BIOTECHNOLOGY TEACHER: NGUYỄN THỊ HIỀN STUDENT: Cao thị Mai (505301040) Nguyễn bá Minh (505301042) Phạm thị Minh (505301043) Trần thị Mỹ (505301044) Bùi Nga (505301045) Văn thị minh Nguyệt (505301047) Đỗ hồng Quân (505301049) Võ mạnh Quang (505301050) Chu thị xuân Quỳnh (505301051) Hoàng nữ lệ Quyên (505301052) HANOI,2007 WHAT’S BIOTECHNOLOGY?????  Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine  Biotechnology combines disciplines like genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology and cell biology, which are in turn linked to practical disciplines like chemical engineering, information technology, and robotics  Biotechnology has contributed towards the exploitation of biological organisms or biological processes through modern techniques, which could be profitably used in medicine, agriculture, animal husbandry and environmental cloning History of biotechnology  The most practical use of biotechnology, which is still present today, is the cultivation of plants to produce food suitable to humans Agriculture has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the Neolithic Revolution  The processes and methods of agriculture have been refined by other mechanical and biological sciences since its inception Through early biotechnology farmers were able to select the best suited and highest-yield crops to produce enough food to support a growing population  Since as early as 200 BC, people began to use disabled or minute amounts of infectious agents to immunize themselves against infections  In 1917, Chaim Weizmann first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process, that of manufacturing corn starch using Clostridium acetobutylicum to produce acetone, which the United Kingdom desperately needed to manufacture explosives during WorldWar1  The field of modern biotechnology is thought to have largely began on June 16, 1980, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that a genetically-modified microorganism could be patented in the case of Diamond v Chakrabarty Application  Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care, crop production and agriculture, non food uses of crops and environmental uses  Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation), and also to produce biological weapons  Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genomic manipulation  White biotechnology also known as grey biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes  Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes  The term blue biotechnology has also been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare Medicine In medicine, modern biotechnology finds promising applications in such areas as  pharmacogenomics  drug production  genetic testing  gene therapy Pharmacogenomics  Pharmacogenomics is the study of how the genetic inheritance of an individual affects his/her body’s response to drugs  It is therefore the study of the relationship between pharmaceuticals and genetics Pharmacogenomics results in the following benefits:  Development of tailor-made medicines  More accurate methods of determining appropriate drug dosages  Improvements in the drug discovery and approval process  Better vaccines Drug production Biotechnology is also commonly associated with landmark breakthroughs in new medical therapies to treat diabetes, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cancers, arthritis, haemophilia, bone fractures, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular as well as molecular diagnostic devices than can be used to define the patient population Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing drugs more easily and cheaply Genetic testing  Genetic testing involves the direct examination of the DNA molecule itself A scientist scans a patient’s DNA sample for mutated sequences  There are two major types of gene tests:  a researcher may design short pieces of DNA (“probes”) whose sequences are complementary to the mutated sequences  a researcher may conduct the gene test by comparing the sequence of DNA bases in a patient’s gene to a normal version of the gene Genetic testing can be used to:  Diagnose a disease  Confirm a diagnosis  Provide prognostic information about the course of a disease  Confirm the existence of a disease in individuals Gene therapy  Gene therapy may be used for treating, or even curing, genetic and acquired diseases like cancer and AIDS by using normal genes to supplement or replace defective genes or to bolster a normal function such as immunity  There are basically ways of implementing a gene therapy treatment: In vivo Ex vivo Cloning  Human cloning is one of the techniques of modern biotechnology  There are types of cloning:  Reproductive cloning  Therapeutic cloning  In February 1997, cloning became the focus of media attention when Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute announced the successful cloning of a sheep, named Dolly, from the mammary glands of an adult female The cloning of Dolly made it apparent to many that the techniques used to produce her could someday be used to clone human beings This stirred a lot of controversy because of its ethical implications Agriculture  There are many applications of biotechnology in agriculture  One is improved yield from crops  Another is the reduced vulnerability of crops to environmental stresses  Increased nutritional qualities of food crops  Improved taste, texture or appearance of food Bioremediation and Biodegradation  Biotechnology is being used to engineer and adapt organisms especially microorganisms in an effort to find sustainable ways to clean up contaminated environments The elimination of a wide range of pollutants and wastes from the environment is an absolute requirement to promote a sustainable development of our society with low environmental impact