Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
bài tập về parts of speech
Parts of speech & Basic sentence patterns Grammar1: Words & Phrases PARTS OF SPEECH & BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS A. PARTS OF SPEECH TABLE This is a summary of the 8 parts of speech*. You can find more detail if you click on each part of speech. Part of speech Function Example Context Verbs động từ shows action or state (to) be, have, do, like, work, sing, can, must EnglishClub.com is a web site. I like EnglishClub.com. Nouns danh từ names persons, things, places or ideas pen, dog, work, music, town, London, teacher, John, happiness This is my dog. He lives in my house. We live in London. Pronouns đại từ replaces nouns I, you, he, she, some Tara is Indian. She is beautiful. Adjectives Tính từ describes nouns & pronouns a/an, the, 2, some, good, big, red, well, interesting I have two dogs. My dogs are big. I like big dogs. Adverbs Trạng từ, phó từ describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs quickly, silently, well, badly, very, really My dog eats quickly. When he is very hungry, he eats really quickly. Prepositions giới từ links a noun to another word to, at, after, on, but We went to school on Monday. Conjunctions liên từ joins clauses or sentences or words and, but, when I like dogs and I like cats. I like cats and dogs. I like dogs but I don't like cats. Interjections thán từ express emotions, or are fillers in sentences oh!, ouch!, hi!, well Ouch! That hurts! Hi! How are you? Well, I don't know. * Some grammar sources categorize English into 9 or 10 parts of speech. Examples of other categorizations are: • Verbs may be treated as two different parts of speech: o Lexical Verbs (work, like, run) o Auxiliary Verbs (be, have, must) • Determiners may be treated as a separate part of speech, instead of being categorized under Adjectives XH528-Grammar 1 1 Parts of speech & Basic sentence patterns Grammar1: Words & Phrases VERBS A verb is often defined as a word which shows action or state of being. The verb is the heart of a sentence - every sentence must have a verb. Recognizing the verb is often the most important step in understanding the meaning of a sentence. - In the sentence The dog bit the man, bit is the verb and the word which shows the action of the sentence. - In the sentence The man is sitting on a chair, even though the action doesn't show much activity, sitting is the verb of the sentence. - In the sentence She is a smart girl, there is no action but a state of being expressed by the verb is. The word be is different from other verbs in many ways but can still be thought of as a verb. Unlike most of the other parts of speech, verbs change their form. - Sometimes endings are added: learn – learned, learn – learns, go – goes - Sometimes the word itself becomes different: teach-taught - The different forms of verbs show different meanings related to such things as * tense: past, present, future * person: first person, second person, third person * number: singular, plural * voice: active, passive. - Verbs are also often accompanied by verb-like words to give them different meanings: * modals: may, could, should, etc. * auxiliaries: be, do, have, etc. . A verb which has an object is called a transitive verb and some examples are throw, buy, hit, love. A verb which has no object is called an intransitive verb and some examples are go, come, walk. CONJUNCTIONS A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words. There are 2 types of conjunctions: - Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of a sentence. The most common ones are and, or, but, and so which are used in the following ways: Conjunctions Uses Example AND BOTH … AND join or add words together They ate and drank. Bob and Dan are friends. He speaks both English and French. OR EITHER … OR NEITHER … NOR show choice or possibilities He will be here on Monday or Tuesday. He can’t (either) read or write. He can neither read nor write. BUT show opposite or conflicting ideas She is small but strong. It is early but we can go. SO show result I was tired so I went to sleep. XH528-Grammar 1 2 Parts of speech & Basic sentence patterns Grammar1: Words & Phrases NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO He is not only intelligent but also modest. - Subordinating conjunctions connect two parts of a sentence that are not equal and will be discussed more in another class. For now, you should know some of the more common subordinating conjunctions such as: after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, while Example: Ram went swimming although it was raining. Ram went swimming while it was raining. - Besides, the Adverbs/Conjunctions such as Besides, However, Nevertheless, Otherwise, So, Therefore, Still, Yet, Though can join clauses or sentences and are then often known as ‘conjuncts’. But they can also, with the exception of nevertheless and therefore (conjuncts), be used in other ways. Their position will vary according to how they are used. BESIDES + N (prep.) in addition to - Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden. BESIDES, clause (conjunct) in addition - I can’t go now; I’m too busy. Besides, my passport is out of date. HOWEVER+ADJ/ADV (Adv of Degree) - You couldn’t earn much, however hard you worked. HOWEVER, (conjunct) but/ nevertheless tuy nhiên/ all the same dù sao đi nữa - I’ll offer it to Tom. However, he may not want it. - He may not want it however. - Tom, however, may not want it. - If, however, he doesn’t want it, … - They hadn’t trained hare, but/however/nevertheless/all the same they won. OTHERWISE usuallly comes after V (adv of manner) in a different way - It must be used in a well-ventilated room. Used otherwise it could be harmful. OTHERWISE (conjunct) if not/ or else - We must be early; otherwise we won’t get a seat. - We must be early or (else) we won’t get a seat. (colloquial) SO + ADJ/ADV (adv of degree) - She was so angry that she couldn’t speak. SO precedes a clause (conjunct) therefore - Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi. - Our cases were heavy; therefore we took a taxi. - Our cases were heavy; we therefore took a taxi. STILL (adv of time) - The children are still up. STILL come at the beginning of the cl. (conjunct) admitting that/ nevertheless - You aren’t rich; still, you could do something to help him. YET (adv of time) - They haven’t had supper yet. YET come at the beginning of the cl. (conjunct) in spite of that/ all the same/ nevertheless - They are ugly and expensive; yet people buy them. THOUGH introduces cl. of concession although - Though /Although they’re expensive, people buy them. THOUGH links 2 main cl. but/yet - He says he’ll pay, though I don’t think he will. - He says he’ll pay, I don’t think he will, though. XH528-Grammar 1 3 Parts of speech & Basic sentence patterns Grammar1: Words & Phrases INTERJECTIONS 1. Definition: An interjection is a word that expresses some kind of emotion. It can be used as filler. Interjections do not have a grammatical function in the sentence and are not related to the other parts of the sentence. If an interjection is omitted, the sentence still makes sense. It can stand alone. E.g. - Ouch! That hurts. - Well, I need a break. - Wow! What a beautiful dress! When you are expressing a strong emotion, use an exclamation mark (!). A comma (,) can be used for a weaker emotion. SITUATION INTERJECTION EXAMPLE agreement okay, right, sure, yeah, yes, uh-huh Yes, I'll come with you. alarm/ call attention egad, hey, oh oh, yikes Yikes! That's pricey! amazement cool, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodness, holy cow, sick, wicked, wow Wow! How did you do that? compliment bravo, encore, congratulations Bravo! You got an A+. comfort ooh Ooh! This blanket is so cosy. contentment mmmm, yum, yummy Mmmm! Chocolate cake! disbelief, doubt huh? what? Huh? She did what? dissatisfaction humph Humph! We'll just see about that. gratitude thanks Thanks, you've been a great help. greeting hello, hi Hello, Michela. Did you have a nice day? grief or pity alas Alas! There's no more cake left. hesitation/pause er, hmm, uh, well Er, well, I don't know what to say. XH528-Grammar 1 4 Parts of speech & Basic sentence patterns Grammar1: Words & Phrases partings bye, bye-bye, goodbye, so long Bye for now! pain ouch, ow Ow! You hurt me! relief phew Phew! I just made it to class. special occasions Happy Birthday, Merry Christmas Happy Birthday, Ayesha! B. BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS Sentences may be classified into 5 basic sentence patterns according to the formation of the Predicate. I. Pattern 1 S + V i (+ modifier) The dog died. The small dog died painfully right here last night. II. Pattern 2 S + V L + S.C (+ modifier) The child looks healthy. The child fed by Babylac Milk looks very healthy. LIST of English linking verbs • - to be : thì, là - to appear: dường như, như thể = to seem - to become: trở nên, trở thành = to get = to turn = to go = to grow - to feel: cảm thấy - to look: trông có vẻ - to prove: tỏ ra là, chứng tỏ là - to remain: vẫn = to stay - to taste: có vị - to smell: có mùi -to sound: nghe như, nghe có vẻ III. Pattern 3 S + V t + O (+ modifier) Mr. Brown buys a hat. Mr. Brown, who lives near my house, buys an expensive new hat from that store. IV. Pattern 4 (a) S + V t + IO + DO (+ modifier) Her uncle gave the boy a bicycle. XH528-Grammar 1 5 Parts of speech & Basic sentence patterns Grammar1: Words & Phrases (b) S + V t + DO + prep. + IO (M) Her uncle gave a bicycle to the boy. Being very pleased, her uncle gave a red bicycle to the tallest boy. • We use preposition “to” with the following verbs: bring, feed, give, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write,… • We use preposition “for” with the following verbs: book, build, buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, leave, make, order, pick, reserve, save,… Notes: The shorter object (word) always precedes the longer one (phrase, clause) Right: He told us why he came. Wrong: He told why he came to us. Right: She left a message for every member of the family. Wrong: She left every member of the family a message. *Right: He announced to the congress his decision to resign his presidency. *Wrong: He announced the congress his decision to resign his presidency. V. Pattern 5 S + V t + O + O.C (+ modifier) The Committee elected my friend Secretary. The committee elected my friend Tom Secretary of the Company. Some verbs used for this pattern: appoint bổ nhiệm, baptize đặt tên thánh, call gọi, choose chọn làm, christen đặt tên thánh, crown tôn vương, designate bổ nhiệm, dub gọi ai bằng biệt hiệu, elect cử, bầu, entitle phong tước, find nhận thấy … là, leave bỏ, để, make bầu, chọn, name đặt tên, nickname gọi bằng biệt hiệu, nominate bổ nhiệm, style gợi là, gọi bằng tên đặc biệt, proclaim tuyên bố. Notes: V i ( Intransitive Verb): one that has a complete meaning by itself. V t (Transitive Verb): one that can't stand alone. That is, it needs an object to complete its meaning. V L (Linking Verb): the link between the subject and the subjective Complement. M (Modifier): a word or group of words which amplifies the meaning of the main elements of a sentence. DO (Direct Object) WHAT? IO (Indirect Object) WHOM? Complement: word/phrase that completes the sense of Subject, or Object S.C (Subjective Complement) O.C (Objective Complement) COMPONENTS OF A SENTENCE XH528-Grammar 1 6 Parts of speech & Basic sentence patterns Grammar1: Words & Phrases I. SUBJECTS Form of Subjects Examples 1. Noun - The minister went abroad last week. 2. Pronoun - We should do all we can for the sake of peace. 3. Adjective - The rich must help the poor. 4. Infinitive - To be loved is happy. 5. Gerund - Singing is fun. 6. Noun phrase - To tell the truth is sometimes difficult. 7. Noun clause - How the thief broke into the house is unknown. 8. Informal subject IT - It is sure that she will come. II. OBJECTS Types of Objects Examples 1. Direct & Indirect O - She lends me her book. IO DO 2. Prepositional Object - They wait for the bus. 3. Adverbial Object - We go home. 4. Adjective Object (Adjective Determiner) - I am glad that you can visit us. 5. Cognate Object - She lives a happy life. Forms of Objects Examples 1. Noun - Mary is eating an apple. 2. Pronoun - She loves him very much. 3. Adjective (as a N) - They teach the blind here. 4. Gerund - We like swimming. 5. Infinitive - Everybody wants to succeed. 6. Noun Phrase - We really don’t know where to go next. 7. Noun Clause - We wonder why she came late. III. COMPLEMENTS Types of Complements Examples 1. Subjective Complements - Tom is my friend. 2. Objective Complements - They decided Tom the winner. Forms of Complements Subjective Complements Objective Complements 1. Noun - He becomes an engineer. - We call them cowards. 2. Pronoun - Who’s that? It’s I. 3. Adjective - Her dress is blue. - The boy made the teacher angry. 4. Participle - The father looks worried. - They keep us waiting. - She felt her heart beating. 5. Gerund - Seeing is believing. 6. Infinitive - To live means to struggle. - The muddy road made him fall. 7. Phrase - She is in love with him. - Pity is akin to love.(có họ hàng với) - His words filled them with terror. - We had seen towns destroyed by bombing. 8. Noun Clause - Money is what she wants. - The fact is that she left him. - He made our company what it is now. XH528-Grammar 1 7 Parts of speech & Basic sentence patterns Grammar1: Words & Phrases IV. MODIFIERS Modifiers of a Subject, Object or Complement Forms of Modifiers Examples 1. Adjective - They arrested the guilty man. 2. Adjective phrase - They arrested the man guilty of murder. 3. Adjective clause - They arrested the man who is guilty of murder. 4. Possessive Adjective - My friend won the lottery last week. 5. Demonstrative Adjective - That boy will come to our party. 6. Article - A friend in need is a friend indeed. 7. Participle - They a build a swimming pool near our house. - The broken vase is very valuable. Modifiers of a Verb Forms of Modifiers Examples 1. Adverb - She sings beautifully. 2. Adverbial object - She went home. 3. Infinitive phrase - They stops to ask the way. 4. Prepositional phrase - They went early with the intention of getting good seats. Modifiers of another modifier Forms of Modifiers Examples 1. Adverb - She plays the piano very beautifully. - This is a purely Vietnamese food. ASSIGNMENT 2 Q1: How many kinds of sentences are there in English, according to their use? Give 2 examples for each. Q2: List all Wh-words used to make questions and tell what it refers to. E.g. 1. Where: place 2. ……… 3. ……… Q3: State the general rule to make Tag question. Give one example. Q4: List all special cases of Tag questions you know. Give one example for each. Q5: How to make the Exclamatory sentences? ____________The end_____________ XH528-Grammar 1 8