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Mfb* iba^i TUONG CON CO, TO CA OAO CO TRUYEN DEN CA TIJ TRONG CAKHUC TRINH LAN Hl/ONG rong kho tang vin hgc din gian Viet khuc Viet Nam, hinh tugng cd vdn ed Nam, nhiing eon thuyen, ddng sdng, van hgc dan gian Igi trd nen Idi cudn hip dan bin nudc, cay da, nhjp cau, ed, ban nhd nhung net vua quen thupc vira mdi me Hinh tuong co ca dao cd eon bdng, budm, cai yem, dii lya, mat trang, mat trdi, ciy tre li nhung hinh tugng vd eung truyen quen thudc, bdi nhQng net nghia bidu dat di Cung nhu nhidu hinh inh, sy vat binh dj, gin dugc dinh hinh, tuong ddi dn dinh qua thdi gian bd hing vdi ddi sdng lao ddng, sinh hoat Vi du: ndi den cdi yim, ddi yem \a ndi den tinh ciia nhan dan ta, cd d i trd mdt hinh yeu, sue manh va y tugng nghe thuit xuat V » hoc ntfK ifuat iilian anh da sdng dwng nghia cua linh yeu; ndi hidn nhieu thcr qua tunh tuong IM la viec noun ngh$ si khac ddn trdng - trdng rdm, ca dan gian (I) Vi hoa mot cach siitii dong, goi cam va Say sang trdng Iron la ndi ve mat xuat hidn cua tao ve mot hinh anh, sir vat nguoi cu the ngudi gai den thi, hinh tugng eon cd lai ldn de maiQ lai cho chum nhung net nghia phong hon nhQng vit, loai xinh dgp, hoin hio; phii, phu hop voi each cam, each ntfi cua ninh chim khae? Nhi nghien trdng khuyit y mudn ndi Rat nhieu hinh anh, sir vat, nguoi tir hien ddn ngudi thidu nu ehua cQu Vu Nggc Phan da thuc dn song da fi vao tac pham nghe thuat de ddn ludi Irudng thanh, tirng ly giii: "Trong cac trff nhung hinh tuong tieu bieu, hap d ^ chua chin chin; trdng loai chim kidm in a meo ndi vd ngudi ddng rugng, chi co gii qui Ilia nhd thi NhQng net nghia da cd gin ngudi ndng dan hon ei Nhirng luc ciy dugc cdng ddng chip nhan vi su dung rdng rai, cudc, ciy hai, ngudi ndng din Viet Nam thudng mang dam tinh truydn thdng thay cd ben hp: cd ldi theo ludng cay, Ngiy nay, thudng thiic ca khiic Viet Nam, eon cd bay trdn ddng liia bit ngit, ed dimg ngudi ydu nhac nhidu cam thdy rdt gin giii, trdn bd rupng ria long ria cinh, ngim nghia dl ddng cim vi bat nhip vdi nhftng ddng tinh ngudi ndng dan lim lung" (2) TQ sy tuong dong cim, suy tu, udc vpng ciia ngudi sang tic - nhit gin gui dd, nhan dan lao dpng da khac hpa hinh la dugc dim nhung hinh tugng nghe tupng ed de ndi vd chinh minh vdi nhilu net thugt chiy tu ngudn mach dan gian Nhimg ddi nghTa vdi mpt ca khiic dugc cho li hay, ndu chi mang Thdn phdn lam lit vdi vd cue nhgc cua ngitdi den cho ngudi nghe mdt cam giic quen thupc, ndng ddn nhdt la ngir&i phu nir gin gui thoi thi chua du, nd phii ggi nhftng Loai chim chdn den minh Irang dirng ndng kham phi vdi chieu canh mdi me va siu sic Tat giira dong cung vat va muu sinh ching khic ci nhimg sing lic ca khiic deu hieu, de thinh ngudi; cd lan ldi rupng can ao siu sdng rpng danh nhac sT, hg deu phai budc vQng chac qua kilm in cung nhu ddi ngudi ndng dan phai buon ciy cau ke thiia vi sing tao Bdi viy, irong ca chii lam lu, dim minh mpt ndng hai suong mi T Vrjl Sd 363 Thang 9-2014 cugc song van khdng hit khon khd: Cdi cd lgn lgi b& sdng Cd ddi md cimg cdnh cong Itmggu Bdi xa sdng rgng song to Vi lo cdi bung di md cdi dn Dang cd minh khanh, than gay gudc, bd long tring mudt ggi sy lidn tudng ddn ve dep thoat, nhg nhing eua ngudi phy nQ Cudc sdng nhieu khdn khd nhpc nhdn chit ginh ning ldn ddi vai ngudi phy nQ khiln hg phai nhin nhjn, ehju thuang chju khd, tio tdn: Tr&i mua qud dua vg Con dc ndm co Con torn ddnh ddo Con cd kiim dn Ldi ca dao cdn luu nhihig tiing khdc ni non, cdn im inh noi niem ldn ddn: Nudc non ldn ddn mgt minh Thdn CO len thde xuong ghenh bdy Vi viy, vin chuong Viet Nam, mdi bdt gip hinh tugng cd, ngudi ta cdn thudng lidn tudng din cupe ddi, sd phgn lam lu, vit vi eye nhpc eiia ngudi ndng din, nhdt li ngudi phy nQ - ngudi vg, ngudi mg Nhirng dire linh phdm chdt tdt dep Con cd bilu thj cho ldi sdng giiu nghTa tinh ciia ngudi: Cdi cd di ddn can mua Tdi tdm mu mit dua co vi Cd vi thdm qudn cimg que Thdm cha thdm me, cd ve thdm anh Qua hinh tugng cd, nhan dan ta nggi ca phim hgnh cua nhQng ngudi sdng hoan cinh nghigt ngi van nhan ngi, vi tha vi quyet giQ minh eho Ihanh sgch: Con CO md di dn dem Ddu phdi cdnh mim lgn c6 xuong ao Ong dng v&t tdi nao Tdi cd long ndo dng hdy xdo mdng Cd xdo thi xdo nuac Dirng xdo nir&c dye dau long cd Nhung Ihdi xdu cdn phe phdn logi trir Khdng ehi dd cao, ca nggi mpt chieu, nhin din cdn mugn hinh tugng ed de ndi ve nhOng thdi hu t?it xdu ciia ngudi bpc lp cic mii quan h$ gia dinh, xi hpi Bin ve ihdi vu phu, tren tinh than nhin van, vdi thii dp hii hudc hdm hinh, khdng can chi dieh danh mdt ngudi cy the nao: Cdi CO Id cdi cd qudm Mdy hay ddnh vo mccy ndm v&i ai? Co ddnh thi ddnh s&m mai Ch& ddnh chgp tdi chdng cho ndm Phd phan thdi trang hoa, lira ddi tinh cam tinh cim nam nQ: Con cd trdng bich nhu vdi Dirng ndng ndi nira, dimg l&i nguyet hoa Vi dit mudn dep ddi la Dimg nhu cdnh bu&m quanh hoa ddu miia Chd cudi thdi ludi bilng, tham in eua nhung ngudi phy nQ chi lo eho minh dugc nhan than sudng mieng ma qudn di Irach nhigm ddng cam cdng khd vdi gia dinh: Cdi CO Id cdi cd ky An cam nhd di, udng nu&c nhd cd Dim ndm thi gdy o o Chua di din chg dd lo dn qud Hdng bdnh hdng biin bdy Cu lir, khoai sg din bd chdo ke An roi cdp dil ve Thdy hdng chd chd Igi le chdn vdo Ndi ddi rdng mua cho chong Vi din qudng ddng, ngd non dn Hinh tu-ong co ca khuc Viet Nam Con cd ca dao, ed ca khiic am nhac hay bit ky mgt hinh tugng nghd thuit nio khic diu dugc sing tgo tren co sd hign thyc ddi sdng xa hdi vi su cim nhgn ctia ngudi sing tic Ndi cich khac, hidn thyc ddi sdng xi hdi {yeu Id khich quan) vi cim nhin ciia ngudi sing tic (ydu td chu quan) li cae nhan Id co bin chi phdi sau sic den viec xay dung hinh tugng tic phim nghd thugt Ci Viet Nam, ca dao cd truydn (cdn dugc gpi li ca dao truydn thdng) dupe hidu ti mgt bp phan ciia tho ca din gian xuat hign tu xa xua den Cach mang thing Tam 1945, chii the sang lao la lap the quin ehung nhin din (3) Nhirng hinh tugng nghg thuat cua ca dao cd truyen tir ddi va dugc luu truyin den da trai qua qua trinh sing lpe, mai giua dii liu cho nen nhQng Sd 363 mm Th^ng 9-2014 I^qh^ i b a ^ i Nhan dan lao d^ng da khac hpa hinh tu^ng cd d l ndi v l chinh minh Anh Tryd^ng Giang net nghTa bilu dat ed tinh dai ehiing (tip thd), nhidu hinh tugng da trd nhung bieu tugng vdi nhftng y nghTa tuang ddi dn dinh, cd tinh quy udc cao, dugc edng ddng chap nhan va su dung rpng rii Le dl nhien, eon cd - lu mdt hinh lugng, bieu tugng ca dao ed truyen de trd mdt hinh tugng ca tu ca khuc khdng phai la kdt qua eiia sy vay mugn, cang khdng phai la viee ngudi nhac sT nhac lai hay lai su dung mgt hinh tugng nghd thuat san cd Bdi vi, hinh tugng cd ca khiic Viet Nam (4) gan lien vdi mpt bdi cinh hidn thyc ddi sdng xa hdi mdi, cd nhidu thay ddi; chii the sang tao khdng phai li tip the quin chung - sd ddng ma la ngudi nhac sT vdi sy thuc tinh ve y thuc ca nhan vdi nhu cau the hien cai tdi, ca tinh sang tao ddc dao eiia rieng minh Qua nghien cuu hinh tugng cd mdt sd ca khiic lieu bidu: Con co di dn dim (Nguyen Xuan Khoil), Cdnh co cdu hdt me ru (Phgm Tuydn, trieh tho Chl Lan Vidn), Thuxfng ldm tdc ddi (Phii Quang), Tinh ddt (Tuan Phuang), VQ diiu cb (Phd Due Phuang), Con co (Luu Ha An), chung tdi nhgn thay ed nhftng ydu to kl thua vi sang tao Nhirng net nghTa ki thira lie vdn hgc ddn gian Khi sang tic ca khiic, tim thue dan gian, vdn vin hda dan gian da lam be phdng cho tinh cim mrg So 363 Thang 9-2014 va tri tug ciia ngudi nhgc sT thing hoa Cung nhu nhidu hinh tugng, bieu tugng van hpe dan gian khic, hinh tugng cd da duge chuyen hda viq.;, Irong thd gidi nghd thugt ciia tie pham im nhac thdi dai mdi Va do, nhiing tdng via y nghTa gan lidn vdi nd lai cd dip dugc khai dgy, khidn cho ca tu lap lanh chat tho, sau sac vi tinh te Bang vide phd tho, Iiy trpn ven mpt Idi ca dao lam ea tu hoac trieh dan, md phdng ldi ca dao, cac tic gii da kd thira nhirng net nghTa vdn co cua hinh tugng cd Idi ca dao xua: Cd ndi cue nhgc, bat hgnh cua ngudi rai vao hoin canh nghiet nga ciu hit: "Con cd mi di an ddm Dau phii canh mim lgn cd xudng ao " (Con co di dn dem) Cd nidm tiii phan: "Cd mgt minh cd phai kiem ldy in " (Cdnh co cdu hdt mf ru) Cd canh long dong lan din: "Thuang lim thuong lim tdc dai oi, mdt ddi long dong, long dong than cd lgn tpi " (Thu&ng ldm tdc ddi at) Cd niem thuong cam dinh eho nhiing phgn ngudi - than cd: "Dat thuang ngudi Id loi thin CO trdn ddng " (Tinh ddt), "Con cd, may di in ddm di (i a) mdt minh Mdt minh lim lui eanh ba thuc giae ddm khuya ving mot minh ldm lui thin ed " (Con co) Cd eanh cd mdng manh, than cd gdy gupc dang ging sire vuon minh "trong bao td, AM NHAC mua sa dan bom thet gio vat va khd dau noi dong cgn ddng sau, sdm hdm tat t i cCing mira ndng lo au " (Vu di^u co) Bdn canh dd, cung nhu ca dao cd truyen, ed hinh tugng ca tu la bilu tugng cho nhQng dire tinh, phdm chdt tdt dep cua ngudi lao ddng, nhiing ngudi dan qud du lam lit van tio tin, nhan ngi, vj tha; du gian khd, hiem nguy van ludn toil len tinh thdn kidn cudng, ddi mit va vugt len hoin cinh nghiet ngi (Con cd di dn dim) Dd cung chinh li nhiing gi mi ngudi ludn khao khit vuon tdi: "Carih cd que tdi thao thom tring, bao ehi chiit yeu thuong Du tep tdm no ddi, van diim bpc vdn vuang " (Vd di§u cd) Tam Idng eiia nhung ngudi phu nQ, ngudi mg gia dinh cQng dugc bpc Id qua hinh lugmg ed mg: "Lgn lgi ca dem thuang eho din eon canh khuya vin thirc dgi me vl " (Con cb); "Dii d gin con, dii d xa con, ldn rimg xudng be cd vin tim eon, cd vin ydu con" (Cdnh cd cau hdt mf ru) dung vdi muc eao hon nhidu: ddn cd cd 34 ca khuc; cdnh cd cd 78 ea khue (5) Tir ddn cd bidu thi cho sd ddng, tap the, ggi len su Hen tudng vd vi the vi sire mgnh cua nhihig nguiri chd xa hdi mdi, vugt qua bio tap lua bom eiia ehien tranh each mgng, vuon len kien thidt, lim chii cude ddi minh: "De ngiy mai, nhin din cd trang ngang diu vugt gid sai rpng cinh bay bay vd phia mat trdi Biu trdi rpng lim Ldng ngucri rdng lam Dan cd viit len bay vd phia mat trdi " (Con cb) Tu cdnh cd ggi ldn su bay bdng, tu do, thd hidn udc mo va niem tin ciia ngudi vao tuong lai tuoi sing: "Da ngin nam cinh cd mang nang udc mo Nay cd oi hdi, bay ldn di bay ldn cho trdi xanh xao xuyen " (Vd dieu cb) Vd khdng gian, thdi gian nghe thuit: ca dao, hinh tugng ed thudng dugc d|t bdi cinh khdng gian, thdi gian cd linh khic nghiet, hgn hep vdi nhQng trd nggi, thu thich nhung ddm Idi ldm mu mil, nhiing ngiy mua gid, ddu phdi cdnh mem, lan tgi ncri sdng Nhimg khdm phd sdng tgo rgng sdng to ; cdn ca khiic, nhung din Trong am nhgc Vigt Nam, cho dii vidt vl mpt cd, eanh cd lgi vut len Ihiii tha giQa mdt khdng d^ tii quen thupc, mpt hinh lugng nghg thuat gian va thdi gian nghg thuit khoing dat, bao la, tudng chimg da cu nhung ngudi nhac sT van cd hua hgn mpt cupc ddi mdi vdi nhQng nidm vui: thi khdng djnh minh bing nhQng kham phi "Dit lanh di yen, chin trdi himg sing, rupng rieng, sau sde vi mdi me, gdp phin lim nen ddng tdm ca dang vd vdi ta Cinh cd qud tdi d^ng lye tinh thin mgnh md, cd vu ngudi ty lai bay li bay \a " (Vu di^u cb) tin budc vio thdi dai mdi Vd cim hiing sang tic: viet vd hinh tugng Trong nhidu trudng hgp,'hinh tugng cd cd, ca dao ndi len ludng cim himg cua ciu hit than thin ldi ca dao xua d i chil dgo - xdt xa thuong cim; ca nggi, tin yeu; chuydn hda thinh hinh tugng eon cd bii eudi chd, phd phin; cdn ca khiic, qua khio ea hgnh phiic Sy chuyen hda, lam mdi chit ligu sit ca khiic da ndu trdn va 13 ca khiic khic cd vin hgc dan gian niy the hign ro net qua su so hinh inh, bidu tugng cd ca tu (Bin dong sinh mpt sd ydu td song cdi - Phd Biic Phuang, Ca dao em vd toi v l ngdn ngQ: ca dao, ngudi xua chii An Thuyen, Cb vi - Le Minh Son, Cd Tdm ydu su dyng eae tu; cd cdi cd, thdn cd - bieu ngdy - Nggc Chiu, Gidc ma trua - Giing thj cho ci the, ca nhin, ggi ldn sy le loi, dan Son, M? tdi - Doin Bdng, Ngdy xua oi - Yin chide, phii hgp dd didn ta ndi nidm cue nhpc va Dung, Nhirng co gdi quan bg - Phd Due than phgn bdt hgnh cua ngudi ndng din, phu nu, Phuang, di que tdi - Ld Minh Son, Tinh ta bien lao dpng dudi che dg xua; edn ca khuc bgc dong xanh - Hoing Sdng Huang, Ve an Vigt Nam, eac tu trdn it xuit hign Khi tim cam - Sa Huynh, Vi que - Phd Due Phuong, kidm trdn internet vd sd lugng ca khuc mi Idi ea Vift Nam qui huang toi - Do Nhuan), chiing ldi cd cac iQ; cd cdi cd thdn cd, chiing tdi nhgn khdng thay xuat hign net cim hirng cudi chd, dugc kdt qua tuong ling lan lugt chi li 26; 4; 12 phd phan; va dd, net cim himg ca nggi, tin Trong dd, cic tir ddn cd, cdnh cd duqc su ydu, ty hio li ndi bgt hon ci S6 363 v r i Thdng 9-2014 Vd y nghTa bilu dat: ciing dugc xay dung chii ylu bing bidn phap an du, nhimg so vdi ca dao, hinh tugng eon cd ca khuc cd sy khie biel va phong phii hem Con cd ca dao dugc coi !i hinh tugng tieu bidu cho nhin dan lao dpng; mdt sd it trudng hgp la hinh tugng tieu bilu eho giai cap thdng tri thdi phong kidn; vi d mdi bp phan ca dao, hinh tugng cd khdng ro la hinh inh ciia ngudi ndng dan hay nhQng ngudi thudc giai cdp thdng trj (6) Cdn ca khiic, cic tie gia diing hinh tugng cd dd bieu thi cho nhung dua tre dugc sdng tinh thuong ydu NhQng chit cd be bdng la thd he tuang tai cita ddt nude dang dugc hudng sy yen binh, chim soc, ning niu: "Con cd me, chai rdi lai ngii , Ngii di con, cd oi chd sg Canh cd mem me da san tay nang Con chua bidt cinh mem me hat, sua me nhieu, ngii ching phan vin " (Cdnh co cdu hdt me ru) Thay Idi k i t Hinh tugng ed ca tir ciia nhirng ca khiic am nhac la mpt bieu hien cu the ciia vide khai thac, van dung chat lieu van hpc dan gian vio qua trinh sing tie ca khiic Viet Nam Sy hien didn ciia chit Ueu dan gian khdng phai la dieu kien tien quydt, cang khdng phai li yeu td nhit quyet dinh ehat lugng tic pham vi sy danh ciia tic gii Van dd dat ti khai thae, van dung nhu the nao de phai huy cao nhil gia trj vi hieu qui nghe thuat cua thir chat lieu dd Budc dau chiing ldi xin khai quit nipt sd ydu cau ca ban: khai thac co chgn tgc, van dung theo hudng sang tao Khai thac chat lieu van hpc din gian mgt cich cd chgn Ipc, ngudi sing tic ca khiic phai lua chgn nhftng chat lieu dien hinh nhat, dupc nhieu ngudi biel ddn Vide su dung chat Ueu dan gian thyc chat ta diing mgt he lliong tin hieu nghe thuat da tirng cd, cho nen neu khong didn hinh, khdng dugc nhieu ngudi biet den thi ay nhftng ting y nghTa va cai hay eai dep vdn chira chit lieu van hgc dan gian vin mii ton tai d dang tiem an, khuat lap Khai thic mgt each chgn tpc cdn ed nghTa ta phii biet sing tgc, gan due khai trong, tim kho ting vin hgc dan gian nhung ngdn tu, hinh tugng nghe thuat n Sd 363 Thano 9-2014 cd ndi dung tu ludng, cam xiic thii dd nhin van ed y nghia tich cue ddi vdi vide xay dung phim chit dao due, vin hda mdi cho ngudi Viet Nam cudc sdng dd dua vio ca tu Chi cin so suit vide khai thac, chgn tpc ehil lieu, ngudi nhgc sT se vd tinh lam giam di gia tri ciia ca khiic mi minh dang mong muon cd dugc Khi da chpn tpc duge miu chit lieu tdt thi cdn phii chuydn hda, vgn dyng mdt each sang tao dl nd trd thinh mpt ydu td nghd thuit mdt chinh thd mdi Neu chi tii su dung nhQng gii tri sin cd, neu coi nhung ngdn lu, hinh tupng ciia van hpc din gian la mpt thir ehi tidt djnh hinh dd cii ghep vao ea tu thi sd din den sy lap lai, dem din mgt cam giic nham chin, cu kj, gugng ep Cho ndn, ydu cau dat li phai biet bidn tiu, su dung van hpc dan gian vdi dung nghTa nd la mpt thu chdt lieu dd ngudi nhgc si cd the chinh chudi, bdi dap kien tgo thdm, dem den cho ldi ca su Idi cudn, hap din vdi mot ve dep tuoi mdi Cd nhu vay, ca khiic Vi|l Nam chang nhung li mdt ydu td gdp phan xay dyng nen ling tinh thin mi cdn trd ddng lye cho su phat trien ciia xa hpi J TL.H Trong Kill) Idng ca dao ngu&i Vtft (2001), cac lac gia da lap hap diroc 19 loi mo dau bang cdi co va 14 loi mo dau bang co Dan iheo Nguyen Xuan Kinh, Tlii phdp ca dao Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia Hd Npi, 2006, ir.337 Vu Ngoc Phan, Tuc ngd; ca dao, ddn ca ViitNam, Nxb Khoa Iwc Xa hoi Ha Npi 1978, tr,70-71, 3, Nguyen Xuan Kinh, Con ngirdi, moi Iruv^g vd van hda, Nxb Klioa lipc Xa hoi Ha Noi 2013, tr.83-84 4, d day chiing toi sir dung thu?t ngii ca khuc (con duoc goi la ca khuc moi- mpt the logi am nhac xuat hi?n6 Viet Nam tii nhung nam 30 TK XX den nay, cac nW sT sang tac) de phan biet vai nhiing bai hat dan ca Irong am nhac dan gian, Theo Trgng Qhn%,S{f hinh thdnh vd pilot triin dpi ngu sdng tdc dm nhpc Vigt Nam Ihil^ XX, Tdng tpp dm nhpc Vip' ^ani Ta^ gia vd ldc phdm.X$p I, Vicn Am nhgc, HaNgi, 20i0, tr,IO, lync fliaruoke com 6, Nguyin Xuan Kinh, Thi phdp ca dau, Nxb £)