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The complete guide for SAT reading by erica meltzer
Third Edition THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO ® A complete chapter devoted to each question type FOR THE Strategies to improve speed and comprehension , Test-style exercises to apply what you've learned NEW SAT® In-depth explanations to help you answer the most challenging questions Erica L Meltzer author of The Ultimate Guide to SAT® Grammar SAT " is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this~publication ,",J er T he Complete Guid t AT® Reading Third Edition Erica L M ltzer ,.THE CRITICAL READER New York Copyright© 2013-2017 The Critical Reader Cover © 2017 Tugboat Design All rights reserved With the exception of the works cited in the Reprints and Permissions section (p 345), the information contained in this document is the original and exclusive work of Erica L Meltzer No part of this work may be reprnduced in any form or by any mea11s, elech·onic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the author For information regarding bulk purchases, reprints, a11d foreign rights, please send conespondence to thecriticalreaderl@gmail.com SAT® is a h·ademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this publication ISBN-13: 978-0-9975178-7-3 ISBN-10: 0997517875 Dedication To Ricky, who pestered me to write tlzis book until I finally acquiesced ALSO BY ERICA MELTZER The Critical Reader: AP® English Language and Composition Edition The Ultimate Guide to SAT® Grammar & Workbook SAT® Vocabulan;: A Neiu Approach (with Larry Krieger) The Complete Guide to ACT® English The Complete Guide to ACT® Reading The Complete GMA T® Sentence Correction Guide GRE® Vocabulary in Practice Table of Contents Preface 11 How to Use This Book 14 Suggested Reading 16 Introduction to SAT® Reading 19 What Does SAT Reading Test? 19 Managing the Reading Test as a Whole 21 The Answer Isn't Always In the Passage 23 Understanding Answer Choices 23 Understanding Line References 24 Strategies for Reading Passages 24 Skimming Effectively Means Knowing What to Focus On 26 Using Key Words: Managing Questions Without Line References 29 How to Work Through Questions with Line References 30 General Tips for Reading Prep 36 Vocabulary in Context 43 Strategies 44 Second Meanings and Answer Choices 50 Common Second Meanings 51 Additional Words to Know 53 Vocabulary in Context Exercises 54 Explanations: Vocabulary in Context Exercises 61 Making the Leap: From Concrete to Abstract 65 Why Use Pronouns? 66 The Former and the Latter 69 Pronoun and Compression Noun Exercises 70 Explanations: Pronoun and Compression Noun Exercises 77 79 The Big Picture Identifying Topics 80 What's the Point? 82 vii Point of a Paragraph 85 Old Idea vs New Idea 87 Using the "Old Idea" to Predict Main Point and Attitude 88 Fiction Passages: What if the Main Point Isn't Obvious? 93 Order of Events 97 Supporting Examples: Working Backwards 98 Main Point vs Primary Purpose 100 The Big Picture Exercises 103 Explanations: The Big Picture Exercises 114 117 Supporting Evidence Supporting and Contradicting Claims 120 Supporting and Contradicting Claims Exercises 124 Explanations: Supporting and Contradicting Claims Exercises 129 Literal Comprehension: Same Idea, Different Words 131 Other Approaches 138 Using Line References to Make Educated Guesses 141 Literal Comprehension Exercises 142 Explanations: Literal Comprehension Exercises 154 158 Reasonable Inferences Fallacies and Incorrect Answers 159 Unstated Assumptions 171 Inference Exercises 175 Explanations: Inference Exercises 186 Extended Reasoning and Analogies 189 Extended Reasoning and Analogy Exercises 195 Explanations: Extended Reasoning and Analogy Exercises 201 203 Reading for Function Types of Function Questions 204 Chart: Functions of Key Words and Punctuation 205 "Vague" Answers 212 viii 10 11 Playing Positive and Negative with Function Questions 214 Chart: Common Function Words and Phrases 216 Reading for Function Exercises 217 Explanations: Reading for Function Exercises 227 Glossary of Function Words 230 232 Tone and Attitude Neutral Tone, Definite Opinion 232 Playing Positive/Negative with Tone and Attitude Questions 234 Inferring Attitude 236 Simplifying "Tone" Answers 238 Register: Formal vs Informal 240 Certainty and Uncertainty 242 Humor, Sarcasm, and Irony 243 Chart: Common Tone and Attitude Words 245 Tone and Attitude Exercises 246 Explanations: Tone and Attitude Exercises 253 255 Rhetorical Strategy Point of View 255 Paragraph and Passage Organization 260 Counterarguments 264 Effect of a Rhetorical Strategy 267 Rhetorical Strategy Exercises 268 Explanations: Rhetorical Strategy Exercises 274 276 Paired Passages Overview of Paired Passages 277 How to Read Paired Passages 278 Relationship Questions are Inference Questions 279 Paired Passages and Supporting Evidence Questions 286 Agreement Questions 288 Paired Passage Exercises 291 Explanations: Paired Passage Exercises 297 ix 12 300 Graphics and Data Analysis Reading Graphs: Finding the Point and Skimming 301 Reading Between the Lines 303 Multiple Variables 304 "Backwards" Graphs and "Trick" Answers 307 Tables 310 Paired Graphics 311 To Synthesize Or Not 313 Graphics and Extended Reasoning 321 Graphics and Data Analysis Exercises 322 Explanations: Graphics and Data Analysis Exercises 331 Appendix A: 2018 Official Guide Questions by Category 335 Appendix B: 2018 Official Guide Questions by Test 340 Reprints and Permissions 345 About the Author 349 X Preface Eight years elapsed between my last SAT®, which I took as a senior in high school, and the first time I was asked to tutor reading for the SAT I distinctly remember sitting in Barnes & Noble, hunched over the Official Guide, staring at the questions in horror and wondering how on earth I had ever gotten an 800 at the age of 17 Mind you, I felt completely flummoxed by the SAT after I had spent four years studying literature in college Somehow or other, I managed to muddle through my first reading tutoring sessions I tried to pretend that I knew what I was doing, but to be perfectly honest, I was pretty lost I had to look up answers in the back of the book A lot I lost count of the number of times I had to utter the words, "I think you're right, but give me one second and let me just double-check that answer " It was mortifying No tutor wants to come off as clueless in front of a sixteenyear-old, but I was looking like I had no idea what I was doing Grammar I could handle, but when it came to teaching reading, I was in way over my head I simply had no idea how to put into words what had always come naturally to me Besides, half the time I wasn't sure of the right answer myself Luckily for me, fate intervened in the form of Laura Wilson, the founder of WilsonPrep in Chappaqua, New York, whose company I spent several years writing tests for Laura taught me about the major passage themes, answer choices patterns, and structures I learned the importance of identifying the main point, tone and major transitions, as well as the ways in which that information can allow a test-taker to spot correct answers quickly, efficiently, and without second-guessing I discovered that the skills that the SAT tested were in fact the exact same skills that I had spent four years honing As a matter of fact, I came to realize that, paradoxically, my degree in French was probably more of an aid in teaching reading than a degree in English would have been The basic French literary analysis exercise, known as the explication de texte lineaire, consists of close reading of a short excerpt of text, during which the reader explains how the text functions rhetorically from beginning to end - that is, just how structure, diction, and syntax work together to produce meaning and convey a particular idea or point of view In other words, the same skills as those tested on the SAT - the old test as well as the new version I had considered explications de texte a pointless exercise (Rhetoric? Who studies rhetoric anymore? That's so nineteenth century!) and resented being forced to write them in college - especially during the year I spent at the Sorbonne, where I and my (French) classmates did little else but suddenly I appreciated the skills they had taught me Once I made the cmmection between what I had been studying all that time and the skills tested on the SAT, the test made sense I found that I had something to fall back on when I was teaching and, for the first time, I found that I no longer had to constantly look up answers I still had a long way to go as a tutor, though: at first I clung a bit too rigidly to some methods (e.g., insisting that students circle all the transitions) and often did not leave my students enough room to find their own strategies As I worked with more students, however, I began to realize just how little I could take for granted in terms of pre-existing skills: most of my students, it turned out, had significant difficulty even identifying the point of an argument, never mind summing it up in five or so words A lot of them didn't even realize that passages contained arguments at all; they thought that the authors were simply "talking about stuff." As a result, it never even occurred to them to identify which ideas a given author did and did not agree with When I instructed them to circle transitions like however and therefore as a way of identifying the key places in an argument, many of them found it overwhelming to so at 11 Appendix A: 2018 Official Guide Questions by Category Test Question# Test Test6 14 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 18 26 35 37 44 Test7 Test7 Test7 Test Test Test7 Test7 10 15 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 12 Vocabulary in Context Testl Testl Testl Testl Testl Testl Testl 12 18 40 45 48 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 14 16 25 37 39 43 47 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 16 17 22 28 31 35 47 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 10 13 18 24 33 34 Test5 Test5 Test5 Test5 Test5 Test5 Test5 Test5 Tests 10 14 15 22 29 37 38 44 47 18 31 32 35 49 13 25 27 35 38 49 The Big Picture 32 33 Summary of a passage Purpose of a passage Main point 29 33 Summary Purpose of a passage Purpose of a passage Main point Test3 Test3 Test3 14 48 Summary Point of a paragraph Purpose of a paragraph Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 11 Summary of a paragraph Purpose of a passage Purpose of a passage Purpose of a passage Testl Testl Testl Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test5 Test5 Test5 Tests 335 11 22 41 42 11 16 17 Main idea of paragraph Point of a passage Central claim Point of a passage Test Test Test 11 22 40 Pm-pose of a passage Purpose of a passage Purpose of a passage Test7 Test Test7 Test7 11 22 29 Passage theme Purpose of a passage Purpose of a passage Main idea of a paragraph Test8 Test8 22 42 Central idea of a passage Purpose of a passage Non-Paired "Support/Contradict" Questions Testl 23 Test2 17 Test3 18 Test4 49 Tests Tests 35 Test6 Test8 24 Literal Comprehension Testl Test Testl Testl Testl Testl Testl Testl Testl Testl Testl Testl Testl Testl Testl Testl 13 14 16 17 24 36 37 38 39 43 44 50 51 No line reference Evidence No line reference No line reference Evidence Line reference Evidence Line reference No line reference Evidence Line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence Line reference Evidence Test2 Test2 Test Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 10 22 23 No line reference No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence 336 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 35 36 40 41 45 46 No line reference Evidence No line reference Line reference No line reference Evidence Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 10 26 27 34 36 37 No line reference No line reference Evidence Line reference No line reference No line reference No line reference Evidence Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 12 14 15 27 28 32 46 47 No line reference No line reference No line reference No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference No line reference Evidence Tests Test5 Tests Tests Test5 Test5 Test5 Test5 Tests Tests Tests Tests Tests 23 26 27 28 42 43 45 46 49 Line reference Evidence Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 10 12 13 16 17 23 25 27 28 31 32 33 No line reference No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence Line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 34 38 39 47 48 No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 12 13 46 47 No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 10 14 15 26 28 29 43 44 47 48 52 No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence Inference Testl Testl Testl 15 21 26 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 26 38 48 49 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 23 29 30 32 33 43 44 45 46 49 Attitude Main point No line reference Evidence Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 16 17 25 26 31 35 48 Test5 Test5 Test5 Test5 Test5 Test5 13 33 34 50 51 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 24 30 45 46 No line reference Evidence Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 24 25 27 28 33 34 36 37 44 45 No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 33 34 No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence Extended Reasoning/Analogy No line reference Evidence Assumption No line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence Line reference Evidence No line reference Evidence Assumption 337 Test5 36 Test7 Test7 21 52 Test8 Test8 Tests Test8 16 36 50 Analogy Function/Purpose Testl Testl Testl Testl Test Test Test Testl 19 22 25 27 32 34 42 46 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 Test2 11 15 28 29 34 Test3 Test3 Test3 11 25 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 22 30 41 42 45 Test5 Test5 Test5 48 52 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 Test6 11 15 22 29 36 40 50 Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 11 14 22 Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 23 26 30 43 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 Test8 11 18 32 41 42 46 Tone and Attitude Testl Testl 15 Attitude Attitude Test3 42 Tone Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 19 23 No line reference Evidence Graphic Attitude Test5 Test5 24 25 Attitude/Line reference Evidence Test7 Test7 16 17 Attitude/Line reference Evidence Test8 45 Tone Rhetorical Strategy and Passage Organization 338 Testl Testl 34 Test2 Test2 12 Point of view Counterargument Test3 21 Passage organization Test4 Test4 43 44 Passage organization Evidence Test5 32 Shift of focus Test6 43 Point of view Test7 Test7 Test7 42 48 Test8 Test8 43 Passage structure Paired Passages Test4 52 Graphic only Testl Testl Testl Testl 49 50 51 52 Test5 Test5 Test5 Tests Test5 30 31 39 40 41 Graphic Graphic Graphic Graphic Graphic Test2 Test2 Test2 30 31 32 Test3 Test3 Test3 Test3 38 39 40 41 Test6 Test6 Test Test6 Test6 19 20 21 51 52 Graphic only Graphic only Graphic + passage Graphic only Graphic only Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 Test4 36 37 38 39 40 Test7 Test7 Test7 19 20 21 Test7 50 Test7 51 Graphic only Graphic only Graphic + passage (extended reasoning) Graphic + passage (function of a graphic) Graphic only Test5 Test5 Test5 19 20 21 Test Test 41 42 Tests Tests Tests TestS TestS 19 20 21 30 31 Graphic only Graphic only Graphic + passage Graphic only Graphic + passage Test7 Test7 Test7 Test7 38 39 40 41 Tests Tests Tests 39 40 41 Evidence Function Agree Evidence Evidence Agree Function Graphics and Data Analysis Testl Testl Testl Testl 28 29 30 31 Graphic only Graphic+ passage Graphic only Graphic + passage Test2 Test Test2 50 51 52 Graphic only Graphic+ passage Graphic only Test3 Test3 Test3 50 51 52 Graphic only Graphic only Graphic only Test4 Test4 50 51 Graphic only Graphic + passage 339 only only only only + passage Appendix B: 2018 Official Guide Questions by Test Test # Category Sub-Category Big Picture Rhetorical Strategy Vocabulary Literal Comp Evidence Attitude Function Vocabulary Literal Comp Evidence Main Point Vocabulary Literal Comp Evidence Attitude Literal Comp Evidence Vocabulary Function Data Analysis Inference Function Support/ Contradict Literal Comp Function Inference Function Data Analysis Data Analysis Evidence Data Analysis Big Picture Big Picture Function Literal Comp Literal Comp Evidence Literal Comp Evidence Vocabulary Ftmction Function Literal Comp Evidence Vocabulary Summary Passage Structure 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Function Literal Comp Vocabulary P1/P2 Relationship P1/P2 Relationship Support P1/P2 Relationship No line reference Line reference No line reference Test2 Paragraph Line reference Examples No line reference Inference Line reference Main point Word Contradict Line reference Graphic only Graphic + passage Graphic only Graphic + passage Purpose of a passage Main point Rhetorical strategy No line reference Line reference Main point No line reference 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 340 Big Picture Function Rhetorical Sh·ategy Function Literal Comp Literal Comp Support Function Literal Comp Evidence Big Picture Rhetorical Sh·ategy Support Vocabulary Function Vocabulary Support/Undermine Main Point Data Analysis Data Analysis Data Analysis Literal Comp Evidence Literal Comp Vocabulary Inference Literal Comp Function Big Picture P1/P2 Relationship P1/P2 Relationship P1/P2 Relationship Big Picture Function Literal Comp Evidence Vocabulary Inference Vocabulary Summary Point of view No line reference No line reference No line reference Purpose of a passage Counterargument Support Graphic only Graphic only Graphic+ passage No line reference Purpose of a passage Agree Main point No line reference 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Literal Comp Evidence Literal Comp Function Vocabulary Literal Comp Evidence Vocabulary Inference Evidence Data Analysis Data Analysis Data Analysis No line reference Summary 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 No line reference Test4 Line reference Purpose of a paragraph No line reference No line reference Graphic only Graphic+ passage Graphic only Test3 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Big Picture Vocabulary Inference Evidence Function Vocabulary Literal Comp Inference Literal Comp Evidence Function Literal Comp Evidence BigPichue Evidence Vocabulary Vocabulary Support/ Contradict Data Analysis Data Analysis Rhetorical Strategy Vocabulary Inference Evidence Function Literal Comp Literal Comp Vocabulary Inference Evidence Vocabulary Inference Evidence Literal Comp Vocabulary No line reference No line reference No line reference Point of a paragraph Support Graphic only Graphic only Passage organization Assumption Line reference No line reference No line reference No line reference No line reference 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 341 Literal Comp Evidence P1/P2 Relationship Pl/P2 Relationship P1/P2 Relationship P1/P2 Relationship Tone Inference Evidence Inference Evidence Vocabulary Big Picture Inference Data Analysis Data Analysis Data Analysis Attitude Evidence Vocabulary Function Literal Comp Evidence Literal Comp Inference Vocabulary Vocabulary Big Picture Literal Comp Vocabulary Literal Comp Evidence Inference Evidence Vocabulary Attitude Data Analysis Data Analysis Big Picture Attitude Vocabulary Inference Evidence Literal Comp Evidence Inference Function Inference No line reference Function Agree Line reference No line reference Purpose of a paragraph Assumption Graphic only Graphic only Graphic only No line reference No line reference No line reference Summary of a paragraph No line reference No line reference No line reference Graphic Graphic only Graphic only Purpose of a passage No line reference No line reference Punctuation 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Literal Comp Vocabulary Vocabulary Inference P1/P2 Relationship Evidence P1/P2 Relationship Evidence P1/P2 Relationship Big Pichue Big Picture Rhetorical Strategy Evidence Ftmction Literal Comp Evidence Inference Support/ Contradict Data Analysis Data Analysis Data Analysis No line reference Line Reference Line Reference Purpose of a passage Purpose of a passage Passage organization No line reference Support Graphic only Graphic + passage Graphic only Test 5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Rhetorical Strategy Ftmction Inference Literal Comp Evidence Literal Comp Literal Comp Big Picture Support/ Contradict Vocabulary Big pichire Support Inference Vocabulary Vocabulary Big Picture Big Picture Evidence P1/P2 Relationship P1/P2 Relationship P1/P2 Relationship Vocabulary Literal Comp Attitude Evidence Literal Comp Evidence Organization/ focus Purpose of a paragraph 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Literal Comp Vocabulary Data Analysis Data Analysis Rhetorical Strategy Inference Evidence Support/ Conh·adict Extended Reasoning Vocabulary Vocabulary Data Analysis Data Analysis Data Analysis Literal Comp Evidence Vocabulary Literal Comp Evidence Vocabulary Function Literal Comp Inference Evidence Function Graphic only Graphic only Organization/ focus No line reference Support Graphic only Graphic only Graphic+ passage No line reference No line reference Purpose of a paragraph No line reference Purpose of a question Test Line reference Main idea/ paragraph Support Point of a passage 10 11 Central claim Point of a passage Line reference No line reference 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 342 Function Vocabulary Function Support/ Contradict Function Function Inference Evidence Literal Comp Literal Comp Big Pichue/Function Literal Comp Evidence Vocabulary Function Literal Comp Evidence Vocabulary Data Analysis Data Analysis Data Analysis Big Picture/Function Literal Comp Purpose of a paragraph Support Purpose of a word No line reference Attitude Purpose of a passage No line reference No line reference Graphic only Graphic only Graphic + passage Purpose of a passage 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Inference Literal Comp Vocabulary Literal Comp Evidence Function Inference Literal Comp Evidence Literal Comp Evidence Vocabulary Function Vocabulary Literal Comp Evidence Big Picture/Function P1/P2 Relationship P1/P2 Relationship Rhetorical Strategy Vocabulary Inference Evidence Literal Comp Evidence Vocabulary Function Data Analysis Data Analysis Line reference Purpose of a paragraph No line reference No line reference No line reference Purpose of a passage Agree Point of view No line reference No line reference Graphic only Graph only Test 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Big Picture Literal Comp Rhetorical Strategy Function Literal Comp Evidence Function Literal Comp Evidence Vocabulary Big Picture/Function Literal Comp Evidence Function Vocabulary Attitude Evidence Vocabulary Data Analysis Major Theme 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Data Analysis Data Analysis Big Picture/Function Function Inference Evidence Function Inference Evidence Big Picture Function Vocabulary Vocabulary Inference Evidence Vocabulary Inference Evidence P1/P2 Relationship P1/P2 Relationship P1/P2 Relationship P1/P2 Relationship Rhetorical Strategy Function Inference Evidence Literal Comp Evidence Rhetorical Strategy Vocabulary Data Analysis Data Analysis Analogy Graphic only Extended reasoning Purpose of a passage No line reference No line reference Main idea No line reference No line reference Agree Shift in focus No line reference No line reference Function of a graph Graphic only Test No line reference No line reference Purpose of a passage No line reference "Vague" answers 10 11 Line reference 12 13 14 15 Graphic only 343 Rhetorical Strategy Function Extended reasoning Evidence Inference Evidence Literal Comp Vocabulary Function Literal Comp Function/Big Picture Vocabulary Vocabulary Literal Comp Evidence Shift in focus No line reference No line reference Purpose of a passage No line reference 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Extended reasoning Evidence Function Data Analysis Data Analysis Data Analysis Big Picture Rhetorical Strategy Evidence Vocabulary Literal Comp Vocabulary Literal Comp Evidence Data Analysis Data Analysis Function Inference Evidence Vocabulary Extended reasoning Evidence Vocabulary Pl/P2 Relationship Pl/P2 Relationship Function Big Pichire/Function Literal Comp Evidence Tone 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A Small World After All," Bookforum, June/July/ August 2013 http:/ /www.bookforum.com/inprint/020_02/11685 Thompson, Helen "Yawning Spreads Like a Plague in Wolves," Smithsonian.com, 8/27 /14, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/ science-nature/ yawning-spread-plague-wolves-180952484/ Tregaskis, Sharon "The Buzz: What Bees Tell Us About Global Climate Change, Johns Hopkins Magazine 6/2/2010 Reprinted by permission by Johns Hopkins Magazine http://archive.magazine.jhu.edu/ 2010 / 06 / the-buzz-what-bees-tell-us-about-global-climate-change/ Washington, Booker T "The Talented Tenth," 1903 http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library /document/the-talented-tenth/ Wayman, Erin "The First Americans," Smithsonian.com, 11/28/11 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/ science-nature/ the-first-americans-889302/ Wharton, Edith S11111111er, originally published 1917 Excerpted from Chapter through Project Gutenberg, http:/ /www.gutenberg.org/files/166/166-h/166-h.htm Webster, Daniel Adapted from the "Seventh of March Speech to the Senate," 1850 https:/ / www.dartmouth.edu/ ~dwebster /speeches/seventh-march.html "Why Eat Locally?" The Regal Vegan, http:/ /www.regalvegan.com/ site/local-yokels/ 347 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Erica Meltzer earned her B.A from Wellesley College and spent more than a decade tutoring privately in Boston and New York City, as well as nationally and internationally via Skype Her experience working with students from a wide range of educational backgrounds and virtually every score level, from the sixth percentile to the 99u,, gave her unique insight into the types of stumbling blocks students often encounter when preparing for standardized reading and writing tests She was inspired to begin writing her own test-prep materials in 2007, after visiting a local bookstore in search of additional practice questions for an SAT Writing student Unable to find material that replicated the contents of the exam with sufficient accuracy, she decided to write her own What started as a handful of exercises jotted down on a piece of paper became the basis for her first book, the original Ultimate Guide to SAT Grammar, published in 2011 Since that time, she has authored guides for SAT reading and vocabulary, as well as verbal guides for the ACT®, GRE®, and GMAT® Her books have sold more than 100,000 copies and are used around the world She lives in New York City, and you can visit her online at www.thecriticalreader.com 349 The Critical Reader: The Complete Guide to SAT® Reading is designed to clearly and systematically demystify what is often considered the most challenging section of the exam Whether you are seeking a comprehensive review or need to focus on just a few key areas, this book teaches you the skills and strategies you need to master the SAT Reading Test with confidence Includes: • A chapter-by-chapter breakdown of question types, with in-depth explanations and numerous examples demonstrating how to work through each category • Techniques for understanding complex passages and identifying key information quickly and efficiently • Extensive strategies for simplifying and answering paired supporting evidence and graphic-based data analysis questions • A list of common terms With alternate definitions, plus strategies for determining the meanings of words used in unfamiliar ways As a bonus, this book also includes a detailed index of Reading questions from The Official SAT® Prep Guide, 2018 Edition, arranged by both category and test This unique resource allows you to pinpoint the areas you need to focus on, and create a study plan adapted to your individual needs In 2007, Erica Meltzer answered a Craigslist ad for an SAT tutor and unexpectedly found herself in the high-pressure world of Manhattan test prep Today, she · is the author of guides for the SAT®, ACT®, GRE® and GMAT® Her books are used around the world, and her work has been cited in Teen Vogue, The College Solution, and CBS MarketWatch She lives in New York City, and you can visit her online at www.thecriticalreader.com ISBN 9780997517873 90000 > " THE CRITICAL READER SAT® is a trademark registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this publication ... questions Some of these questions are based on the graphic alone, while others ask you to integrate information from the passage and the graphic What Does SAT Reading Test? The SAT reading test is... ALSO BY ERICA MELTZER The Critical Reader: AP® English Language and Composition Edition The Ultimate Guide to SAT? ? Grammar & Workbook SAT? ? Vocabulan;: A Neiu Approach (with Larry Krieger) The Complete. .. provided in either the question or the answer choices In such cases, you must be able to locate the necessary information efficiently by using the wording of the question for guidance - For example,