LUYÊ ̣ N TÂ ̣ P KIM LOA ̣ I NHO ́ M A                              !"  #         $%&'  (     )'  (  *'  (+     ,-./.+      (       0  0+  .1        1    +  0     -      /    /    1  1  (  23  .     (  4  5/   5+  0    (    ".5      -/3  6  1    (  -./.     24       7  2 #'  (    (  -68-+  0+    0.6+  +)9.1  (  23  -  4  / -        1    5  4        /1  4  ::         51    ;0  4  <  4  0    ;=     24      7  2  "   0  <  4  02  ; &$  +  0  3"  +(>  (  +  ,%&./2.$+,.+,  %&?24  "      0     @  @(  23  0  23  1  2  +  2"  A+.,%&.,#./#  /%&!  0     1  ("    (    4    ,    + ",  , 5  + B  "+  0(   > 1  #  2"  0  +  A/+,.#  +4    0     0  (  .("  #  2 C$    0+#  "0+,# D08"90++,3  8"90+89,    24    +      1  2 ,2    2  "3  E  4  E "?4    +      1  22    FG.0+  "FG.,0+ HI(      0#1  =+4  4  -'  ("0+  1    2   0  3.1  (1    /8  (  1  (1  HGJ9(        =+4  4  -     /.1    5          .      1    +,6   1  <   >   "E K0  0(    @GG0+  +$.    4    01  &.&H+4  4    1?4     +    0(> G'  (0  +20+    0    1  .CK,+4  4  819    B.,&00 +    6  1          0  1)01  ( (        G.0+,  &GG0+  J85F.HL0+9.1  0+   /+,.(    2H.C@0    ?4    2    E ,?4    4  ,  1(  (      GG0+  G.@$1  1  ,.KB00   #0  0(>  0MD          .1  -  ,.,&+4  4  2819?2     -"3    +G.@$.1      1  #.#G0>  0   6  1    (  J  +      0+  2  0 "?4    4    +(    1      - &$  0(>0+    +(>,    (  2 !(  @00(>          .1     -  .HC@+4  8194  /5  -1  + > "3    (  1  GG0+@G0+           1    GG0+  +$6  1    (    (  20(>  02 @      .&C0>  ,0+    ,4  +        (  04     0    .1  G.@B+4  4  819  1  ,0+   C         24      1    4  0+  /1    A   8&9,%& "  &+   $%&   -+8#9 H  #  2  .0>  4    0  +    +  82  +3    >     92    +  A / , .$ , .  .# N .%& ,N .# ,N ?4  0#   "  0  0  +  0    1  ("      2 KD      0  1  1  "  $          4        4  7  2E -N"  0)3   /N"  0)3  (   N"  0)      "4     5N"  0)    0 > +   ,G(    1(      +  04  #E -N,%&13   /N+, N 5N%& ,0          A  .,  .$ , ./ , .  .+ N $  +  1    2     .          (    1(A -N  D,# /N   N  ,%G& 5N  ,# ,,D3  0+    0    0        24  -N  (      22(    /N1(+   > 0+    1  2(  0 N1(+   > 0+  1  1    "3    1  (     5N1(+   > 0+  )   ,#(  7)    1(1  E 6)      A # , CaCO CaO CO → + ¬  8    )  (  +        9 '  1    .   -N  (    1         /N3  1         N1  "  4  , 5N    # ,&    1(    #E -N!  0<)     /N%  7(  703.1(  1)   N!  0(  +  7(   5N%  7(  "  )      ,@=    7(    1  "  <  2"4  .  1  +(  ) >   I       1(  4        E -N89,,O#, /N89,,#O#, N8#9,O#,, 5N,O# ,B    70+8#9,      ,70+D%&4    +(    1(+  1  E -ND      4  /N        "   N        "  4      "  (    5N5        IPC ,C(    1(  +  +        7(  703E -N'(  )   /N'   N   5N?   ,H#+    (      4     -N1+0 /N+ N2 5N"7 ,K-./..5+    (        0    0+  .  0 >  1      A , H O A B C D A→ → → → -./..5        +  A -ND+#QD+QDQD /ND+QD+#QDQD ND+QD.DQD+ 5NDQD+QD+QD+# #G-./.+    (      0    0+  .  0 >  1      A , O A B C A→ → → -./.       +  A -N$+,Q$Q$ /N$89,Q$Q$ N8#9Q#Q 5NQ#Q8#9, #        A '  (    $+, ,I(  $89 #$89,        + &$+,        $# #,  &    01  1    .,.#.&8   9+  ,#.+,.+.?  A 5        0              0#A       5        0&              0#A  4      .,.#.&   +  A -N+,..,#.+ /N+.,#..+, N,#.+..+, 5N.,#.+.+, ##D    1    8#9,2  .4  2  A -N      23  7(     /N    "  4  N      4   5N      23    1      4  #&!    (    7"+  A -N   /N1   N1    5N1  (   #@'  $24  2  1  "4  1  4  %,.(  (    ,(  "  1  2A"  - 0  23    "  /0    /  /        ,%&+ >   1  2 4  24  +  00(  0    D$&  (  -./.+(  +  +  A -N$.%.%, /N$.%.%, N$.%#.,% 5N$.%.,% #B'    1  ,0  2      0+  +,(    0  (    1(E -N,%&.+ /N,#.+ N,%&.,# 5N/89,.+ #C'  ("    "  2"  A.,#./8#9,.$+,.      00    (   -N  /89, /N  ,%& N  /8#9, 5N  + #H'  (  3  1  0    0+  D.$.-+4     -N   /N, N%, 5N, #K>  -  08/.-+#.,#.$#9  -    .1    /  (   (  23    0A -$#  89, /$89,.-+# -+,#.$# 5$# &G?2  (  A+.89,.,#.+.(      +  00  0      0  +  /N,#  89, -+  ,# 5,#  ++  + &?2    (  AI&..,#.+.(      +  00  0  4 > +  -N,#  + /  + #I&  ,# 5,#   &,5  6    0  A&#.8#9,.#.+,'60    1      7  2    1    R?2  0  4    R    /89,(               4  "25  R   >   E -N&  . ,.   .+ N .# N /N  .&  .# ,N. + N N  . , .+ N .# N 5N&  . ,. + N .# ,N &#$  "4  1    21(  3  1  +(  24  .4    +  "4         8+    " 1    9E -ND1   /NS  07   N?3+ 5N/1(  3.  07   &&%  4  ,  ,GG0  /89,C.J1  0        6 89,    61  "0    ?    +      ,+(  +  &K.&0?4    0+ ,1 >    &@      &.BH0>  0  "  ,0+  -./  (  04    0     ,4  +  2"  (    "3    +1  .,+4  ,8196  1  , 0+  -./ &B&.B0>  ,0+    ,4            (  04    0         ,%&+ > 1  &.&H+4  ,8196  1  ,0+   &C  ,H.0>    0$#  /#    (    +    8  J $#9    +4  -(        -  GG0+  89,,$    / 6  1  1  +      /  (  E &H      G.0+>  #  D#    +5(>4  1    "4   1    89,1  00    ?4  0E &K      00>    00  0+    0  0+        1  ,.,& +4  4  819    6'  2        6(    1  0+  +,$?4    2  =E @G5  -  0A0+$ , ."0+/ , .0+ , .G.0++ N   G.,0+# N ?0       D,#$    -1  1  +      +  (  ?4    4     D,#1 >    @,0>    0$            +1  ,.,&+4  4  819 ?4    (  J    +      (  2>  1(   @,'          ,G0>    0  $(  =0+  +,$?4    2    = @#?20          0+ , ."0+$ , .0+# N    2    +  1    4  E "=0+  89,70+L+      .  2    1      (  !(  "    4  = ).".7 @&5  -  $ ,.  , ./ ,   G.0++ N .G.,0+# N ?0=+4       D,#$    -1)  1  +      +  (  ?4  = @@  @.KB0>  ,0  +2  ,0+    0      1  GG0+   6!  0        + N "3    -#1  C.,,0    !  "      1     R    R1  000  ?4  0 @B=+4  4  ,819(        GG0+  89,G.C$.    4    0 1  &0    6  1  = @C      ,#.H0>  0  "0+    2    0  0  "0+     2      +1  G.,0+4          .  00  1   "3   @H?20  +  1  .  #.$#    -+,#.21    +  -+,#"3  LH   +  ,0  "  +  1    1    +  1  1  (  23      +  "3   BLG  +  2  ?4  J    +    $#2+  1  1   @K"  0    1  1    -  4  /?0&+     -.1  .(            4  5  26  1  -./..5       24       7  2 BG0        #2(  + > .1    --         D1      /.  4  5  0        +  +  (  7(         /    /  4  5    ,%&+ > 8  1  91    :     :1  0  +  )  =   24        4      02 B0  0(        -+,8%&9#  %&.1  4  -.  /           1    +  1  1  (  23  54  2<5  1  (  23   ::    2  +6  1-./..5.:=   24       B,$    -    0  A&#.8#9,.+,'-0    1       7  2    1    //89,    /(              4    2 9%    -  C         24      7  21- "9?2/   >   E=   24  7  22  +(>/    /89, 9  2  +(>/    $%&        2E 9?      %,  /      4  7  2E B#I("    (  20> > "3  4    (  (   9  0+  A-+.$.. "9  0  A+,.-++#.+ 9  7A-+,#..$ 9  27A-+89#.89,   B&?24  "         1  1      0+  2"    >    0A$#.+. -+,#=     24      (     B@    7  2(  1    (      -++# 9   "9  # 9  ,# BB    7  2(  1    (      -+, 9  + "9  &+ 94  , BC>  -  0-++#./.,#.$#  -    1    /  (  23  -+    /(    4        +    /(  7(         .1      1    +  1  1  (  23  5  5    .1   :  (  23  ;=   24              7  21    4      02 BH'    -+#2  >  "    0-+,#  0  +  01    +             (  A -N7+Q/NQ, N   5N# BK'  1      -+89#        1( -N        -++# /N    -++# N      -++#     5N  -++#     CG'                    1( -N  -++#        /89,  1   /N  -+,8%&9#        /89,  1  N  -+,8%&9#        # 5N  -+,        + C'    -+2  >  "    0$.-+.T        (    1(E -N,%&+ >  /N,%&13     N.4  ,5N# C,-+89#2    1(E -N,%& /ND%& N# 5N C#  #(  23  +  $.-+.-+,#1  2#+  2"  5  (  0    (  1  ("       (      1  +   -N+13   /N,%&13     N 5N#13     C&?4  "U   27    (  2    271(E -N-+899# /N N$89, 5N/89, C@I)  1    1  -N!  02   /N   N  2     5N(  00  2    0 CB?      1(  1  ("      $+,.+,.-++#E -N  ,# /N  D N  -# 5N  ,%& CC >       1(  -+  24  (        0E -N!  0((>1   /N!  0    1(   N!  0"    (  0 5N    >  ?)01    0+   CH?4  (    1(1 > +  00  01    +  0(  (  00  2    0    -N  +   >   (  + > 4   /N  >"    (  2    -+89# N      2   5N  ?        1              "U      2        -+89# CK    $#O$8#9&#, D0+  $    +  -N-+ /N N;) 5N- HG+  4  ,1<      "  -+,#.;)..$1  1      7  2     (  23    +  2  +  -N-+..;).- /N-+..;).$ N-+,#.$.;). 5N-+.$..;) H?2    1  (    -++#1    7(  04  -N-++#2   /N-++#    1       -+,# N-++#>"  (      1  5N-++#>"  3    1   H,-+        6  24  -)   4  5  6+   -N,%&13     /N#13     #13     5,%&+ >  H&$  >  "    0-+.$.T  (    1(    1  02  >   +  01    +    -+E H@      -++#    ,#    7  2+  -N      23      /N  "  4    21  7(        23   N6(        1    "  4    2 5ND      4    "  4    2 HC  0  0  0    #+ > 1    68  4    29 ?0    R(    24  TT+  -N# /N, N 5N, HH  $1  +      0("  0(  24    ?2    (  $4        7   (  +  #$+  -N;) /N-+ N2 5N$ HK  +  1  .4  ,.  -++#+(  +    #  1    -+,1   (   -N  2   /N  4    2 N      1  (   5N      23   KG>  -  0"  -+  "  ;),#21      4  1  >  /   /2  +1  ,    /2  4  (  /0  (  .  4    21          7  2    /  0A -N-+#.-+.;),# /N;).-+.;),# N;).;),#.-+,# 5N-+.-+,#.;) K  (  A+..,.$89,./89,./+, #        1      (  A -+.,./+, /+.Q/89, Q/89,Q/+, 5Q/89,Q$89, K,  &    01  1    .,.#.&      8   9+  .-++#.+. -+, N          ,        A7(        .1  2 N5      ,    1          # N5      #                     5    2      0.,.#.&   +  -.-++#.+.-+, /N.-++#.-+,.+ N-++#..-+,.+ 5N-+,.+..-++# K&?(      (  +  2 > 1(1      (  "3  01  1  1  A -N.,%&.$%&.  (   /ND.+.%&.  (   N+./8#9,.,%G&.  (   5ND.+.%&.,# K@0    001    +  0(  +      0  "..+  .   > 2  4  A -  )    "    4       /  (>    1         4    0   5    0  23  "   KBD      1  4  ,    -+,4  A -7(        )23   /D      4  7  2 7(        )23  .1      "  20  (   5+  1(  7(        )23  1      "  2   KC 1       G , # , & # 8 9 O t A AlCl X Y Al SO Z CuO T + → → → → ¬  ¬  ¬    (  6.R.T.?+(  +  +  -N-+89,.-+,#.%&. /N-+,#.-++#.89,.%& N.-+,8%&9#.89,.-+,# 5N-+89#.-+,#.89,. KH000+  $8  2  9        4  (    1  &GG0+   $$3      00          #+ > 4  1  H@.,00    4   8    (  0    9 97  1  $  4  0 "9?4    4  4         1 KK#.,0>  6  0-+  D    2,.B0  .    74   1    -4    0  (   9?4  J  +    0+  2>   "9?4    1  J    (  2  - GG-+    0  /.-+.$ N!(  00-        1  GHKB+4  4  2 N!(  00-        1  B.K&&+4  4  2 N!(  00-      +1    /  K.H&+4  4  2     4  4  1  1  1 9?4  0  J  +    0+  2- "9?4    1  J    (  2  / G00  ,GG0  -+,8%&9#.CJ.    71  G.CH0     ?4  0E G,00-+  +4    ,%&+ > 4  0    1  +  - ?    ,    0 N!(  GG0+  -.0  HH0+  $.    1  1)0      +   1  1  G.#GB0(  23   N!(  GG0+  -.0  ,G0+  $.    1  1)0      +   1  (>1  G.#GB0(  23   ?4  0    1  0+L+    7,%&1 >    G#5  -  00  G.#0+-+9,    0++  -1  @.B0     ?4  0E G&7      &.#0>  "    0+  $.-+.T"3  71  ,,.#0>   7+  7            +4  1  "00  E G@>  6  00+-+  G.,0+-+,#>  6         1    R5(>,    R1      T    T1    +  1   1  &G.H0(  23  :?4    2    E GB>  6  0  -+.-+&#  >  6      ,1  #.,0-+89#   >  6        +.1  0  (    ,G.B+4  >  4  819?4     +    0>(    2>   GC#.,0>    0"  -+  -+,#      =0+  &$.1  #. &&+4  4  2819/  23    1 > +(  GJ  +          =    2  +  A -,,G0+ /G0+ @B0+ 5,GG0+ GK?2  ,.C0"  -+  K.,H0"  ;)#&2  21      4  .0     1  (  23  68    4  7  2      ;)#&  ;)9      (  23  6 "3    +89.1  ,.BHH+4  (  4  819  (          0+  A -HGJ /C@J GGJ 5BGJ G      K0>  6  0"  -+  "  $"3    ,%&+ >  1  4  -    /?0          /    1    +  +  (   4    +  !      1)024  1    +  1  1  B.,0(  23  ?  4  4  -1    1+  A -B.C,+4   /G.GH+4   C.H&+4   5H.KB+4     ,.C0>    0  -+    %    71     -.=+4  4  /819    ,.C0(  23  =    2  +  A -H.KB+4   /&.HC+4   K.C&+4   5&.&H+4   ,?2  G.H0"  0  >  "  ;),#  2  1    1             00    1  >  6  6"3    #1  1  =+4  4   (  8198    (  0    9=    2  A -NH.KB+4   /NB.C,+4   N&.&H+4   5NC.H&+4   #      @.&0-+    ,%&8  1  91    6?  4     G.H$(      61  1  +      +  (  +  -NG.C@+4   /NG.@G+4   NG.#C@+4   5NG.,@+4   .  A -NH.KB+4   /NB.C,+4   N&.&H+4   5NC.H&+4   #      @.&0-+    ,%&8. + #I&  ,# 5,#   &,5  6    0  A &#.8#9,.#.+,'60