hỗn hợp vùa người vừa vật) Ex: The people and cattle that went to the market raised a cloud of dust.
b) After adjectives in superlative degree or afetr the first, the second, the last Ex: Paris is the finest city that he has ever seen.
Ex: Miss Thu was the last woman that left the office.
c) After all, everybody, everything, nothing, nobody, only Ex: Answer all the questions that I asked.
Ex: I bought the only English book that they had. d) After It is/ It was
Ex: It is he that killed the lion. B> Adverb clauses of concession.
1) Although / though / even though + clause
(8)2) Adjective / adverb + as + S + V + main clause Ex: Rich as he is, he is never happy
Fast as he ran, he still lost the game
3) Neverthless / However / on the order hand / on the contrary + clause
Ex: Mary wanted to keep the book; however / neverthless, Stephen gave it away. 4) In spite of + Noun
Despite + Noun phrase
Ex: Although he was ill, he went to school as usual. In spite of his illness, he went to school usual Despite his illness, he went to school usual
*************** UNIT 9: NATURAL DISASTERS I/> Relative clauses (see unit 8)
II/> Types of relative clauses
1/ Restrictive relative clauses.(mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định)
dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, mệnh đề quan trọng câu Nếu bỏ đi, mệnh đề khơng có ý nghĩa rõ ràng
Ex:
The man whom you met yesterday came again This is the book that I told you about
We will never forget the days when we first came to HCM City This is the village where I was born
2/ Non- restrictive relative clauses (Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định)
là mệnh đề bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, đưa thêm thơng tin để giải thích mệnh đề thường tách khỏi mệnh đề dấu phẩy hay dấu gạch ngang, bỏ mệnh đề có ý nghĩa rõ ràng Đại tù “That” không dùng loại mệnh đề
Ex:
His father, who is copany director, will come here tomorrow Miss White, whom we studied English with, is a nice teacher I often come to Nha Trang, where I grew up
3/ Conective relative clauses.(mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp)
Dùng để giải thích câu đại từ which dùng có dấu phẩy để tách hai mệnh đề Mệnh đ ề đứng đầu câu
Ex: Tom failed the exam That made his parents disappointed. Tom failed the exam, which made his parents disappointed Ex: It rained heavily, which prevented my going out.
4/ Chú ý: Cấu trúc mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ với:
all, most, none, either, neither, some, a few, few, both, each, one, several, none, many, half, … + of which (cho vật ) / whom (cho người )
Ex:
I tried on several pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me I have two sisters, both of whom are teachers
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UNIT 10: LIFE ON THE OTHER PLANETS A/> Modal verbs: May and Might
1/ Form: S + may/might + infinitive
(9)Ex1: Take an umbrella with you when you go out It may rain (perhaps it will rain)
Ex2: The bus doesn’t always come on time We might have to wait a few minutes (perhaps we will have to wait)
3/ Notes:
a/ Chúng ta dùng May hay Might tình tương tự vd Ex: I may/ might go to England for holiday.
b/ tình khơng có thật ta dùng Might Ex: If I knew the Browns better, I might invite them to the party. B/> Conditional sentences
1/ Type 1: Main clause – If clause
Main clause ( Will/ Can / May + infinitive ) – If clause ( Present tense: Simple present/ present perfect/ present continuous)
Conditions: real, probable Time: present or future
Ex: Tom will pass the final exam if he studies harder. 2/ Type 2: Main clause – If clause
Main clause ( Would / Could / Might + infinitive ) – If clause ( Past subjunctive ) Conditions: unreal, impossible
Time: present
Ex: If my mother were here now, she would help me. 3/ Type 3:
Form: If clause ( S + had + p.p) – Main clause ( S + would / could / might + have + p.p ) Conditions: unreal conditions
Time: past
Ex1: I didn’t know that you were in hospital.
If I had known that you were in hospital, I would have come to see you Ex2: Tom didn’t study carefully He failed the exam.
If Tom had studied more carefully, he could have passed the exam 4/ Mixed conditions
Form: If clause ( S + had + p.p) – Main clause ( S + would / could / might + infinitive ) Use: to express past actions that affect present results
Ex: Mary ate a lot of ice-cream an hour ago Now she feels sick. If Mary hadn’t eaten so much ice-cream, she wouldn’t feel sick 5/ Deleting If ( lược bỏ if)
Ex1: If someone asks me, please give him my phone number. If someone should ask me, please give him my phone number
nghi ngờ
Should someone ask me, please give him my phone number Ex2: If I were a little taller, I would join the army.
Were I a little taller, I would join the army
Ex3: If Tom had studied hard, he could have passed the final exam. Had Tom studied harh, he could have passed the final exam