slide 1 group iiia boron group boron b 5 he2s22p1 aluminium al 13 ne3s23p1 gallium ga 31 ar3d104s24p1 indium in 49 kr4d105s25p1 thallium tl 81 rn4f145d106s26p1 i1 i2 i3 b 5 he2s22p1 8 3 25

Aluminium in Water - - WHO recognised the beneficial effects of the use of aluminium as a coagulant in water treatment to WHO recognised the beneficial effects of the use of aluminiu[r]

(1)

GROUP IIIA

BORON GROUP

Boron

Boron BB 55 [He]2s[He]2s222p2p11

Aluminium

Aluminium AlAl 1313 [Ne]3s[Ne]3s223p3p11

Gallium

Gallium GaGa 3131 [Ar]3d[Ar]3d10104s4s224p4p11

Indium

Indium InIn 4949 [Kr]4d[Kr]4d10105s5s225p5p11

Thallium

(2)

I

I11 II22 II33 B

B55 [He]2s[He]2s222p2p11 8.38.3 25.1525.15 37.937.9

Al

Al 1313 [Ne]3s[Ne]3s223p3p11 5.95.9 18.8218.82 28.428.4

Ga

Ga 3131 [Ar]3d[Ar]3d10104s4s224p4p116.06.0 20.4320.43 30.630.6

In

In 4949 [Kr]4d[Kr]4d10105s5s225p5p115.85.8 18.7918.79 27.927.9

Tl

(3)

ĐẶC ĐIỂM CHUNG

1. CÁC NGUYÊN TỐ KHÔNG GIỐNG NHAU NHIỀU

NHƯ TRONG IIA VÀ IA

2. TÍNH KIM LOẠI TĂNG TUY VẬY CÓ ẢNH HƯỞNG

CỦA CO d VÀ CO f

3. SỐ OXI HÓA CHỦ YẾU LÀ +3 TRỪ B CỊN CĨ SỐ

OXI HÓA +1

4. THẾ ĐIỆN CỰC LỚN HƠN TRONG IIA B KHÔNG

TẠO CATION NÊN KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH ĐƯỢC THẾ ĐIỆN CỰC

5. B GIỐNG NHIỀU VỚI Si TRONG IVA HƠN LÀ

(4)

1.

1. TÍNH CHẤT LÝ-HĨATÍNH CHẤT LÝ-HÓA

2.

2. TRẠNG THÁI TN, ĐIỀU CHẾTRẠNG THÁI TN, ĐIỀU CHẾ

3.

3. BORAN (BOHIDRUA)BORAN (BOHIDRUA)

4.

4. BORUA KIM LOẠIBORUA KIM LOẠI

5.

5. OXIT BORIC BOXIT BORIC B22OO33

6.

6. AXIT BORIC HAXIT BORIC H33BOBO33

7.

7. BORATBORAT

8.

8. BORAC NaBORAC Na22BB44OO77.10H.10H22OO

9.

9. BO CACBUABO CACBUA

1. PHA VÀO THÉP:

0.001-0.003% LÀM ĐỘ CỨNG THÉP TĂNG NHIỀU LẦN

2. BO HÓA BỀ MẶT THÉP

0.1-0.5 mm ĐỂ BỀN HÓA

3. HỢP KIM B LÀM THANH

ĐIỀU CHỈNH TRONG LÒ HẠT NHÂN

4. SỢI B LÀM CỐT LIỆU

(5)

700

2 1254 / 2 3

1200 2

2800

12 3

4 3 2

2 2 12 3 o o o o C

H kJ mol

C

B O B O

B N BN

B C B C

 

      

   

2 2 3 2

3 3 3 2

2 3 3

3 ( ) 3

o

o t C

t C

B H O B O H

B HNO d H BO NO

   



2 2 2

3 2

2 3

2 2 2 ( ; ) 2 3

2 2 2 3

5 3 3

o o o t C t C t C

B H O NaOH d nc NaBO H

B NH BN H

B NO BN B O

    

   

Mp 2072, Bp 3700

Nghịch từ; ΔE=1.55eV Điều kiện thường trơ về hóa học tác dụng trực tiếp với F

Không tan trong HCl, HF Bột tan

chậm HNO3,

H2SO4, H2O2

(6)

The most economically important compounds of boron are:

Sodium tetraborate pentahydrate (Na2B4O7 · 5H2O), which is used in large amounts in making insulating fiberglass and sodium perborate

bleach.

Orthoboric acid (H3BO3) or boric acid, used in the production of textile fiberglass and flat panel displays or eye drops, among many uses

Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na2B4O7 · 10H2O) or borax, used in the production of

(7)

5.10-4 %

nguyên tử/vỏ trái đất

2 7.10

Na B O H O borac

2 7.4

Na B O H O kecnit

3

H BO xaxolin

2 11.5

Ca B O H O colemamit

2 11.13

Mg B O H O indecmit

3 15

2Mg B O MgCl. borasit

2 6 11 2 3 2 2 4 7 3 3 15 2 3 3 2

2 4 3 4 2

6 9 8 3

Ca B O Na CO H O Na B O CaCO NaOH Mg B O HCl H O H BO MgCl

    

   

2 4 7 2

2 3 4

12 4 7

3 2 3

3 3

Na B O Na B Na O B O Mg B MgO

KBF Na B KF NaF

  

   

Mp 2072 oC

(8)

Orthoboric acid (H3BO3) or boric acid

Tinh thể cấu tạo lớp song song: liên kết lớp liên kết

hidro, liên kết lớp lực Van de Van  tinh thể có dạng vảy nhỏ, sờ thấy nhờn

Tan nước thu

nhiệt (0oC: 1.95 g/l; 100oC:

(9)

2 2

100 100

3 3 2 2 3

o C o C

H O H O

H BO       HBO           B O

 

9

10

3 3 2 ( )4

K

H BO H O   B OH  H 

         

2 2

2

2 2

| | | |

3

| | | |

H C OH HO CH H C OH HO CH

H H O

HC OH HO OH HO CH HC O O CH

B B

H C OH HO HO CH H C O O CH





     

 

    

   

 

     

Lực acid tăng mạnh phức chất có khả phân li mạnh

3 3 2 4 7 2

4H BO  2NaOH Na B O  7H O

Axit metaboric

(10)

2 4 7 2 5 2 4 3 3 2

Na B O  HCl  H O   H BO  NaCl

2 4

3 3 3 3 ( 3 3) 3 2

H SO dac

H BO  CH OH     B OCH  H O

(11)

Aluminium

1.

1. Tính chất lý họcTính chất lý học

2.

2. Tính chất hóa họcTính chất hóa học

3.

3. Trạng thái tTrạng thái tự nhiênự nhiên, điều chế, điều chế

4.

4. Nhôm hidruaNhôm hidrua

5.

5. Nhôm oxitNhôm oxit

6.

6. Nhôm hidroxitNhôm hidroxit

7.

7. Nhôm halogenuaNhôm halogenua

8.

(12)

…

…Aluminium has only been produced Aluminium has only been produced

commercially for 146 years and is still a very

young metal Mankind has been using copper,

lead and tin for thousands of years and yet

today more aluminium is produced than all

other non-ferrous metals combined Annual

primary production in 1999 was about 24

million tonnes and secondary - recycled -

production to some million tonnes The total

of some 31 million tonnes compares with 14.1

million tonnes of copper , 6.0 million tonnes

of lead and 0.2 million tonnes of tin…

(13)

TÍNH CHẤT LÝ HỌC

1.

1. Kim loại trắng bạc, cấu trúc lập phương tâm diện Có màng Kim loại trắng bạc, cấu trúc lập phương tâm diện Có màng

oxit mỏng bảo vệ Mp 650

oxit mỏng bảo vệ Mp 650 ooC, Bp 2467 C, Bp 2467 ooC.C.

2.

2. Nhiệt độ thường mềm, dễ kéo dài, dát mỏngNhiệt độ thường mềm, dễ kéo dài, dát mỏng làm dây điện, làm dây điện,

tụ điện, gói thực phẩm dược phẩm Từ 100-150

tụ điện, gói thực phẩm dược phẩm Từ 100-150 ooC dẻo, C dẻo,

dễ chế hóa học Trên 600

dễ chế hóa học Trên 600 ooC ròn, dễ nghiền thành bột C ròn, dễ nghiền thành bột

Lỏng nhớt, Mg, Cu làm giảm độ nhớt nên hay có

hợp kim nhôm.

3.

3. Dẫn điện nhẹ 0.6 lần so với Cu.Dẫn điện nhẹ 0.6 lần so với Cu.

4.

4. Bề mặt trơn bóng, phản xạ tốt ánh sáng nhiệt Bề mặt trơn bóng, phản xạ tốt ánh sáng nhiệt  làm làm

gương kính phản chiếu, ống dẫn dầu thô, bể chứa cách

gương kính phản chiếu, ống dẫn dầu thơ, bể chứa cách

nhiệt.

5.

5. Tạo nhiều hợp kim quan trọng: duyra (94%Al, 4%Cu, 2%Mg, Tạo nhiều hợp kim quan trọng: duyra (94%Al, 4%Cu, 2%Mg,

Mn, Fe, Si) cứng bền thép mềm, dùng SX otô,

máy bay Silumin (85%Al, 10-14%Si, 0.1%Na) bền, dễ đúc để

làm động máy bay, tàu thủy.

(14)

TÍNH CHẤT HĨA HỌC

1.

1. Là kim loại hoạt động bán kính nguyên tử lớn Là kim loại hoạt động bán kính nguyên tử lớn

hơn B Ở điều kiện thường hoạt động có lớp

màng oxit 10 nm bền bao bọc.

2.

2. Lá nhôm mỏng cháy oxi tỏa nhiều nhiệt.Lá nhôm mỏng cháy oxi tỏa nhiều nhiệt.

3.

3. Là chất khử mạnh – phương pháp nhiệt nhôm Hỗn Là chất khử mạnh – phương pháp nhiệt nhôm Hỗn

hợp 25%Fe

hợp 25%Fe22OO33+75%Al bột để hàn nhanh chi tiết sắt, +75%Al bột để hàn nhanh chi tiết sắt, khi cháy đạt 2500

khi cháy đạt 2500 ooC.C.

4.

4. Không phản ứng với hidro Phản ứng với halogen, Không phản ứng với hidro Phản ứng với halogen,

N, S, C nhiệt độ cao (700-800

N, S, C nhiệt độ cao (700-800 ooC).C).

5.

5. Phản ứng với HCl, HPhản ứng với HCl, H22SOSO44 lỗng đun nóng Thụ lỗng đun nóng Thụ

động axit đặc.

6.

(15)

1676 /

2 2 3

4 Al 3O H ochay sang kJ mol 2 Al O



      

535

2 3 2 3

856

2 3 2 3

2 2

o

H kJ

Al Cr O Al O Cr

Al Fe O Al O Fe

 

      

 

3 / 1.66 3

3 2 2 6 2

2Al  6H O  6H O      Alo  Al V 2 Al H O( )  3H 

 

2 4 2

2Al 2OH  6H O 2 Al OH( )  3H

(16)

TRẠNG THÁI TN ĐIỀU CHẾ

1.

1. Là nguyên tố phổ biến nhất, chiếm 5.5%, Là nguyên tố phổ biến nhất, chiếm 5.5%, đứng thứ sau O, H, Si.

đứng thứ sau O, H, Si.

2.

2. Phần lớn có alumosilicat, boxit Phần lớn có alumosilicat, boxit criolit.

criolit.

3.

3. Dùng kiềm để khử AlClDùng kiềm để khử AlCl33 NaAlCl NaAlCl44-natri -natri tetracloroaluminat

tetracloroaluminat

4.

4. Điện phân nóng chảy hỗn hợp AlĐiện phân nóng chảy hỗn hợp Al22OO33 Na

Na33[AlF][AlF]66-criolit-criolit

5.

5. Clo hóa đất sét nung để có AlClClo hóa đất sét nung để có AlCl33, dùng Mn , dùng Mn để khử AlCl

(17)

3 4 3 3 3 4 nc nc

Na AlCl Al NaCl

Na NaAlCl Al NaCl

   

2 2 3 2

2 2 2 3 2

2 2 3 2

2 3 2 2

. .6

.2 .3 .6 ( , ) . .2

.2 .2 .

K O Al O SiO orthoclazo K O H O Al O SiO mica

Na K O Al O SiO nefelin

Al O SiO H O kaolin  

2 3 2 3 6

.

Al O xH O boxit

Na AlF criolit

2 3 2 3 2 2 2

fuse

Al O  Na CO   NaAlO  CO

 

3 2 3 3 6 2 2

2 (Al OH ) 12HF 3Na CO   2Na AlF 9H O 3CO

 

150

2 3 2 5 6 4

4 3

1200 1400

3 2 3 2

2 3 2 ( )

2 ( ) ( )

2 ( ) 3

o o C atm C lo quay

Al O NaOH H O Na Al OH

Na Al OH Al OH NaOH

Al OH Al O H O

(18)

Aluminium in the Air

Aluminium in the Air - - The commercial aviation industry would never have succeeded without aluminium The Wright The commercial aviation industry would never have succeeded without aluminium The Wright

brothers' first aeroplane, which flew in 1903, had a four-cylinder, 12-horsepower auto engine modified with a 30-pound

aluminium block to reduce weight Strong aluminium alloys take the extraordinary pressures and stresses involved in high

altitude flying Wafer thin aluminium panels keep the cold out and the air in Today, there are around 5,300 commercial

passenger aircraft flying in the world Aluminium comprises about 80 per cent of an aircraft's unladen weight A Boeing 747

jumbo jet contains around 75,000kg of aluminium The structure of the space shuttle is 90% aluminium

Road Transport

Road Transport - - Aluminium is very strong, it is used extensively for the rugged Hummer vehicle and the off-road Land Aluminium is very strong, it is used extensively for the rugged Hummer vehicle and the off-road Land Rover Aluminium absorbs kinetic energy In a vehicle crash involving a largely aluminium vehicle a high proportion of the

Rover Aluminium absorbs kinetic energy In a vehicle crash involving a largely aluminium vehicle a high proportion of the

shock is absorbed by the structure, not by the vehicle occupants Aluminium does not rust Over the vehicle's life, there will

be a saving of from six to twelve times the energy it takes to produce the primary aluminium used in its construction, every

tonne of aluminium which replaces a tonne of traditional heavier materials will save 20 tonnes of carbon dioxide

equivalents over the lifetime of the automobile It is estimated that 90 per cent of trailer trucks and long distance buses

have aluminium bodies Aluminium components can cut 1,800 kilograms from the weight of a tractor-trailer truck Thus

such a truck can carry a bigger load without exceeding weight limits

Rail and Sea Transport

Rail and Sea Transport - - Canada's LRC trains, France's TGV (high-speed) trains and the latest version the 700 series of Canada's LRC trains, France's TGV (high-speed) trains and the latest version the 700 series of the "Japanese Bullet Train" all have passenger cars made of aluminium Most modern subway cars and most rail freight

the "Japanese Bullet Train" all have passenger cars made of aluminium Most modern subway cars and most rail freight

cars are also made of aluminium Fast ferries, with speeds of 35-50 knots, built of aluminium are revolutionising transport

over short sea routes

Aluminium in Building

Aluminium in Building - - All kinds of aluminium products are used in new home construction and in residential renovation All kinds of aluminium products are used in new home construction and in residential renovation Aluminium's resistance to corrosion means it is virtually maintenance-free Its strength and lightness encourage its use in

Aluminium's resistance to corrosion means it is virtually maintenance-free Its strength and lightness encourage its use in

earthquake prone zones New technologies mean solar power captors can be inserted in aluminium frames, thus saving

considerable amounts of energy and protecting the environment The majority of aluminium used in buildings will be

recycled and can be used over and over again

Aluminium in Cooking

Aluminium in Cooking - - Around half the cookware sold globally each year is made of aluminium It loses only about Around half the cookware sold globally each year is made of aluminium It loses only about seven per cent of the heat it receives, leaving 93 percent of the heat to cook your food Using aluminium cookware, you

seven per cent of the heat it receives, leaving 93 percent of the heat to cook your food Using aluminium cookware, you

only need a quarter of the energy required to heat stainless steel or cast iron, thus saving on energy bills

Aluminium in Packaging

Aluminium in Packaging - - Aluminium is used extensively for the protection, storage and preparation of food and Aluminium is used extensively for the protection, storage and preparation of food and beverages Aluminium can be rolled into ultra-thin foils which are light, strong and have unique barrier and insulation

beverages Aluminium can be rolled into ultra-thin foils which are light, strong and have unique barrier and insulation

qualities to preserve food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products and protect from ultra-violet light, odours and bacteria

Aluminium packages are secure, tamper-proof, hygienic, easy to open and recyclable Aluminium withstands both heat and

cold It is easy to sterilise for food and medical applications It's an excellent barrier against liquids, vapours and light It

transmits conducted heat, and reflects radiant heat That's why you can oven-bake a potato in foil or insulate your home

with it Less than an ounce of aluminium sprayed on a polymer forms a thin insulating sheet that can keep a new born baby

warm or save the life of someone on an exposed mountain top

Aluminium in Water

Aluminium in Water - - WHO recognised the beneficial effects of the use of aluminium as a coagulant in water treatment to WHO recognised the beneficial effects of the use of aluminium as a coagulant in water treatment to remove unwanted material including several organisms known to cause disease and make tap water drinkable

(19)

(20)

1808

1808 Sir Humphry Davy (Britain) established the existence of aluminium and Sir Humphry Davy (Britain) established the existence of aluminium and named it.

named it.

1821

1821 P Berthier (France) discovers a hard, reddish, clay-like material P Berthier (France) discovers a hard, reddish, clay-like material containing 52 per cent aluminium oxide near the village of Les Baux in southern

containing 52 per cent aluminium oxide near the village of Les Baux in southern

France He called it bauxite, the most common ore of aluminium.

1825

1825 Hans Christian Oersted (Denmark) produces minute quantities of Hans Christian Oersted (Denmark) produces minute quantities of aluminium metal by using dilute potassium amalgam to react with anhydrous

aluminium metal by using dilute potassium amalgam to react with anhydrous

aluminium chloride, and distilling the resulting mercury away to leave a residue

of slightly impure aluminium.

1827

1827 Friedrich Wöhler (Germany) describes a process for producing Friedrich Wöhler (Germany) describes a process for producing aluminium as a powder by reacting potassium with anhydrous aluminium

aluminium as a powder by reacting potassium with anhydrous aluminium

chloride.

1845

1845 Wöhler establishes the specific gravity (density) of aluminium, and one Wöhler establishes the specific gravity (density) of aluminium, and one of its unique properties - lightness.

of its unique properties - lightness.

1854

1854 Henri Sainte-Claire Deville (France) improves Wöhler's method to Henri Sainte-Claire Deville (France) improves Wöhler's method to create the first commercial process The metal's price, initially higher than that

create the first commercial process The metal's price, initially higher than that

of gold and platinum, drops by 90% over the following 10 years The price is

still high enough to inhibit its widespread adoption by industry.

1855

1855 A bar of aluminium, the new precious metal, is exhibited at the Paris A bar of aluminium, the new precious metal, is exhibited at the Paris Exhibition.

Exhibition.

1885

1885 Hamilton Y Cassner (USA) improves on Deville's process Annual Hamilton Y Cassner (USA) improves on Deville's process Annual output 15 tonnes!

(21)

1886

1886 Two unknown young scientists, Paul Louis Toussaint Héroult Two unknown young scientists, Paul Louis Toussaint Héroult (France) and Charles Martin Hall (USA), working separately and

(France) and Charles Martin Hall (USA), working separately and

unaware of each other's work, simultaneously invent a new electrolytic

process, the Hall-Héroult process, which is the basis for all aluminium

production today They discovered that if they dissolved aluminium

oxide (alumina) in a bath of molten cryolite and passed a powerful

electric current through it, then molten aluminium would be deposited at

the bottom of the bath.

Smelting Technology

1888

1888 The first aluminium companies founded in France, Switzerland The first aluminium companies founded in France, Switzerland and the USA

and the USA

1889

1889 Karl Josef Bayer (Austria), son of the founder of the Bayer Karl Josef Bayer (Austria), son of the founder of the Bayer chemical company, invented the

chemical company, invented the Bayer ProcessBayer Process for the large scale for the large scale production of alumina from bauxite.

production of alumina from bauxite.

1900

1900 Annual output thousand tonnes. Annual output thousand tonnes.

1913

1913 Annual output 65 thousand tonnes. Annual output 65 thousand tonnes.

1920

1938

1946

1999

(22)

The

The Bayer processBayer process is the principal industrial means of producing is the principal industrial means of producing

alumina, itself important in the Hall-Héroult process for producing

aluminum.

Bauxite, the most important ore of aluminum, contains only

40-60% alumina, Al

60% alumina, Al22OO33, the rest being a mixture of silica, various iron , the rest being a mixture of silica, various iron oxides, and titanium dioxide The alumina must be purified before

oxides, and titanium dioxide The alumina must be purified before

it can be refined to aluminum metal In the Bayer process, bauxite

is washed with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, at

250°C This converts the alumina to aluminium hydroxide,

Al(OH)

Al(OH)33, which dissolves in the hydroxide solution according to the , which dissolves in the hydroxide solution according to the chemical equation

chemical equation

Al

Al22OO3 3 + OH+ OH- - + H+ H 2

2O → [Al(OH)O → [Al(OH)44]]-

-The other components of bauxite not dissolve and can be

The other components of bauxite not dissolve and can be

filtered out as solid impurities Next, the hydroxide solution is

cooled, and the aluminium hydroxide dissolved in it precipitates

out as a white, fluffy solid When then heated to 1050°C, the

aluminium hydroxide decomposes to alumina, giving off water

vapor in the process:

2 Al(OH)

(23)

960oC

5V – 140 kA

3 6 3

2 3

2 2 3 3 2

2 2

[ ] 3

2 2

6 2 4 3

3 2 2

dp

KH

Na AlF AlF NaF

NaF Na F

Na AlF Al NaF

F Al O AlF O

C O CO CO

 

  

   



(24)

NHÔM OXIT – Al

(25)

ĐẶC ĐIỂM

1.

1. Tồn số dạng đa hình mà bền dạng Tồn số dạng đa hình mà bền dạng αα-

-corundum

corundum γγ..

2.

2. AlAl22OO33--αα tinh thể bao gồm ion O tinh thể bao gồm ion O2-2- xếp sít theo kiểu lục xếp sít theo kiểu lục

phương, 2/3 hổng bát diện ion Al

phương, 2/3 hổng bát diện ion Al3+3+ Không màu, Không màu,

không tan nước Tạo thành nung 1000

không tan nước Tạo thành nung 1000 ooC nhôm C nhôm

hidroxit, muối nhơm từ phản ứng nhiệt nhơm Có độ bền

hidroxit, muối nhôm từ phản ứng nhiệt nhơm Có độ bền

nhiệt động học lớn lượng mạng lưới tinh thể

ion lớn bao gồm tương tác tĩnh điện ion liên kết

cộng hóa trị Al

cộng hóa trị Al3+3+ với bán kính bé điện tích lớn có tác dụng với bán kính bé điện tích lớn có tác dụng

cực hóa mạnh với O

cực hóa mạnh với O2-2- làm cặp e O làm cặp e O2-2- chiếm AO p d chiếm AO p d

của Al3+ Việc chuyển cặp e từ O

của Al3+ Việc chuyển cặp e từ O2-2- sang Al sang Al3+3+ làm giảm tương làm giảm tương

tác tĩnh điện bù lại tương tác cộng hóa trị làm

có độ bền đặc biệt.

3.

3. AlAl22OO33--γγ tinh thể lập phương không màu, hoạt động mạnh tinh thể lập phương không màu, hoạt động mạnh

hơn corundum, tan kiềm axit, nên không tồn

tự nhiên

(26)

ỨNG DỤNG

1.

1. Corundum có độ cứng cao dùng làm đá mài, bột Corundum có độ cứng cao dùng làm đá mài, bột mài kim loại.

mài kim loại.

2.

2. Xaphia (corundum tinh khiết chứa FeXaphia (corundum tinh khiết chứa Fe3+3+, Fe, Fe2+2+, Ti, Ti4+4+, , Cr

Cr3+3+-rubi) làm đồ trang sức, trục quay dụng cụ -rubi) làm đồ trang sức, trục quay dụng cụ chính xác, chân kính đồng hồ Rubi tạo tia laze chính xác, chân kính đồng hồ Rubi tạo tia laze

rubi cho ứng dụng quang lượng tử. rubi cho ứng dụng quang lượng tử.

3.

3. AlAl22OO33--γγ làm chất hấp thụ, xúc tác chất mang làm chất hấp thụ, xúc tác chất mang xúc tác.

xúc tác.

4.

4. Chủ yếu dùng để điều chế Al.Chủ yếu dùng để điều chế Al.

5.

5. Dùng làm vật liệu chịu lửa: chén nung, ống nung, Dùng làm vật liệu chịu lửa: chén nung, ống nung, tấm lót lị điện

(27)

Industrial Fabrication Process

Aluminium oxide, also known as alumina, is the main component of bauxite, the

principal ore of aluminium The largest manufacturers in the world of alumina

are Alcoa, Alcan and Rusal Companies which specialise in the production of

speciality aluminium oxides and aluminium hydroxides include Alcan and

Almatis The bauxite ore is made up of impure Al

Almatis The bauxite ore is made up of impure Al22OO33, Fe, Fe22OO33, and SiO, and SiO22 These These are then purified by the Bayer Process:

are then purified by the Bayer Process:

Al

Al22OO3 3 + 3H+ 3H22O + 2NaOH + heat → 2NaAl(OH)O + 2NaOH + heat → 2NaAl(OH)44

The Fe

The Fe22OO33 does not dissolve in the base The SiO does not dissolve in the base The SiO22 dissolves as silicate dissolves as silicate Si(OH)

Si(OH)66-6-6 Upon filtering, Fe Upon filtering, Fe

2OO33 is removed With the addition of an acid, Al(OH) is removed With the addition of an acid, Al(OH)33

precipitates The silicate remains in solution Then:

2Al(OH)

2Al(OH)33 + heat → Al + heat → Al22OO33 + 3H + 3H22OO

The formed Al

The formed Al22OO33 is alumina. is alumina.

In 1961, GE developed "Lucalox", a transparent alumina used in sodium vapor

lamps.

In August 2004, scientists in the United States working for 3M developed a

technique for making an alloy of aluminium oxide and rare earth elements to

produce a strong glass called transparent alumina.

(28)

2 3 2 3 2 2

2 3 2 2 7 2 4 3 2 4

2

3 ( ) 3

fuse fuse

Al O Na CO NaAlO CO

Al O K S O Al SO K SO

   

(29)

Aluminium hydroxide - Al(OH)

Aluminium hydroxide - Al(OH)33

Aluminium hydroxide

Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH), Al(OH)33, is the most stable form of , is the most stable form of aluminium in normal conditions As found in nature it is known as

aluminium in normal conditions As found in nature it is known as

the mineral gibbsite Closely related are aluminium oxide

hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide, Al

hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide, Al22OO33, differing only by , differing only by loss of water These compounds together are the major

loss of water These compounds together are the major

components of the aluminium ore, bauxite.

The character of 'aluminium hydroxide' has been controversial It

is safe to say that a simple scheme of Al

is safe to say that a simple scheme of Al3+3+ ions and OH ions and OH ions is ions is

oversimplified More and less hydrated forms are very common

Some people write Al

Some people write Al22OO33..xxHH22O instead.O instead.

Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric In strongly acid conditions,

Al(OH)

Al(OH)2+2+ is formed; in strongly basic conditions, Al(OH) is formed; in strongly basic conditions, Al(OH)4-4- is is

formed These are the main ions in dilute solutions; in

concentrated solutions, polymeric ions are formed which can be

quite complex.

Salts of the anion Al(OH)

Salts of the anion Al(OH)4-4- (or similar, such as AlO (or similar, such as AlO2-2-) are ) are

sometimes called aluminates.

Al(OH)

Al(OH)33 has a molar mass of 78.01. has a molar mass of 78.01.

When used, aluminum hydroxide neutralizes the excess acid For

example, Al(OH)

(30)