Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Welcome to GT Operation, Performance, and Overview GT Components Actuator, Sensors Other Power Plant ComponentsConfigurations Operating Philosophies Regimes Thermodynamics GE products Nomenclature Principle of Conservation of Mass: mass in = mass out (steady state) Principle of Conservation of Energy: energy in = energy out (steady state) energy may be transformed from one form to another
Welcome to GT Operation, Performance, and Overview Laura Boes May, 2013 GT Basics - Agenda GT Components Actuator, Sensors Other Power Plant Components/Configurations Operating Philosophies / Regimes Thermodynamics GE products/ Nomenclature 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 GT components – basic Physics Principle of Conservation of Mass: mass in = mass out (steady state) Principle of Conservation of Energy: energy in = energy out (steady state) Plant converts Power energy may be transformed from Chemical one to form to another Thermal Fue l Generator to Mechanical to Electrical Energy 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 GT components - basics Note: s denotes entropy Compression increases Pressure and Temp, decreases volume Combustion increases Temp, Volume & Entropy Turbine section harnesses high-pressure hot gases to turn shaft to produce power and low-pressure, cooled air is exhausted 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Gas Turbine Sensors/Actuators FPG2 (psig) Legend: IGV– critical effectors TTXM – critical (F) sensors (Units) (F) PM1 AFPAP (inHg) AFPCS (inH2O) PM2 PM3 CTIM Comb (F) ~ DWATT (MW) 7FA+e DLN 2.6 shown SRV Quat ATID C TNH (%) CPD IGV (psig) TTXM CTD IBH Sensor Signals: ATID – Ambient Temperature AFPAP – Ambient Pressure AFPCS – Inlet Pressure Drop CTIM – Compressor Inlet Temperature DWATT – Generator Output T Other Critical Control Parameters: CA_CRT – combustion reference temperature TNHCOR – inlet temp-corrected speed CPR – compressor pressure ratio (F) (F) FPG2 – P2 Fuel Pressure TNH – Shaft Speed as % of Design Point CPD – Compressor Discharge Pressure CTD – Compressor Discharge Temperature TTXM – Exhaust Gas Temperature GE Title or job number 9/21/20 Power Plant Configurations (as you will hear them in GE Engineering) Simple Cycle – GT exhaust direct to atmosphere Combined Cycle – GT exhaust passes through HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generator) to transfer heat to Steam system Multi-Shaft – GT with only a Generator attached to its centerline Single Shaft – GT and ST on same shaft with a single generator 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Operating Philosophies 95% of our customers produce power for the transmission grid • Cyclic plants start and stop most days • Baseloaded plants start 2-50 times/year • Peakers run when demand (price) is so high they are profitable (or mandatory) Emissions Compliance is mandatory for most • NOx and CO emissions are commonly permitted pollutants • Each unit has a range where emissions will comply with their permit 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Operating Philosophies - Start to Base Start sequence – Purge, Fire/Warmup, Accel Sequence of interactions with no operator intervention Loaded operation – Synch through Base Load • GT speed and Gen phase must be matched to grid parameters – While synchronized, the GT is ‘slaved’ to grid speed, cannot control • GT will stabilize at “Spinning Reserve” ~=7% of full power • Thatcher to cover load Operator can dictate desired load and GT will go there (within control in-depth in next limits) class 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Typical Gas Turbine Startup Mission PG7241FA Gas Turbine Typical Startup Characteristics ( @ ISO Conditions; NG Fuel ) 130 Starting Cycle 1300 Loading Cycle 120 1200 110 1100 Notes: %TNH = Turbine Speed (100% = 3600 rpm %Wx = Exhaust Flow (100% = Design Flow) Tx = Exhaust Temperature 100 90 1000 H 900 80 800 70 700 Tx (F) % Wx 60 600 50 500 40 400 IGV (Deg) %%Loa Load IGV (Deg) 30 300 d 20 % Wx 200 ** For Reference Only 10 100 0 10 *1) Purge time will vary based on Exhaust System Characteractics *2) DLN Prestar t Tx (F) TNH(%), Load(%), Wx(%), IGV (Deg) % TNH %TN Purg e Fire & Warmu p 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 Time (minutes) Accelerati on Sync & Temp Match Loading GE Title or job number 9/21/20 GT components - basics Note: s denotes entropy Compression increases Pressure and Temp, decreases volume Combustion increases Temp, Volume & Entropy Turbine section harnesses high-pressure hot gases to turn shaft to produce power and low-pressure, cooled air is exhausted 10 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Compressor We use compressor maps at base load IGV position Wair,cor = f (CPR, Ncor) comp = f (CPR, Ncor) PR(OLL) = f (IGV, Ncor) • Corrected parameters simplify map • Map adjusted for IGV closing • Compressor Extractions provide cooling flow to turbine - CPR = Pout / Pin - Ncor = f (N, Tin) - Wair,cor = f (Wair, Tin, Pin) SURGE LINE OPERATING LIMIT LINE BASE LOAD LINE NO LOAD LINE 11 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Combustor GTP models the following features of the combustor: Fuel is mixed with Air Mixture is burned accounting for combustor efficiency Pressure loss through combustor Emissions model (includes crude estimate of modes) Cooling of TP with compressor discharge air F/A Mixing Premix 12 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Turbine Section We model the following features of the turbine: Accounts for individual stages Tracks expansion / cooling of hot compressed gas Computes the work extracted Each stage has a unique efficiency and PR maps, similar to the compressor maps 13th stg Comp bleed 9th stg Comp bleed CD Compressor Bleed 13 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Firing Temperature (Tfire) Defined as gas temperature at point in cycle where initiation of turbine work begins (N1 Trailing Edge / B1 Leading Edge) Highest temperature point in cycle for thermal performance, but NOT the hottest point in cycle Key parameter related to gas turbine performance Emissions relies on T 3.9 Nozzle/Wheelspace Cooling Air (Chargeable) Firing Plane B N 1 Combustor & T Combustor 3.9 N B N B Turbine Exit Flow N1 Cooling Air (Non-Chargeable) Bucket/Wheelspace Cooling Air (Chargeable) 14 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Gas Turbine Performance (GTP) GTP is a 1-D Aero-Thermal Mathematical Model of the Entire GT Cycle – Physics based models: Thermodynamics, Aerodynamics, Compressible Flow, Heat Transfer – Steady state, near-nominal speed model only – Built & Maintained By Advanced Technology Operations (ATO), Integrated Performance (IP) team – GTP contains many Cycle Decks that represent the many different GT models – Used as a design and validation tool – http://libraries.ge.com/foldersIndex.do? 15 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 ARES vs GTP ARES (Adaptive Real-Time Engine Simulation) is a Model of a Specific GT – Runs onboard the controller of all MBC machines – Stripped the ‘multiple options’ ability of GTP to model only set of hardware Therefore it can run every frame (40ms) – Built By Advanced Technology Operations (ATO), Integrated Performance (IP) team, published by GEIP with Toolbox (ST) – Inputs: sensed conditions, fuel properties, tuners – Outputs: 50 predetermined parameters (T fire, T3.9, etc), knobs (measures of error) 16 Basics – Critical enabler of our ETS & AT products 2013 byControls Training: GT5/9/2013 Gas Turbine Cycle Deck New Cycle Deck Nomenclature How to decipher New Cycle Deck Nomenclature: 7FA.03-05A-0509A – Frame size (9, 7, 6) FA – Class (FA, FB) 03 – Rating / Technology revision (.01, 02, 03, 04, 05, …) -05 – Hardware configuration major option A – Hardware configuration minor option -0509 – Cycle deck release date in MMYY format A – Cycle deck option (not required) 17 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Gas Turbine Cycle Deck Old Cycle Deck Nomenclature How to decipher Old Cycle Deck Nomenclature: PG9371-04B-0806A PG – Application; PG = Power Generation, M = Mechanical Drive, IG = IGCC – Frame size (9, 7, 6) 37 – Horsepower rating, # x 10,000 = HP – Number of drive shafts -04 – Hardware configuration major option B – Hardware configuration minor option -0806 – Cycle deck release date in MMYY format A – Cycle deck option (not required) 18 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Gas Turbine Products: F-class 19 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Gas Turbine Products: E-Class 20 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Questions? ... required) 18 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Gas Turbine Products: F-class 19 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Gas Turbine Products: E-Class 20 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics... Compressor Discharge Pressure CTD – Compressor Discharge Temperature TTXM – Exhaust Gas Temperature GE Title or job number 9/21/20 Power Plant Configurations (as you will hear them in GE Engineering)... (within control in-depth in next limits) class 2013 Controls Training: GT Basics 5/9/2013 Typical Gas Turbine Startup Mission PG7241FA Gas Turbine Typical Startup Characteristics ( @ ISO Conditions;