Aspects of connected speech Rhythm • Syllable-timed rhythm • Stressed-timed rhythm Rhythm • Definition: Stress-timed rhythm is speech rhythm in which the stressed syllable are said to recur at equal intervals of time. • Eg. One day last week I went for a walk in the country. Rhythm • Rhythm unit / foot: from a stressed syllable up to the following stressed syllable Rhythm • Eg. ||Yes/ter/day I |saw/ him /in /the | ci/ne/ma||. Assimilation • Definition. • Types of assimilation • Rules of assimilation Assimilation • Definition: (1) When a speech sound changes and become more like another sound which follows it or precedes it, this is called assimilation. Assimilation • Definition: (2) In connected speech, adjacent sounds frequently influence each other so that they become more alike, or assimilate. This is called assimilation. Types of assimilation • Regressive / anticipatory: Eg. White coat : /t/ → /k/ • Progressive: Eg. Books : / s / dogs : /z/ Rules of assimilation • Assimilation of place • Assimilation of manner • Assimilation of voice [...]... Assimilation of voice • Final voiced consonants have no voicing when followed by initial voiceless consonants Eg /v/ in ‘have’ → /f/ in ‘have to’ /z/ in ‘has’ → /s/ in ‘has to’ Elision • Definition • Types of elision Elision • Definition: elision is the leaving out / disappearance of sounds or sounds in rapid speech Types of elision • Disappearance of consonant • Disappearance of vowel Disappearance of consonant... Disappearance of consonant • Avoidance of complex consonant clusters: + In clusters with 3 plosives or 2 plosive + 1 fricative, the middle plosives disappears Eg Acts : /t/ disappears looked back : /t/ disappears + final consonant cluster of a word disappears if it is identical to initial cluster of the following Eg Next street : /st/ in /nekst/ disappears Disappearance of consonant • Disappearance of /v/ in of ... the following Eg Next street : /st/ in /nekst/ disappears Disappearance of consonant • Disappearance of /v/ in of before consonants: Eg Full of children : /v/ in of disappears waste of money : /v/ in of disappears Disappearance of vowel • Disappearance of weak vowel after /p,t,k/: Eg Potato : / ə / disappears today : / ə / disappears Linking • Linking identical consonants Eg This side : identical... ‘bad’ → /g/ Assimilation of place • Final alveolar /n/: + becomes bilabial /m/ before bilabials eg Ten bags : /n/ → /m/ + becomes dental before dentals eg Main thing : /n/ → /m/ + becomes velar /ŋ/ before dentals eg Ten cars : /n/ → / ŋ/ Assimilation of place • Final alveolar /s/ becomes // and /z/ becomes // before // or /j/ eg This shop : /s/ → these years : /z/ → Assimilation of manner • Final plosive... consonant • Disappearance of vowel Disappearance of consonant • Disappearance of final /t/ in the cluster/st/ before an initial stop, nasal or fricative eg best dish : /t/ disappears best friend : /t/ disappears first night : /t/ in ‘first’ disappears west side : /t/ disappears Disappearance of consonant • Disappearance of final /d/ in cluster /md/ or /nd/ before an initial weak stop or nasal eg Blind...Assimilation of place • Final alveolar/t/ + becomes bilabial /p/ before bilabials: eg That man : /t/ → /p/ Light blue : /t/ → /p/ + becomes dental before dentals eg Get there: /t/ → dentalised + becomes velar /k/ before velars eg That car : /t/ → /k/ that girl : /t/ → /k/ Assimilation of place • Final alveolar/d/ + becomes bilabial /b/ before bilabials . Aspects of connected speech Rhythm • Syllable-timed rhythm • Stressed-timed rhythm Rhythm • Definition: Stress-timed rhythm is speech rhythm. / s / dogs : /z/ Rules of assimilation • Assimilation of place • Assimilation of manner • Assimilation of voice Assimilation of place • Final alveolar/t/